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Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Recommender Systems
Collaborative Filtering and other approaches
Xavier Amatriain
Research/Engineering Director @ Netflix
MLSS ‘14
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
But first...
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
About me
Up until 2005
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
About me
2005 - 2007
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
About me
2007 - 2011
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
About me
Since 2011
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Recent/Upcoming Publications
● The Recommender Problem Revisited. KDD and Recsys 2014 Tutorial
● KDD: Big & Personal: data and models behind Netflix recommendations. 2013
● SIGKDD Explorations: Mining large streams of user data for personalized recommendations. 2012
● Recsys: Building industrial-scale real-world recommender systems. 2012
● Recys - Walk the Talk: Analyzing the relation between implicit and explicit feedback for preference elicitation. 2011
● SIGIR – Temporal behavior of CF. 2010
● Web Intelligence – Expert-based CF for music. 2010
● Recsys – Tensor Factorization. 2010
● Mobile HCI – Tourist Recommendation. 2010
● Recsys Handbook (book) – Data mining for recsys. 2010 & Recommender Systems in Industry. 2014
● SIGIR – Wisdom of the Few. 2009
● Recsys – Denoising by re-rating. 2009
● CARS – Implicit context-aware recommendations. 2009
● UMAP – I like it I like it not. 2009
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Collaborators/Contributors
Justin Basilico
(Netflix)
Alexandros Karatzoglou
(Telefonica Research)
Francesco Ricci
(University of Bolzano)
Bamhshad Mobasher
(De Paul U)
Erik Bernhardsson
(Spotify)
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Index
1. Introduction: What is a Recommender System
2. “Traditional” Methods
2.1. Collaborative Filtering
2.2. Content-based Recommendations
3. Novel Methods
3.1. Learning to Rank
3.2. Context-aware Recommendations
3.2.1. Tensor Factorization
3.2.2. Factorization Machines
3.3. Deep Learning
3.4. Similarity
3.5. Social Recommendations
4. Hybrid Approaches
5. A practical example: Netflix
6. Conclusions
7. References
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
1. Introduction: What is a
Recommender System?
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
The Age of Search has come to an end
• ... long live the Age of Recommendation!
• Chris Anderson in “The Long Tail”
• “We are leaving the age of information and entering the age
of recommendation”
• CNN Money, “The race to create a 'smart' Google”:
• “The Web, they say, is leaving the era of search and
entering one of discovery. What's the difference? Search is
what you do when you're looking for something. Discovery
is when something wonderful that you didn't know existed,
or didn't know how to ask for, finds you.”
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Information overload
“People read around 10 MB worth of material a day, hear 400 MB a
day, and see 1 MB of information every second” - The Economist, November 2006
In 2015, consumption will raise to 74 GB a day - UCSD Study 2014
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
The value of recommendations
• Netflix: 2/3 of the movies watched are
recommended
• Google News: recommendations generate
38% more clickthrough
• Amazon: 35% sales from recommendations
• Choicestream: 28% of the people would buy
more music if they found what they liked.
u
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
The “Recommender problem”
● Estimate a utility function that automatically
predicts how a user will like an item.
● Based on:
○ Past behavior
○ Relations to other users
○ Item similarity
○ Context
○ …
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
The “Recommender problem”
• Let C be set of all users and let S be set of all possible
recommendable items
• Let u be a utility function measuring the usefulness of
item s to user c, i.e., u : C X S→R, where R is a totally
ordered set.
• For each user cєC, we want to choose items sєS that
maximize u.
• Utility is usually represented by rating but can be any function
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Two-step process
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Approaches to Recommendation
● Collaborative Filtering: Recommend items based only on the
users past behavior
○ User-based: Find similar users to me and recommend what
they liked
○ Item-based: Find similar items to those that I have
previously liked
● Content-based: Recommend based on item features
● Personalized Learning to Rank: Treat recommendation as a
ranking problem
● Demographic: Recommend based on user features
● Social recommendations (trust-based)
● Hybrid: Combine any of the above
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Recommendation as data mining
The core of the Recommendation Engine can be
assimilated to a general data mining problem:
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Machine Learning + all those other
things
● User Interface
● System requirements (efficiency, scalability,
privacy....)
● Serendipity
● ....
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Serendipity
● Unsought finding
● Don't recommend items the user already knows
or would have found anyway.
● Expand the user's taste into neighboring areas
by improving the obvious
● Collaborative filtering can offer controllable
serendipity (e.g. controlling how many
neighbors to use in the recommendation)
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
What works
● Depends on the domain and particular problem
● However, in the general case it has been
demonstrated that the best isolated approach is CF.
○ Other approaches can be hybridized to improve
results in specific cases (cold-start problem...)
● What matters:
○ Data preprocessing: outlier removal, denoising,
removal of global effects (e.g. individual user's
average)
○ “Smart” dimensionality reduction using MF/SVD
○ Combining methods
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Index
1. Introduction: What is a Recommender System
2. “Traditional” Methods
2.1. Collaborative Filtering
2.2. Content-based Recommendations
3. Novel Methods
3.1. Learning to Rank
3.2. Context-aware Recommendations
3.2.1. Tensor Factorization
3.2.2. Factorization Machines
3.3. Deep Learning
3.4. Similarity
3.5. Social Recommendations
4. Hybrid Approaches
5. A practical example: Netflix
6. Conclusions
7. References
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
2. Traditional Approaches
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
2.1. Collaborative Filtering
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
The CF Ingredients
● List of m Users and a list of n Items
● Each user has a list of items with associated opinion
○ Explicit opinion - a rating score
○ Sometime the rating is implicitly – purchase records
or listen to tracks
● Active user for whom the CF prediction task is
performed
● Metric for measuring similarity between users
● Method for selecting a subset of neighbors
● Method for predicting a rating for items not currently
rated by the active user.
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Collaborative Filtering
The basic steps:
1. Identify set of ratings for the target/active user
2. Identify set of users most similar to the target/active user
according to a similarity function (neighborhood
formation)
3. Identify the products these similar users liked
4. Generate a prediction - rating that would be given by the
target user to the product - for each one of these products
5. Based on this predicted rating recommend a set of top N
products
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Collaborative Filtering
● Pros:
○ Requires minimal knowledge engineering efforts
○ Users and products are symbols without any internal
structure or characteristics
○ Produces good-enough results in most cases
● Cons:
○ Requires a large number of reliable “user feedback data
points” to bootstrap
○ Requires products to be standardized (users should
have bought exactly the same product)
○ Assumes that prior behavior determines current
behavior without taking into account “contextual”
knowledge (session-level)
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Personalised vs Non-Personalised CF
● CF recommendations are personalized since
the “prediction” is based on the ratings
expressed by similar users
○ Those neighbors are different for each
target user
● A non-personalized collaborative-based
recommendation can be generated by averaging
the recommendations of ALL the users
● How would the two approaches compare?
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Personalised vs Non-Personalised CF
0,1510,2230,0222811718164974424EachMovie
0,1790,2330,041100020939526040MovieLens
0,1520,2200,725351944910048483Jester
MAE
Pers
MAE
Non
Pers
density
total
ratings
itemsusersData Set
Not much difference indeed!
vij
is the rating of user i for product
j and vj
is the average rating for
product j
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Personalized vs. Not Personalized
● Netflix Prize's first
conclusion: it is
really extremely
simple to produce
“reasonable”
recommendations
and extremely
difficult to improve
them.
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
User-based Collaborative Filtering
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
User-User Collaborative
Filtering
Target User
Weighted
Sum
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
UB Collaborative Filtering
● A collection of user ui
, i=1, …n and a collection
of products pj
, j=1, …, m
● An n × m matrix of ratings vij
, with vij
= ? if user
i did not rate product j
● Prediction for user i and product j is computed
as
• Similarity can be computed by Pearson correlation
or
or
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
User-based CF
Example
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
User-based CF
Example
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
User-based CF
Example
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
User-based CF
Example
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
User-based CF
Example
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Challenges Of User-based CF
Algorithms
● Sparsity – evaluation of large item sets, users purchases
are under 1%.
● Difficult to make predictions based on nearest neighbor
algorithms =>Accuracy of recommendation may be poor.
● Scalability - Nearest neighbor require computation that
grows with both the number of users and the number of
items.
● Poor relationship among like minded but sparse-rating
users.
● Solution : usage of latent models to capture similarity
between users & items in a reduced dimensional space.
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Item-based Collaborative Filtering
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Item-Item Collaborative
Filtering
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Item Based CF Algorithm
● Look into the items the target user has rated
● Compute how similar they are to the target item
○ Similarity only using past ratings from other
users!
● Select k most similar items.
● Compute Prediction by taking weighted average
on the target user’s ratings on the most similar
items.
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Item Similarity Computation
● Similarity between items i & j computed by finding
users who have rated them and then applying a
similarity function to their ratings.
● Cosine-based Similarity – items are vectors in the m
dimensional user space (difference in rating scale
between users is not taken into account).
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Item Similarity Computation
● Correlation-based Similarity - using the Pearson-r
correlation (used only in cases where the users rated
both item I & item j).
• Ru,i
= rating of user u on item i.
• Ri
= average rating of the i-th item.
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Item Similarity Computation
● Adjusted Cosine Similarity – each pair in the co-rated
set corresponds to a different user. (takes care of
difference in rating scale).
• Ru,i
= rating of user u on item i.
• Ru
= average of the u-th user.
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Prediction Computation
● Generating the prediction – look into the target
users ratings and use techniques to obtain
predictions.
● Weighted Sum – how the active user rates the
similar items.
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Item-based CF Example
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Item-based CF Example
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Item-based CF Example
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Item-based CF Example
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Item-based CF Example
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Item-based CF Example
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Performance Implications
● Bottleneck - Similarity computation.
● Time complexity, highly time consuming with
millions of users and items in the database.
○ Isolate the neighborhood generation and
predication steps.
○ “off-line component” / “model” – similarity
computation, done earlier & stored in memory.
○ “on-line component” – prediction generation
process.
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Recap: challenges of Nearest-
neighbor Collaborative Filtering
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
The Sparsity Problem
● Typically: large product sets, user ratings for a small
percentage of them
● Example Amazon: millions of books and a user may
have bought hundreds of books –
○ the probability that two users that have bought 100 books
have a common book (in a catalogue of 1 million books) is
0.01 (with 50 and 10 millions is 0.0002).
● Standard CF must have a number of users
comparable to one tenth of the size of the product
catalogue
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
The Sparsity Problem
● If you represent the Netflix Prize rating data in a
User/Movie matrix you get...
○ 500,000 x 17,000 = 8,500 M positions
○ Out of which only 100M are not 0's!
● Methods of dimensionality reduction
○ Matrix Factorization
○ Clustering
○ Projection (PCA ...)
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
The Scalability Problem
● Nearest neighbor algorithms require computations that
grows with both the number of customers and
products
● With millions of customers and products a web-based
recommender can suffer serious scalability problems
● The worst case complexity is O(mn) (m customers and
n products)
● But in practice the complexity is O(m + n) since for
each customer only a small number of products are
considered
● Some clustering techniques like K-means can help
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Performance Implications
● User-based CF – similarity between users is
dynamic, precomupting user neighborhood can
lead to poor predictions.
● Item-based CF – similarity between items is
static.
● enables precomputing of item-item similarity =>
prediction process involves only a table lookup for
the similarity values & computation of the
weighted sum.
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Other approaches to CF
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Model-based
Collaborative Filtering
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Model Based CF Algorithms
● Memory based
○ Use the entire user-item database to generate a
prediction.
○ Usage of statistical techniques to find the neighbors – e.g.
nearest-neighbor.
● Memory based
○ First develop a model of user
○ Type of model:
■ Probabilistic (e.g. Bayesian Network)
■ Clustering
■ Rule-based approaches (e.g. Association Rules)
■ Classification
■ Regression
■ LDA
■ ...
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Model-based CF:
What we learned from the
Netflix Prize
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
What we were interested in:
■ High quality recommendations
Proxy question:
■ Accuracy in predicted rating
■ Improve by 10% = $1million!
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
2007 Progress Prize
▪ Top 2 algorithms
▪ SVD - Prize RMSE: 0.8914
▪ RBM - Prize RMSE: 0.8990
▪ Linear blend Prize RMSE: 0.88
▪ Currently in use as part of Netflix’ rating prediction
component
▪ Limitations
▪ Designed for 100M ratings, we have 5B ratings
▪ Not adaptable as users add ratings
▪ Performance issues
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
SVD/MF
X[n x m] = U[n x r] S [ r x r] (V[m x r])T
● X: m x n matrix (e.g., m users, n videos)
● U: m x r matrix (m users, r factors)
● S: r x r diagonal matrix (strength of each ‘factor’) (r: rank of the
matrix)
● V: r x n matrix (n videos, r factor)
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Simon Funk’s SVD
● One of the most
interesting findings
during the Netflix
Prize came out of
a blog post
● Incremental,
iterative, and
approximate way
to compute the
SVD using
gradient descent
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
▪ User factor vectors and item-factors vector
▪ Baseline (bias) (user & item deviation from average)
▪ Predict rating as
▪ SVD++ (Koren et. Al) asymmetric variation w. implicit feedback
▪ Where
▪ are three item factor vectors
▪ Users are not parametrized, but rather represented by:
▪ R(u): items rated by user u
▪ N(u): items for which the user has given implicit preference (e.g. rated vs. not rated)
SVD for Rating Prediction
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Artificial Neural Networks – 4 generations
● 1st - Perceptrons (~60s)
○ Single layer of hand-coded features
○ Linear activation function
○ Fundamentally limited in what they can learn to do.
● 2nd - Back-propagation (~80s)
○ Back-propagate error signal to get derivatives for
learning
○ Non-linear activation function
● 3rd - Belief Networks (~90s)
○ Directed acyclic graph composed of (visible &
hidden) stochastic variables with weighted
connections.
○ Infer the states of the unobserved variables &
learn interactions between variables to make
network more likely to generate observed data.
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Restricted Boltzmann Machines
● Each unit is a state that can be active or not active
● Each input to a unit is associated to a weight
● The transfer function calculates a score for every unit
based on the weighted sum of inputs
● Score is passed to the activation function that calculates
the probability of the unit to be active
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Restricted Boltzmann Machines
● Restrict the connectivity to make learning
easier.
○ Only one layer of hidden units.
○ Although multiple layers are possible
○ No connections between hidden units.
○ Hidden units are independent given the visible
states..
○ So we can quickly get an unbiased sample from the
posterior distribution over hidden “causes” when
given a data-vector
● RBMs can be stacked to form Deep Belief
Networks (DBN) – 4th generation of ANNs
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
RBM for the Netflix Prize
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
RBM for Recommendations
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
RBM for Recommendations
● Each unit in the visible layer is an item
● The number of hidden units is a parameter
● In the training phase, for each user:
○ If the user rated the item, vi is activated
○ Activation states of all vi are the inputs to hj
○ Based on the activation, hj is computed
○ The activation state of hj becomes input to vi
○ The activation state of vi is recalculated
○ Difference between current and past activation state
for vi is used to update the weights wij and the
thresholds
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
RBM for Recommendations
● In the prediction phase with a trained RBM:
○ For the items of the user the vi are activated
○ Based on this the state of the hj is computed
○ The activation of hj is used as input to recompute the
state of vi
○ Activation probabilities are used to recommend items
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Putting all together
● Remember that current production
model includes an ensemble of both
SVD++ and RBMs
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Clustering
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Clustering
● Another way to make recommendations
based on past purchases is to cluster
customers
● Each cluster will be assigned typical
preferences, based on preferences of
customers who belong to the cluster
● Customers within each cluster will receive
recommendations computed at the cluster
level
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Clustering
Customers B, C and D are « clustered » together.
Customers A and E are clustered into another separate
group
• « Typical » preferences for CLUSTER are:
• Book 2, very high
• Book 3, high
• Books 5 and 6, may be recommended
• Books 1 and 4, not recommended at all
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Clustering
How does it work?
• Any customer that shall be classified as a member of
CLUSTER will receive recommendations based on
preferences of the group:
• Book 2 will be highly recommended to Customer F
• Book 6 will also be recommended to some extent
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Clustering
Pros:
● Clustering techniques can be used to work on aggregated
data
● Can also be applied as a first step for shrinking the selection
of relevant neighbors in a collaborative filtering algorithm and
improve performance
● Can be used to capture latent similarities between users or
items
Cons:
● Recommendations (per cluster) may be less relevant than
collaborative filtering (per individual)
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Locality-sensitive Hashing (LSH)
● Method for grouping similar items in highly
dimensional spaces
● Find a hashing function s.t. similar items are
grouped in the same buckets
● Main application is Nearest-neighbors
○ Hashing function is found iteratively by
concatenating random hashing functions
○ Addresses one of NN main concerns:
performance
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Association Rules
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Association rules
• Past purchases are transformed into
relationships of common purchases
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Association rules
● These association rules are then used to made
recommendations
● If a visitor has some interest in Book 5, she will be
recommended to buy Book 3 as well
● Recommendations are constrained to some minimum
levels of confidence
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Association rules
Pros:
● Fast to implement (A priori algorithm for frequent itemset
mining)
● Fast to execute
● Not much storage space required
● Not « individual » specific
● Very successful in broad applications for large
populations, such as shelf layout in retail stores
Cons:
● Not suitable if knowledge of preferences change rapidly
● It is tempting to not apply restrictive confidence rules
→ May lead to literally stupid recommendations
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Classifiers
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Classifiers
● Classifiers are general computational models trained
using positive and negative examples
● They may take in inputs:
○ Vector of item features (action / adventure, Bruce
Willis)
○ Preferences of customers (like action / adventure)
○ Relations among item
● E.g. Logistic Regression, Bayesian Networks,
Support Vector Machines, Decision Trees, etc...
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Classifiers
● Classifiers can be used in CF and CB
Recommenders
● Pros:
○ Versatile
○ Can be combined with other methods to improve
accuracy of recommendations
● Cons:
○ Need a relevant training set
○ May overfit (Regularization)
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Limitations of
Collaborative Filtering
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Limitations of Collaborative Filtering
● Cold Start: There needs to be enough other users
already in the system to find a match. New items
need to get enough ratings.
● Popularity Bias: Hard to recommend items to
someone with unique tastes.
○ Tends to recommend popular items (items from
the tail do not get so much data)
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Cold-start
● New User Problem: To make accurate
recommendations, the system must first learn the
user’s preferences from the ratings.
○ Several techniques proposed to address this. Most
use the hybrid recommendation approach, which
combines content-based and collaborative
techniques.
● New Item Problem: New items are added regularly to
recommender systems. Until the new item is rated by
a substantial number of users, the recommender
system is not able to recommend it.
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Index
1. Introduction: What is a Recommender System
2. “Traditional” Methods
2.1. Collaborative Filtering
2.2. Content-based Recommendations
3. Novel Methods
3.1. Learning to Rank
3.2. Context-aware Recommendations
3.2.1. Tensor Factorization
3.2.2. Factorization Machines
3.3. Deep Learning
3.4. Similarity
3.5. Social Recommendations
4. Hybrid Approaches
5. A practical example: Netflix
6. Conclusions
7. References
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
2.2 Content-based Recommenders
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Content-Based Recommendations
● Recommendations based on information on the content of
items rather than on other users’ opinions/interactions
● Use a machine learning algorithm to induce a model of the
users preferences from examples based on a featural
description of content.
● In content-based recommendations, the system tries to
recommend items similar to those a given user has liked in
the past
● A pure content-based recommender system makes
recommendations for a user based solely on the profile built
up by analyzing the content of items which that user has
rated in the past.
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
What is content?
● What is the content of an item?
● It can be explicit attributes or characteristics of the
item. For example for a film:
○ Genre: Action / adventure
○ Feature: Bruce Willis
○ Year: 1995
● It can also be textual content (title, description, table
of content, etc.)
○ Several techniques to compute the distance between two
textual documents
○ Can use NLP techniques to extract content features
● Can be extracted from the signal itself (audio, image)
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Content-Based Recommendation
● Common for recommending text-based products (web
pages, usenet news messages, )
● Items to recommend are “described” by their associated
features (e.g. keywords)
● User Model structured in a “similar” way as the content:
features/keywords more likely to occur in the preferred
documents (lazy approach)
○ Text documents recommended based on a comparison between their
content (words appearing) and user model (a set of preferred words)
● The user model can also be a classifier based on
whatever technique (Neural Networks, Naïve Bayes...)
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Advantages of CB Approach
● No need for data on other users.
○ No cold-start or sparsity problems.
● Able to recommend to users with unique tastes.
● Able to recommend new and unpopular items
○ No first-rater problem.
● Can provide explanations of recommended items by
listing content-features that caused an item to be
recommended.
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Disadvantages of CB Approach
● Requires content that can be encoded as meaningful
features.
● Some kind of items are not amenable to easy feature
extraction methods (e.g. movies, music)
● Even for texts, IR techniques cannot consider multimedia
information, aesthetic qualities, download time…
○ If you rate positively a page it could be not related to the presence of certain
keywords
● Users’ tastes must be represented as a learnable function of
these content features.
● Hard to exploit quality judgements of other users.
● Difficult to implement serendipity
● Easy to overfit (e.g. for a user with few data points we may
“pigeon hole” her)
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Content-based Methods
• Let Content(s) be an item profile, i.e. a set of
attributes characterizing item s.
• Content usually described with keywords.
• “Importance” (or “informativeness”) of word kj
in
document dj
is determined with some weighting
measure wij
• One of the best-known measures in IR is the term
frequency/inverse document frequency (TF-IDF).
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Content-based User Profile
● Let ContentBasedProfile(c) be the profile of user c
containing preferences of this user profiles are
obtained by:
○ analyzing the content of the previous items
○ using keyword analysis techniques
● For example, ContentBasedProfile(c) can be defined
as a vector of weights (wc1
, . . . , wck
), where weight
wci
denotes the importance of keyword ki to user c
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Similarity Measures
• In content-based systems, the utility function u(c,s) is
usually defined as:
• Both ContentBasedProfile(c) of user c and Content(s)
of document s can be represented as TF-IDF vectors
of keyword weights.
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Similarity Measurements
• Utility function u(c,s) usually represented by some
scoring heuristic defined in terms of vectors , such as
the cosine similarity measure.
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Statistical and Machine Learning
Approaches
Other techniques are feasible
● Bayesian classifiers and various machine learning techniques,
including clustering, decision trees, and artificial neural
networks.
These methods use models learned from the underlying
data rather than heuristics.
● For example, based on a set of Web pages that were rated as
“relevant” or “irrelevant” by the user, the naive bayesian
classifier can be used to classify unrated Web pages.
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Content-based Recommendation. An
unrealistic example
● An (unrealistic) example: how to compute
recommendations between 8 books based only on
their title?
• A customer is interested in the following book:”Building
data mining applications for CRM”
• Books selected:
• Building data mining applications for CRM
• Accelerating Customer Relationships: Using CRM and Relationship Technologies
• Mastering Data Mining: The Art and Science of Customer Relationship Management
• Data Mining Your Website
• Introduction to marketing
• Consumer behavior
• marketing research, a handbook
• Customer knowledge management
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Content-based Recommendation
•The system computes distances between this book and
the 7 others
•The « closest » books are recommended:
• #1: Data Mining Your Website
• #2: Accelerating Customer Relationships: Using CRM and
Relationship Technologies
• #3: Mastering Data Mining: The Art and Science of Customer
Relationship Management
• Not recommended: Introduction to marketing
• Not recommended: Consumer behavior
• Not recommended: marketing research, a handbook
• Not recommended: Customer knowledge management
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
A word of caution
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Index
1. Introduction: What is a Recommender System
2. “Traditional” Methods
2.1. Collaborative Filtering
2.2. Content-based Recommendations
3. Novel Methods
3.1. Learning to Rank
3.2. Context-aware Recommendations
3.2.1. Tensor Factorization
3.2.2. Factorization Machines
3.3. Deep Learning
3.4. Similarity
3.5. Social Recommendations
4. Hybrid Approaches
5. A practical example: Netflix
6. Conclusions
7. References
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
3. Novel approaches to
Recommendation:
Beyond “traditional” CF and CB
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Ranking
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Ranking
● Most recommendations are presented in a sorted
list
● Recommendation can be understood as a ranking
problem
● Popularity is the obvious baseline
● Ratings prediction is a clear secondary data input
that allows for personalization
● Many other features can be added
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
…
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Example: Two features, linear model
Example: Two features, linear model
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Ranking
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Learning to rank
● Machine learning problem: goal is to construct
ranking model from training data
● Training data can be a partial order or binary
judgments (relevant/not relevant).
● Resulting order of the items typically induced
from a numerical score
● Learning to rank is a key element for
personalization
● You can treat the problem as a standard
supervised classification problem
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Learning to rank - Metrics
● Quality of ranking measured using metrics as
○ Normalized Discounted Cumulative Gain
○ Mean Reciprocal Rank (MRR)
○ Fraction of Concordant Pairs (FCP)
○ Others…
● But, it is hard to optimize machine-learned models
directly on these measures (they are not
differentiable)
● Recent research on models that directly optimize
ranking measures
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Learning to rank - Approaches
1. Pointwise
■ Ranking function minimizes loss function defined on
individual relevance judgment
■ Ranking score based on regression or classification
■ Ordinal regression, Logistic regression, SVM, GBDT, …
2. Pairwise
■ Loss function is defined on pair-wise preferences
■ Goal: minimize number of inversions in ranking
■ Ranking problem is then transformed into the binary
classification problem
■ RankSVM, RankBoost, RankNet, FRank…
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Learning to rank - Approaches
3. Listwise
■ Indirect Loss Function
− RankCosine: similarity between ranking list
and ground truth as loss function
− ListNet: KL-divergence as loss function by
defining a probability distribution
− Problem: optimization of listwise loss function
may not optimize IR metrics
■ Directly optimizing IR measures (difficult since they
are not differentiable)
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Learning to rank - Approaches
3. Listwise
■ Directly optimize IR measures through Genetic
Programming
■ Directly optimize measures with Simulated Annealing
■ Gradient descent on smoothed version of objective
function (e.g. CLiMF presented at Recsys 2012 or
TFMAP at SIGIR 2012)
■ SVM-MAP relaxes the MAP metric by adding it to the
SVM constraints
■ AdaRank uses boosting to optimize NDCG
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Index
1. Introduction: What is a Recommender System
2. “Traditional” Methods
2.1. Collaborative Filtering
2.2. Content-based Recommendations
3. Novel Methods
3.1. Learning to Rank
3.2. Context-aware Recommendations
3.2.1. Tensor Factorization
3.2.2. Factorization Machines
3.3. Deep Learning
3.4. Similarity
3.5. Social Recommendations
4. Hybrid Approaches
5. A practical example: Netflix
6. Conclusions
7. References
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Context-aware
Recommendation
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Context-aware Recommendations
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Context-aware Recommendations
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Context-aware Recommendations
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Context-aware Recommendations
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Context-aware Recommendations
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Context-aware Recommendations
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Context-aware Recommendations
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Context-aware Recommendations
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Context-aware Recommendations
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Context-aware Recommendations
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Two dimensional model
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
N-dimensional model
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Index
1. Introduction: What is a Recommender System
2. “Traditional” Methods
2.1. Collaborative Filtering
2.2. Content-based Recommendations
3. Novel Methods
3.1. Learning to Rank
3.2. Context-aware Recommendations
3.2.1. Tensor Factorization
3.2.2. Factorization Machines
3.3. Deep Learning
3.4. Similarity
3.5. Social Recommendations
4. Hybrid Approaches
5. A practical example: Netflix
6. Conclusions
7. References
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Tensor Factorization
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Tensor Factorization
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Tensor Factorization
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Tensor Factorization
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Tensor Factorization
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Tensor Factorization
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Tensor Factorization
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Tensor Factorization
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Tensor Factorization
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Tensor Factorization
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Tensor Factorization
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Tensor Factorization
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Tensor Factorization
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Tensor Factorization
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Tensor Factorization
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Tensor Factorization
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Tensor Factorization
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
…
Tensor Factorization
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Index
1. Introduction: What is a Recommender System
2. “Traditional” Methods
2.1. Collaborative Filtering
2.2. Content-based Recommendations
3. Novel Methods
3.1. Learning to Rank
3.2. Context-aware Recommendations
3.2.1. Tensor Factorization
3.2.2. Factorization Machines
3.3. Deep Learning
3.4. Similarity
3.5. Social Recommendations
4. Hybrid Approaches
5. A practical example: Netflix
6. Conclusions
7. References
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Factorization Machines
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
▪
▪
▪
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
▪
▪
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
▪
▪
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Index
1. Introduction: What is a Recommender System
2. “Traditional” Methods
2.1. Collaborative Filtering
2.2. Content-based Recommendations
3. Novel Methods
3.1. Learning to Rank
3.2. Context-aware Recommendations
3.2.1. Tensor Factorization
3.2.2. Factorization Machines
3.3. Deep Learning
3.4. Similarity
3.5. Social Recommendations
4. Hybrid Approaches
5. A practical example: Netflix
6. Conclusions
7. References
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
3.3 Deep Learning for
Recommendation
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Deep Learning for Collaborative
Filtering
● Let’s look at how Spotify uses Recurrent Networks
for Playlist Prediction (http://erikbern.com/?p=589)
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Deep Learning for Collaborative
Filtering
● We assume is a normal distribution, log-likelihood of the
loss is just the (negative) L2 loss:
● We can specify that and that
○ Model is now completely specified and we have unknown
parameters
○ Find U, V, and W to maximize log likelihood over all
examples using backpropagation
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Deep Learning for Collaborative
Filtering
● In order to predict the next track or movie a user is going to
watch, we need to define a distribution
○ If we choose Softmax as it is common practice, we get:
● Problem: denominator (over all examples is very
expensive to compute)
● Solution: build a tree that implements a hierarchical
softmax
● More details on the blogpost
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
ANN Training over GPUS and AWS
● How did we implement our ANN solution at Netflix?
http://techblog.netflix.com/2014/02/distributed-neural-networks-with-gpus.html
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
ANN Training over GPUS and AWS
Level 1 distribution: machines over different AWS regions
Level 2 distribution: machines in AWS and same AWS region
Use coordination tools
Spearmint or similar for parameter optimization
Condor, StarCluster, Mesos… for distributed cluster
coordination
Level 3 parallelization: highly optimized parallel CUDA code
on GPUs
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Index
1. Introduction: What is a Recommender System
2. “Traditional” Methods
2.1. Collaborative Filtering
2.2. Content-based Recommendations
3. Novel Methods
3.1. Learning to Rank
3.2. Context-aware Recommendations
3.2.1. Tensor Factorization
3.2.2. Factorization Machines
3.3. Deep Learning
3.4. Similarity
3.5. Social Recommendations
4. Hybrid Approaches
5. A practical example: Netflix
6. Conclusions
7. References
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
3.4 Similarity as Recommendation
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
What is similarity?
Similarity can refer to different dimensions
Similar in metadata/tags
Similar in user play behavior
Similar in user rating behavior
…
You can learn a model for each of them and finally learn an
ensemble
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Graph-based similarities
0.8
0.2
0.3
0.
4
0.3
0.7
0.
3
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Example of graph-based similarity: SimRank
▪ SimRank (Jeh & Widom, 02): “two objects are
similar if they are referenced by similar
objects.”
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Similarity ensembles
Come up with a score of play similarity, rating similarity, tag-
based similarity…
Combine them using an ensemble
Weights are learned using regression over existing
response
Or… some MAB explore/exploit approach
The final concept of “similarity” responds to what users vote
as similar
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Index
1. Introduction: What is a Recommender System
2. “Traditional” Methods
2.1. Collaborative Filtering
2.2. Content-based Recommendations
3. Novel Methods
3.1. Learning to Rank
3.2. Context-aware Recommendations
3.2.1. Tensor Factorization
3.2.2. Factorization Machines
3.3. Deep Learning
3.4. Similarity
3.5. Social Recommendations
4. Hybrid Approaches
5. A practical example: Netflix
6. Conclusions
7. References
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
3.5 Social Recommendations
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Social and Trust-based
recommenders
● A social recommender system recommends items that
are “popular” in the social proximity of the user.
● A person being close in our social network does not
mean we trust their judgement
● This idea of trust is central in social-based systems
● It can be a general per-user value that takes into
account social proximity but can also be topic-specific
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Defining Trust
● Trust is very complex
○ Involves personal background, history of interaction,
context, similarity, reputation, etc.
● Sociological definitions
○ Trust requires a belief and a commitment
○ E.g. Bob believes Frank will provide reliable information
thus Bob is willing to act on that information
○ Similar to a bet
● In the context of recommender systems, trust is
generally used to describe similarity in opinion
○ Ignores authority, correctness on facts
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Trust Inference
The Goal: Select two individuals - the source (node
A) and sink (node C) - and recommend to the
source how much to trust the sink.
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Major Algorithms - Networks
● Advogato (Levien)
● Appleseed (Ziegler and Lausen)
● MoleTrust (Massa and Avesani)
● TidalTrust (Golbeck)
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Building Recommender Systems
Using Trust
● Use trust as a way to give more weight to
some users
● Trust for collaborative filtering
○ Use trust in place of (or combined with) similarity
● Trust for sorting and filtering
○ Prioritize information from trusted sources
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Other ways to use Social
● Social connections can be used in
combination with other approaches
● In particular, “friendships” can be fed into
collaborative filtering methods in different
ways
− e.g. replace or modify user-user “similarity” by
using social network information
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Demographic Methods
● Aim to categorize the user based on personal
attributes and make recommendation based
on demographic classes
● Demographic groups can come from
marketing research – hence experts decided
how to model the users
● Demographic techniques form people-to-
people correlations
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Demographic Methods
● Demographic features in general are asked
● But can also induced by classifying a user using other
user descriptions (e.g. the home page) – you need
some user for which you know the class (e.g.
male/female)
● Prediction can use whatever learning mechanism we
like (nearest neighbor, naïve classifier, etc.)
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Index
1. Introduction: What is a Recommender System
2. “Traditional” Methods
2.1. Collaborative Filtering
2.2. Content-based Recommendations
3. Novel Methods
3.1. Learning to Rank
3.2. Context-aware Recommendations
3.2.1. Tensor Factorization
3.2.2. Factorization Machines
3.3. Deep Learning
3.4. Similarity
3.5. Social Recommendations
4. Hybrid Approaches
5. A practical example: Netflix
6. Conclusions
7. References
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
4 Hybrid Approaches
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Comparison of methods (FAB
system)
• Content–based
recommendation with
Bayesian classifier
• Collaborative is
standard using
Pearson correlation
• Collaboration via
content uses the
content-based user
profiles
Averaged on 44 users
Precision computed in top 3 recommendations
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Hybridization Methods
Hybridization Method Description
Weighted Outputs from several techniques (in the form of
scores or votes) are combined with different
degrees of importance to offer final
recommendations
Switching Depending on situation, the system changes from
one technique to another
Mixed Recommendations from several techniques are
presented at the same time
Feature combination Features from different recommendation sources
are combined as input to a single technique
Cascade The output from one technique is used as input of
another that refines the result
Feature augmentation The output from one technique is used as input
features to another
Meta-level The model learned by one recommender is used
as input to another
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Weighted
● Combine the results of different recommendation
techniques into a single recommendation list
○ Example 1: a linear combination of recommendation scores
○ Example 2: treats the output of each recommender
(collaborative, content-based and demographic) as a set of
votes, which are then combined in a consensus scheme
● Assumption: relative value of the different techniques is
more or less uniform across the space of possible items
○ Not true in general: e.g. a collaborative recommender will be
weaker for those items with a small number of raters.
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Switching
● The system uses criterion to switch between techniques
○ Example: The DailyLearner system uses a content-
collaborative hybrid in which a content-based recommendation
method is employed first
○ If the content-based system cannot make a
recommendation with sufficient confidence, then a
collaborative recommendation is attempted
○ Note that switching does not completely avoid the cold-
start problem, since both the collaborative and the content-
based systems have the “new user” problem
● The main problem of this technique is to identify a GOOD
switching condition.
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Mixed
● Recommendations from more than one technique are
presented together
● The mixed hybrid avoids the “new item” start-up problem
● It does not get around the “new user” start-up problem,
since both the content and collaborative methods need
some data about user preferences to start up.
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Feature Combination
● Features can be combined in several directions. E.g.
○ (1) Treat collaborative information (ratings of users) as
additional feature data associated with each example
and use content-based techniques over this
augmented data set
○ (2) Treat content features as different dimensions for
the collaborative setting (i.e. as other ratings from
virtual specialized users)
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Cascade
● One recommendation technique is employed first to
produce a coarse ranking of candidates and a second
technique refines the recommendation
○ Example: EntreeC uses its knowledge of restaurants to make
recommendations based on the user’s stated interests. The
recommendations are placed in buckets of equal preference,
and the collaborative technique is employed to break ties
● Cascading allows the system to avoid employing the
second, lower-priority, technique on items that are
already well-differentiated by the first
● But requires a meaningful and constant ordering of the
techniques.
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Feature Augmentation
● Produce a rating or classification of an item and that
information is then incorporated into the processing of
the next recommendation technique
○ Example: Libra system makes content-based
recommendations of books based on data found in Amazon.
com, using a naive Bayes text classifier
○ In the text data used by the system is included “related
authors” and “related titles” information that Amazon generates
using its internal collaborative systems
● Very similar to the feature combination method:
○ Here the output is used for a second RS
○ In feature combination the representations used by two
systems are combined.
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Index
1. Introduction: What is a Recommender System
2. “Traditional” Methods
2.1. Collaborative Filtering
2.2. Content-based Recommendations
3. Novel Methods
3.1. Learning to Rank
3.2. Context-aware Recommendations
3.2.1. Tensor Factorization
3.2.2. Factorization Machines
3.3. Deep Learning
3.4. Similarity
3.5. Social Recommendations
4. Hybrid Approaches
5. A practical example: Netflix
6. Conclusions
7. References
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
5. Netflix as a practical example
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
What we were interested in:
▪ High quality recommendations
Proxy question:
▪ Accuracy in predicted rating
▪ Improve by 10% = $1million! • Top 2 algorithms still in
production
Results
SVD
RBM
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
What about the final prize
ensembles?
● Our offline studies showed they were too
computationally intensive to scale
● Expected improvement not worth the engineering
effort
● Plus…. Focus had already shifted to other issues
that had more impact than rating prediction.
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
From the Netflix Prize
to today
2006 2014
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Anatomy of
Netflix
Personalization
Everything is a Recommendation
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Everything is personalized
Ranking
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Ranking Key algorithm, sorts titles in most contexts
Ranking
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Support for Recommendations
Social Support
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Social Recommendations
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Watch again & Continue Watching
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Genres
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Genre rows
● Personalized genre rows focus on user interest
○ Also provide context and “evidence”
○ Important for member satisfaction – moving personalized
rows to top on devices increased retention
● How are they generated?
○ Implicit: based on user’s recent plays, ratings, & other
interactions
○ Explicit taste preferences
○ Hybrid:combine the above
● Also take into account:
○ Freshness - has this been shown before?
○ Diversity– avoid repeating tags and genres, limit number of
TV genres, etc.
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Genres - personalization
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Genres - personalization
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
▪ Displayed in many
different contexts
▪ In response to user
actions/context
(search, queue
add…)
▪ More like… rows
Similars
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Page Composition
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
…
Page Composition
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Page Composition
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Page Composition
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Page Composition
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪ …
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Search Recommendations
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Unavailable Title Recommendations
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
●
●
●
●
Search Recommendations
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Postplay
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Billboard
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Gamification
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Personalization awareness
Diversity
DadAll SonDaughterDad&Mom MomAll Daughter MomAll?
Diversity & Awareness
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Data
&
Models
Netflix Scale
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
Metadata
● Tag space is made of
thousands of different
concepts
● Items are manually annotated
● Metadata is useful
○ Especially for coldstart
Social
● Can your “friends” interests help us better predict
yours?
● The answer is similar to the Metadata case:
○ If we know enough about you, social information
becomes less useful
○ But, it is very interesting for coldstarting
● And… social support for recommendations has
been shown to matter
Impressions
● We track what users get shown and their
interactions
● Impression tracking is costly from an infrastructure
perspective
● But, it can have very important applications
○ Correcting for presentation bias
○ Different forms of positive and negative feedback
○ ...
Smart Models ■ Regression models (Logistic,
Linear, Elastic nets)
■ GBDT/RF
■ SVD & other MF models
■ Factorization Machines
■ Restricted Boltzmann
Machines
■ Markov Chains & other
graphical models
■ Clustering (from k-means to
HDP)
■ Deep ANN
■ LDA
■ Association Rules
■ …
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Index
1. Introduction: What is a Recommender System
2. “Traditional” Methods
2.1. Collaborative Filtering
2.2. Content-based Recommendations
3. Novel Methods
3.1. Learning to Rank
3.2. Context-aware Recommendations
3.2.1. Tensor Factorization
3.2.2. Factorization Machines
3.3. Deep Learning
3.4. Similarity
3.5. Social Recommendations
4. Hybrid Approaches
5. A practical example: Netflix
6. Conclusions
7. References
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
6. Conclusions
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Conclusions
● For many applications such as Recommender
Systems (but also Search, Advertising, and even
Networks) understanding data and users is vital
● Algorithms can only be as good as the data they
use as input
○ But the inverse is also true: you need a good
algorithm to leverage your data
● Importance of User/Data Mining is going to be a
growing trend in many areas in the coming years
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Conclusions
● Recommender Systems (RS) is an important
application of User Mining
● RS have the potential to become as important
as Search is now
● However, RS are more than User Mining
○ HCI
○ Economical models
○ …
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Conclusions
● RS are fairly new but already grounded on well-
proven technology
○ Collaborative Filtering
○ Machine Learning
○ Content Analysis
○ Social Network Analysis
○ …
● However, there are still many open questions
and a lot of interesting research to do!
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Index
1. Introduction: What is a Recommender System
2. “Traditional” Methods
2.1. Collaborative Filtering
2.2. Content-based Recommendations
3. Novel Methods
3.1. Learning to Rank
3.2. Context-aware Recommendations
3.2.1. Tensor Factorization
3.2.2. Factorization Machines
3.3. Deep Learning
3.4. Similarity
3.5. Social Recommendations
4. Hybrid Approaches
5. A practical example: Netflix
6. Conclusions
7. References
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
7. References
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
● "Recommender Systems Handbook." Ricci, Francesco, Lior Rokach,
Bracha Shapira, and Paul B. Kantor. (2010).
● “Recommender systems: an introduction”. Jannach, Dietmar, et al.
Cambridge University Press, 2010.
● “Toward the Next Generation of Recommender Systems: A Survey of the
State-of-the-Art and Possible Extensions”. G. Adomavicious and A.
Tuzhilin. 2005. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering,
17 (6)
● “Item-based Collaborative Filtering Recommendation Algorithms”, B.
Sarwar et al. 2001. Proceedings of World Wide Web Conference.
● “Lessons from the Netflix Prize Challenge.”. R. M. Bell and Y. Koren.
SIGKDD Explor. Newsl., 9(2):75–79, December 2007.
● “Beyond algorithms: An HCI perspective on recommender systems”. K.
Swearingen and R. Sinha. In ACM SIGIR 2001 Workshop on
Recommender Systems
● “Recommender Systems in E-Commerce”. J. Ben Schafer et al. ACM
Conference on Electronic Commerce. 1999-
● “Introduction to Data Mining”, P. Tan et al. Addison Wesley. 2005
References
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
● “Evaluating collaborative filtering recommender systems”. J. L. Herlocker,
J. A. Konstan, L. G. Terveen, and J. T. Riedl. ACM Trans. Inf. Syst., 22(1):
5–53, 2004.
● “Trust in recommender systems”. J. O’Donovan and B. Smyth. In Proc. of
IUI ’05, 2005.
● “Content-based recommendation systems”. M. Pazzani and D. Billsus. In
The Adaptive Web, volume 4321. 2007.
● “Fast context-aware recommendations with factorization machines”. S.
Rendle, Z. Gantner, C. Freudenthaler, and L. Schmidt-Thieme. In Proc. of
the 34th ACM SIGIR, 2011.
● “Restricted Boltzmann machines for collaborative filtering”. R.
Salakhutdinov, A. Mnih, and G. E. Hinton.In Proc of ICML ’07, 2007
● “Learning to rank: From pairwise approach to listwise approach”. Z. Cao
and T. Liu. In In Proceedings of the 24th ICML, 2007.
● “Introduction to Data Mining”, P. Tan et al. Addison Wesley. 2005
References
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
● D. H. Stern, R. Herbrich, and T. Graepel. Matchbox: large scale online
bayesian recommendations. In Proc.of the 18th WWW, 2009.
● Koren Y and J. Sill. OrdRec: an ordinal model for predicting personalized
item rating distributions. In Rec-Sys ’11, pages 117–124, 2011.
● Y. Koren. Factorization meets the neighborhood: a multifaceted
collaborative filtering model. In Proceedings of the 14th ACM SIGKDD,
2008.
● Yifan Hu, Y. Koren, and C. Volinsky. Collaborative Filtering for Implicit
Feedback Datasets. In Proc. Of the 2008 Eighth ICDM, pages 263–272,
2008.
● Y. Shi, A. Karatzoglou, L. Baltrunas, M. Larson, N. Oliver, and A. Hanjalic.
CLiMF: learning to maximize reciprocal rank with collaborative less-is-more
filtering. In Proc. of the sixth Recsys, 2012.
● Y. Shi, A. Karatzoglou, L. Baltrunas, M. Larson,A. Hanjalic, and N. Oliver.
TFMAP: optimizing MAP for top-n context-aware recommendation. In Proc.
Of the 35th SIGIR, 2012.
References
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
● A. Karatzoglou, X. Amatriain, L. Baltrunas, and N. Oliver. Multiverse
recommendation: n-dimensional tensor factorization for context-aware
collaborative filtering. In Proc. of the fourth ACM Recsys, 2010.
● S. Rendle, Z. Gantner, C. Freudenthaler, and L. Schmidt-Thieme. Fast
context-aware recommendations with factorization machines. In Proc. of
the 34th ACM SIGIR, 2011.
● S.H. Yang, B. Long, A.J. Smola, H. Zha, and Z. Zheng. Collaborative
competitive filtering: learning recommender using context of user choice. In
Proc. of the 34th ACM SIGIR, 2011.
● N. N. Liu, X. Meng, C. Liu, and Q. Yang. Wisdom of the better few: cold
start recommendation via representative based rating elicitation. In Proc. of
RecSys’11, 2011.
● M. Jamali and M. Ester. Trustwalker: a random walk model for combining
trust-based and item-based recommendation. In Proc. of KDD ’09, 2009.
References
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
● J. Noel, S. Sanner, K. Tran, P. Christen, L. Xie, E. V. Bonilla, E.
Abbasnejad, and N. Della Penna. New objective functions for social
collaborative filtering. In Proc. of WWW ’12, pages 859–868, 2012.
● X. Yang, H. Steck, Y. Guo, and Y. Liu. On top-k recommendation using
social networks. In Proc. of RecSys’12, 2012.
References
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
● Recsys Wiki: http://recsyswiki.com/
● Recsys conference Webpage: http://recsys.acm.org/
● Recommender Systems Books Webpage: http://www.
recommenderbook.net/
● Mahout Project: http://mahout.apache.org/
● MyMediaLite Project: http://www.mymedialite.net/
Online resources
Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
Thanks!
Questions?
Xavier Amatriain
xavier@netflix.com
@xamat

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Recommender Systems (Machine Learning Summer School 2014 @ CMU)

  • 1. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Recommender Systems Collaborative Filtering and other approaches Xavier Amatriain Research/Engineering Director @ Netflix MLSS ‘14
  • 2. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems But first...
  • 3. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems About me Up until 2005
  • 4. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems About me 2005 - 2007
  • 5. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems About me 2007 - 2011
  • 6. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems About me Since 2011
  • 7. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Recent/Upcoming Publications ● The Recommender Problem Revisited. KDD and Recsys 2014 Tutorial ● KDD: Big & Personal: data and models behind Netflix recommendations. 2013 ● SIGKDD Explorations: Mining large streams of user data for personalized recommendations. 2012 ● Recsys: Building industrial-scale real-world recommender systems. 2012 ● Recys - Walk the Talk: Analyzing the relation between implicit and explicit feedback for preference elicitation. 2011 ● SIGIR – Temporal behavior of CF. 2010 ● Web Intelligence – Expert-based CF for music. 2010 ● Recsys – Tensor Factorization. 2010 ● Mobile HCI – Tourist Recommendation. 2010 ● Recsys Handbook (book) – Data mining for recsys. 2010 & Recommender Systems in Industry. 2014 ● SIGIR – Wisdom of the Few. 2009 ● Recsys – Denoising by re-rating. 2009 ● CARS – Implicit context-aware recommendations. 2009 ● UMAP – I like it I like it not. 2009
  • 8. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Collaborators/Contributors Justin Basilico (Netflix) Alexandros Karatzoglou (Telefonica Research) Francesco Ricci (University of Bolzano) Bamhshad Mobasher (De Paul U) Erik Bernhardsson (Spotify)
  • 9. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Index 1. Introduction: What is a Recommender System 2. “Traditional” Methods 2.1. Collaborative Filtering 2.2. Content-based Recommendations 3. Novel Methods 3.1. Learning to Rank 3.2. Context-aware Recommendations 3.2.1. Tensor Factorization 3.2.2. Factorization Machines 3.3. Deep Learning 3.4. Similarity 3.5. Social Recommendations 4. Hybrid Approaches 5. A practical example: Netflix 6. Conclusions 7. References
  • 10. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems 1. Introduction: What is a Recommender System?
  • 11. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems The Age of Search has come to an end • ... long live the Age of Recommendation! • Chris Anderson in “The Long Tail” • “We are leaving the age of information and entering the age of recommendation” • CNN Money, “The race to create a 'smart' Google”: • “The Web, they say, is leaving the era of search and entering one of discovery. What's the difference? Search is what you do when you're looking for something. Discovery is when something wonderful that you didn't know existed, or didn't know how to ask for, finds you.”
  • 12. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Information overload “People read around 10 MB worth of material a day, hear 400 MB a day, and see 1 MB of information every second” - The Economist, November 2006 In 2015, consumption will raise to 74 GB a day - UCSD Study 2014
  • 13. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems The value of recommendations • Netflix: 2/3 of the movies watched are recommended • Google News: recommendations generate 38% more clickthrough • Amazon: 35% sales from recommendations • Choicestream: 28% of the people would buy more music if they found what they liked. u
  • 14. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems The “Recommender problem” ● Estimate a utility function that automatically predicts how a user will like an item. ● Based on: ○ Past behavior ○ Relations to other users ○ Item similarity ○ Context ○ …
  • 15. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems The “Recommender problem” • Let C be set of all users and let S be set of all possible recommendable items • Let u be a utility function measuring the usefulness of item s to user c, i.e., u : C X S→R, where R is a totally ordered set. • For each user cєC, we want to choose items sєS that maximize u. • Utility is usually represented by rating but can be any function
  • 16. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Two-step process
  • 17. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Approaches to Recommendation ● Collaborative Filtering: Recommend items based only on the users past behavior ○ User-based: Find similar users to me and recommend what they liked ○ Item-based: Find similar items to those that I have previously liked ● Content-based: Recommend based on item features ● Personalized Learning to Rank: Treat recommendation as a ranking problem ● Demographic: Recommend based on user features ● Social recommendations (trust-based) ● Hybrid: Combine any of the above
  • 18. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Recommendation as data mining The core of the Recommendation Engine can be assimilated to a general data mining problem:
  • 19. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Machine Learning + all those other things ● User Interface ● System requirements (efficiency, scalability, privacy....) ● Serendipity ● ....
  • 20. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Serendipity ● Unsought finding ● Don't recommend items the user already knows or would have found anyway. ● Expand the user's taste into neighboring areas by improving the obvious ● Collaborative filtering can offer controllable serendipity (e.g. controlling how many neighbors to use in the recommendation)
  • 21. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems What works ● Depends on the domain and particular problem ● However, in the general case it has been demonstrated that the best isolated approach is CF. ○ Other approaches can be hybridized to improve results in specific cases (cold-start problem...) ● What matters: ○ Data preprocessing: outlier removal, denoising, removal of global effects (e.g. individual user's average) ○ “Smart” dimensionality reduction using MF/SVD ○ Combining methods
  • 22. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Index 1. Introduction: What is a Recommender System 2. “Traditional” Methods 2.1. Collaborative Filtering 2.2. Content-based Recommendations 3. Novel Methods 3.1. Learning to Rank 3.2. Context-aware Recommendations 3.2.1. Tensor Factorization 3.2.2. Factorization Machines 3.3. Deep Learning 3.4. Similarity 3.5. Social Recommendations 4. Hybrid Approaches 5. A practical example: Netflix 6. Conclusions 7. References
  • 23. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems 2. Traditional Approaches
  • 24. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems 2.1. Collaborative Filtering
  • 25. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems The CF Ingredients ● List of m Users and a list of n Items ● Each user has a list of items with associated opinion ○ Explicit opinion - a rating score ○ Sometime the rating is implicitly – purchase records or listen to tracks ● Active user for whom the CF prediction task is performed ● Metric for measuring similarity between users ● Method for selecting a subset of neighbors ● Method for predicting a rating for items not currently rated by the active user.
  • 26. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Collaborative Filtering The basic steps: 1. Identify set of ratings for the target/active user 2. Identify set of users most similar to the target/active user according to a similarity function (neighborhood formation) 3. Identify the products these similar users liked 4. Generate a prediction - rating that would be given by the target user to the product - for each one of these products 5. Based on this predicted rating recommend a set of top N products
  • 27. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Collaborative Filtering ● Pros: ○ Requires minimal knowledge engineering efforts ○ Users and products are symbols without any internal structure or characteristics ○ Produces good-enough results in most cases ● Cons: ○ Requires a large number of reliable “user feedback data points” to bootstrap ○ Requires products to be standardized (users should have bought exactly the same product) ○ Assumes that prior behavior determines current behavior without taking into account “contextual” knowledge (session-level)
  • 28. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Personalised vs Non-Personalised CF ● CF recommendations are personalized since the “prediction” is based on the ratings expressed by similar users ○ Those neighbors are different for each target user ● A non-personalized collaborative-based recommendation can be generated by averaging the recommendations of ALL the users ● How would the two approaches compare?
  • 29. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Personalised vs Non-Personalised CF 0,1510,2230,0222811718164974424EachMovie 0,1790,2330,041100020939526040MovieLens 0,1520,2200,725351944910048483Jester MAE Pers MAE Non Pers density total ratings itemsusersData Set Not much difference indeed! vij is the rating of user i for product j and vj is the average rating for product j
  • 30. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Personalized vs. Not Personalized ● Netflix Prize's first conclusion: it is really extremely simple to produce “reasonable” recommendations and extremely difficult to improve them.
  • 31. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems User-based Collaborative Filtering
  • 32. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems User-User Collaborative Filtering Target User Weighted Sum
  • 33. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems UB Collaborative Filtering ● A collection of user ui , i=1, …n and a collection of products pj , j=1, …, m ● An n × m matrix of ratings vij , with vij = ? if user i did not rate product j ● Prediction for user i and product j is computed as • Similarity can be computed by Pearson correlation or or
  • 34. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems User-based CF Example
  • 35. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems User-based CF Example
  • 36. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems User-based CF Example
  • 37. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems User-based CF Example
  • 38. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems User-based CF Example
  • 39. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Challenges Of User-based CF Algorithms ● Sparsity – evaluation of large item sets, users purchases are under 1%. ● Difficult to make predictions based on nearest neighbor algorithms =>Accuracy of recommendation may be poor. ● Scalability - Nearest neighbor require computation that grows with both the number of users and the number of items. ● Poor relationship among like minded but sparse-rating users. ● Solution : usage of latent models to capture similarity between users & items in a reduced dimensional space.
  • 40. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Item-based Collaborative Filtering
  • 41. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Item-Item Collaborative Filtering
  • 42. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Item Based CF Algorithm ● Look into the items the target user has rated ● Compute how similar they are to the target item ○ Similarity only using past ratings from other users! ● Select k most similar items. ● Compute Prediction by taking weighted average on the target user’s ratings on the most similar items.
  • 43. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Item Similarity Computation ● Similarity between items i & j computed by finding users who have rated them and then applying a similarity function to their ratings. ● Cosine-based Similarity – items are vectors in the m dimensional user space (difference in rating scale between users is not taken into account).
  • 44. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Item Similarity Computation ● Correlation-based Similarity - using the Pearson-r correlation (used only in cases where the users rated both item I & item j). • Ru,i = rating of user u on item i. • Ri = average rating of the i-th item.
  • 45. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Item Similarity Computation ● Adjusted Cosine Similarity – each pair in the co-rated set corresponds to a different user. (takes care of difference in rating scale). • Ru,i = rating of user u on item i. • Ru = average of the u-th user.
  • 46. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Prediction Computation ● Generating the prediction – look into the target users ratings and use techniques to obtain predictions. ● Weighted Sum – how the active user rates the similar items.
  • 47. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Item-based CF Example
  • 48. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Item-based CF Example
  • 49. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Item-based CF Example
  • 50. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Item-based CF Example
  • 51. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Item-based CF Example
  • 52. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Item-based CF Example
  • 53. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Performance Implications ● Bottleneck - Similarity computation. ● Time complexity, highly time consuming with millions of users and items in the database. ○ Isolate the neighborhood generation and predication steps. ○ “off-line component” / “model” – similarity computation, done earlier & stored in memory. ○ “on-line component” – prediction generation process.
  • 54. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Recap: challenges of Nearest- neighbor Collaborative Filtering
  • 55. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems The Sparsity Problem ● Typically: large product sets, user ratings for a small percentage of them ● Example Amazon: millions of books and a user may have bought hundreds of books – ○ the probability that two users that have bought 100 books have a common book (in a catalogue of 1 million books) is 0.01 (with 50 and 10 millions is 0.0002). ● Standard CF must have a number of users comparable to one tenth of the size of the product catalogue
  • 56. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems The Sparsity Problem ● If you represent the Netflix Prize rating data in a User/Movie matrix you get... ○ 500,000 x 17,000 = 8,500 M positions ○ Out of which only 100M are not 0's! ● Methods of dimensionality reduction ○ Matrix Factorization ○ Clustering ○ Projection (PCA ...)
  • 57. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems The Scalability Problem ● Nearest neighbor algorithms require computations that grows with both the number of customers and products ● With millions of customers and products a web-based recommender can suffer serious scalability problems ● The worst case complexity is O(mn) (m customers and n products) ● But in practice the complexity is O(m + n) since for each customer only a small number of products are considered ● Some clustering techniques like K-means can help
  • 58. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Performance Implications ● User-based CF – similarity between users is dynamic, precomupting user neighborhood can lead to poor predictions. ● Item-based CF – similarity between items is static. ● enables precomputing of item-item similarity => prediction process involves only a table lookup for the similarity values & computation of the weighted sum.
  • 59. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Other approaches to CF
  • 60. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Model-based Collaborative Filtering
  • 61. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Model Based CF Algorithms ● Memory based ○ Use the entire user-item database to generate a prediction. ○ Usage of statistical techniques to find the neighbors – e.g. nearest-neighbor. ● Memory based ○ First develop a model of user ○ Type of model: ■ Probabilistic (e.g. Bayesian Network) ■ Clustering ■ Rule-based approaches (e.g. Association Rules) ■ Classification ■ Regression ■ LDA ■ ...
  • 62. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Model-based CF: What we learned from the Netflix Prize
  • 63. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems What we were interested in: ■ High quality recommendations Proxy question: ■ Accuracy in predicted rating ■ Improve by 10% = $1million!
  • 64. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems 2007 Progress Prize ▪ Top 2 algorithms ▪ SVD - Prize RMSE: 0.8914 ▪ RBM - Prize RMSE: 0.8990 ▪ Linear blend Prize RMSE: 0.88 ▪ Currently in use as part of Netflix’ rating prediction component ▪ Limitations ▪ Designed for 100M ratings, we have 5B ratings ▪ Not adaptable as users add ratings ▪ Performance issues
  • 65. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems SVD/MF X[n x m] = U[n x r] S [ r x r] (V[m x r])T ● X: m x n matrix (e.g., m users, n videos) ● U: m x r matrix (m users, r factors) ● S: r x r diagonal matrix (strength of each ‘factor’) (r: rank of the matrix) ● V: r x n matrix (n videos, r factor)
  • 66. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Simon Funk’s SVD ● One of the most interesting findings during the Netflix Prize came out of a blog post ● Incremental, iterative, and approximate way to compute the SVD using gradient descent
  • 67. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems ▪ User factor vectors and item-factors vector ▪ Baseline (bias) (user & item deviation from average) ▪ Predict rating as ▪ SVD++ (Koren et. Al) asymmetric variation w. implicit feedback ▪ Where ▪ are three item factor vectors ▪ Users are not parametrized, but rather represented by: ▪ R(u): items rated by user u ▪ N(u): items for which the user has given implicit preference (e.g. rated vs. not rated) SVD for Rating Prediction
  • 68. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Artificial Neural Networks – 4 generations ● 1st - Perceptrons (~60s) ○ Single layer of hand-coded features ○ Linear activation function ○ Fundamentally limited in what they can learn to do. ● 2nd - Back-propagation (~80s) ○ Back-propagate error signal to get derivatives for learning ○ Non-linear activation function ● 3rd - Belief Networks (~90s) ○ Directed acyclic graph composed of (visible & hidden) stochastic variables with weighted connections. ○ Infer the states of the unobserved variables & learn interactions between variables to make network more likely to generate observed data.
  • 69. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Restricted Boltzmann Machines ● Each unit is a state that can be active or not active ● Each input to a unit is associated to a weight ● The transfer function calculates a score for every unit based on the weighted sum of inputs ● Score is passed to the activation function that calculates the probability of the unit to be active
  • 70. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Restricted Boltzmann Machines ● Restrict the connectivity to make learning easier. ○ Only one layer of hidden units. ○ Although multiple layers are possible ○ No connections between hidden units. ○ Hidden units are independent given the visible states.. ○ So we can quickly get an unbiased sample from the posterior distribution over hidden “causes” when given a data-vector ● RBMs can be stacked to form Deep Belief Networks (DBN) – 4th generation of ANNs
  • 71. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems RBM for the Netflix Prize
  • 72. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems RBM for Recommendations
  • 73. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems RBM for Recommendations ● Each unit in the visible layer is an item ● The number of hidden units is a parameter ● In the training phase, for each user: ○ If the user rated the item, vi is activated ○ Activation states of all vi are the inputs to hj ○ Based on the activation, hj is computed ○ The activation state of hj becomes input to vi ○ The activation state of vi is recalculated ○ Difference between current and past activation state for vi is used to update the weights wij and the thresholds
  • 74. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems RBM for Recommendations ● In the prediction phase with a trained RBM: ○ For the items of the user the vi are activated ○ Based on this the state of the hj is computed ○ The activation of hj is used as input to recompute the state of vi ○ Activation probabilities are used to recommend items
  • 75. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Putting all together ● Remember that current production model includes an ensemble of both SVD++ and RBMs
  • 76. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Clustering
  • 77. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Clustering ● Another way to make recommendations based on past purchases is to cluster customers ● Each cluster will be assigned typical preferences, based on preferences of customers who belong to the cluster ● Customers within each cluster will receive recommendations computed at the cluster level
  • 78. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Clustering Customers B, C and D are « clustered » together. Customers A and E are clustered into another separate group • « Typical » preferences for CLUSTER are: • Book 2, very high • Book 3, high • Books 5 and 6, may be recommended • Books 1 and 4, not recommended at all
  • 79. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Clustering How does it work? • Any customer that shall be classified as a member of CLUSTER will receive recommendations based on preferences of the group: • Book 2 will be highly recommended to Customer F • Book 6 will also be recommended to some extent
  • 80. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Clustering Pros: ● Clustering techniques can be used to work on aggregated data ● Can also be applied as a first step for shrinking the selection of relevant neighbors in a collaborative filtering algorithm and improve performance ● Can be used to capture latent similarities between users or items Cons: ● Recommendations (per cluster) may be less relevant than collaborative filtering (per individual)
  • 81. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Locality-sensitive Hashing (LSH) ● Method for grouping similar items in highly dimensional spaces ● Find a hashing function s.t. similar items are grouped in the same buckets ● Main application is Nearest-neighbors ○ Hashing function is found iteratively by concatenating random hashing functions ○ Addresses one of NN main concerns: performance
  • 82. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Association Rules
  • 83. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Association rules • Past purchases are transformed into relationships of common purchases
  • 84. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Association rules ● These association rules are then used to made recommendations ● If a visitor has some interest in Book 5, she will be recommended to buy Book 3 as well ● Recommendations are constrained to some minimum levels of confidence
  • 85. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Association rules Pros: ● Fast to implement (A priori algorithm for frequent itemset mining) ● Fast to execute ● Not much storage space required ● Not « individual » specific ● Very successful in broad applications for large populations, such as shelf layout in retail stores Cons: ● Not suitable if knowledge of preferences change rapidly ● It is tempting to not apply restrictive confidence rules → May lead to literally stupid recommendations
  • 86. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Classifiers
  • 87. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Classifiers ● Classifiers are general computational models trained using positive and negative examples ● They may take in inputs: ○ Vector of item features (action / adventure, Bruce Willis) ○ Preferences of customers (like action / adventure) ○ Relations among item ● E.g. Logistic Regression, Bayesian Networks, Support Vector Machines, Decision Trees, etc...
  • 88. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Classifiers ● Classifiers can be used in CF and CB Recommenders ● Pros: ○ Versatile ○ Can be combined with other methods to improve accuracy of recommendations ● Cons: ○ Need a relevant training set ○ May overfit (Regularization)
  • 89. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Limitations of Collaborative Filtering
  • 90. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Limitations of Collaborative Filtering ● Cold Start: There needs to be enough other users already in the system to find a match. New items need to get enough ratings. ● Popularity Bias: Hard to recommend items to someone with unique tastes. ○ Tends to recommend popular items (items from the tail do not get so much data)
  • 91. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Cold-start ● New User Problem: To make accurate recommendations, the system must first learn the user’s preferences from the ratings. ○ Several techniques proposed to address this. Most use the hybrid recommendation approach, which combines content-based and collaborative techniques. ● New Item Problem: New items are added regularly to recommender systems. Until the new item is rated by a substantial number of users, the recommender system is not able to recommend it.
  • 92. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Index 1. Introduction: What is a Recommender System 2. “Traditional” Methods 2.1. Collaborative Filtering 2.2. Content-based Recommendations 3. Novel Methods 3.1. Learning to Rank 3.2. Context-aware Recommendations 3.2.1. Tensor Factorization 3.2.2. Factorization Machines 3.3. Deep Learning 3.4. Similarity 3.5. Social Recommendations 4. Hybrid Approaches 5. A practical example: Netflix 6. Conclusions 7. References
  • 93. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems 2.2 Content-based Recommenders
  • 94. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Content-Based Recommendations ● Recommendations based on information on the content of items rather than on other users’ opinions/interactions ● Use a machine learning algorithm to induce a model of the users preferences from examples based on a featural description of content. ● In content-based recommendations, the system tries to recommend items similar to those a given user has liked in the past ● A pure content-based recommender system makes recommendations for a user based solely on the profile built up by analyzing the content of items which that user has rated in the past.
  • 95. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems What is content? ● What is the content of an item? ● It can be explicit attributes or characteristics of the item. For example for a film: ○ Genre: Action / adventure ○ Feature: Bruce Willis ○ Year: 1995 ● It can also be textual content (title, description, table of content, etc.) ○ Several techniques to compute the distance between two textual documents ○ Can use NLP techniques to extract content features ● Can be extracted from the signal itself (audio, image)
  • 96. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Content-Based Recommendation ● Common for recommending text-based products (web pages, usenet news messages, ) ● Items to recommend are “described” by their associated features (e.g. keywords) ● User Model structured in a “similar” way as the content: features/keywords more likely to occur in the preferred documents (lazy approach) ○ Text documents recommended based on a comparison between their content (words appearing) and user model (a set of preferred words) ● The user model can also be a classifier based on whatever technique (Neural Networks, Naïve Bayes...)
  • 97. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Advantages of CB Approach ● No need for data on other users. ○ No cold-start or sparsity problems. ● Able to recommend to users with unique tastes. ● Able to recommend new and unpopular items ○ No first-rater problem. ● Can provide explanations of recommended items by listing content-features that caused an item to be recommended.
  • 98. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Disadvantages of CB Approach ● Requires content that can be encoded as meaningful features. ● Some kind of items are not amenable to easy feature extraction methods (e.g. movies, music) ● Even for texts, IR techniques cannot consider multimedia information, aesthetic qualities, download time… ○ If you rate positively a page it could be not related to the presence of certain keywords ● Users’ tastes must be represented as a learnable function of these content features. ● Hard to exploit quality judgements of other users. ● Difficult to implement serendipity ● Easy to overfit (e.g. for a user with few data points we may “pigeon hole” her)
  • 99. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Content-based Methods • Let Content(s) be an item profile, i.e. a set of attributes characterizing item s. • Content usually described with keywords. • “Importance” (or “informativeness”) of word kj in document dj is determined with some weighting measure wij • One of the best-known measures in IR is the term frequency/inverse document frequency (TF-IDF).
  • 100. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Content-based User Profile ● Let ContentBasedProfile(c) be the profile of user c containing preferences of this user profiles are obtained by: ○ analyzing the content of the previous items ○ using keyword analysis techniques ● For example, ContentBasedProfile(c) can be defined as a vector of weights (wc1 , . . . , wck ), where weight wci denotes the importance of keyword ki to user c
  • 101. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Similarity Measures • In content-based systems, the utility function u(c,s) is usually defined as: • Both ContentBasedProfile(c) of user c and Content(s) of document s can be represented as TF-IDF vectors of keyword weights.
  • 102. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Similarity Measurements • Utility function u(c,s) usually represented by some scoring heuristic defined in terms of vectors , such as the cosine similarity measure.
  • 103. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Statistical and Machine Learning Approaches Other techniques are feasible ● Bayesian classifiers and various machine learning techniques, including clustering, decision trees, and artificial neural networks. These methods use models learned from the underlying data rather than heuristics. ● For example, based on a set of Web pages that were rated as “relevant” or “irrelevant” by the user, the naive bayesian classifier can be used to classify unrated Web pages.
  • 104. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Content-based Recommendation. An unrealistic example ● An (unrealistic) example: how to compute recommendations between 8 books based only on their title? • A customer is interested in the following book:”Building data mining applications for CRM” • Books selected: • Building data mining applications for CRM • Accelerating Customer Relationships: Using CRM and Relationship Technologies • Mastering Data Mining: The Art and Science of Customer Relationship Management • Data Mining Your Website • Introduction to marketing • Consumer behavior • marketing research, a handbook • Customer knowledge management
  • 105. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
  • 106. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
  • 107. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Content-based Recommendation •The system computes distances between this book and the 7 others •The « closest » books are recommended: • #1: Data Mining Your Website • #2: Accelerating Customer Relationships: Using CRM and Relationship Technologies • #3: Mastering Data Mining: The Art and Science of Customer Relationship Management • Not recommended: Introduction to marketing • Not recommended: Consumer behavior • Not recommended: marketing research, a handbook • Not recommended: Customer knowledge management
  • 108. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems A word of caution
  • 109. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Index 1. Introduction: What is a Recommender System 2. “Traditional” Methods 2.1. Collaborative Filtering 2.2. Content-based Recommendations 3. Novel Methods 3.1. Learning to Rank 3.2. Context-aware Recommendations 3.2.1. Tensor Factorization 3.2.2. Factorization Machines 3.3. Deep Learning 3.4. Similarity 3.5. Social Recommendations 4. Hybrid Approaches 5. A practical example: Netflix 6. Conclusions 7. References
  • 110. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems 3. Novel approaches to Recommendation: Beyond “traditional” CF and CB
  • 111. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Ranking
  • 112. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Ranking ● Most recommendations are presented in a sorted list ● Recommendation can be understood as a ranking problem ● Popularity is the obvious baseline ● Ratings prediction is a clear secondary data input that allows for personalization ● Many other features can be added
  • 113. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems …
  • 114. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
  • 115. Example: Two features, linear model
  • 116. Example: Two features, linear model
  • 117. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Ranking
  • 118. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Learning to rank ● Machine learning problem: goal is to construct ranking model from training data ● Training data can be a partial order or binary judgments (relevant/not relevant). ● Resulting order of the items typically induced from a numerical score ● Learning to rank is a key element for personalization ● You can treat the problem as a standard supervised classification problem
  • 119. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Learning to rank - Metrics ● Quality of ranking measured using metrics as ○ Normalized Discounted Cumulative Gain ○ Mean Reciprocal Rank (MRR) ○ Fraction of Concordant Pairs (FCP) ○ Others… ● But, it is hard to optimize machine-learned models directly on these measures (they are not differentiable) ● Recent research on models that directly optimize ranking measures
  • 120. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Learning to rank - Approaches 1. Pointwise ■ Ranking function minimizes loss function defined on individual relevance judgment ■ Ranking score based on regression or classification ■ Ordinal regression, Logistic regression, SVM, GBDT, … 2. Pairwise ■ Loss function is defined on pair-wise preferences ■ Goal: minimize number of inversions in ranking ■ Ranking problem is then transformed into the binary classification problem ■ RankSVM, RankBoost, RankNet, FRank…
  • 121. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Learning to rank - Approaches 3. Listwise ■ Indirect Loss Function − RankCosine: similarity between ranking list and ground truth as loss function − ListNet: KL-divergence as loss function by defining a probability distribution − Problem: optimization of listwise loss function may not optimize IR metrics ■ Directly optimizing IR measures (difficult since they are not differentiable)
  • 122. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Learning to rank - Approaches 3. Listwise ■ Directly optimize IR measures through Genetic Programming ■ Directly optimize measures with Simulated Annealing ■ Gradient descent on smoothed version of objective function (e.g. CLiMF presented at Recsys 2012 or TFMAP at SIGIR 2012) ■ SVM-MAP relaxes the MAP metric by adding it to the SVM constraints ■ AdaRank uses boosting to optimize NDCG
  • 123. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Index 1. Introduction: What is a Recommender System 2. “Traditional” Methods 2.1. Collaborative Filtering 2.2. Content-based Recommendations 3. Novel Methods 3.1. Learning to Rank 3.2. Context-aware Recommendations 3.2.1. Tensor Factorization 3.2.2. Factorization Machines 3.3. Deep Learning 3.4. Similarity 3.5. Social Recommendations 4. Hybrid Approaches 5. A practical example: Netflix 6. Conclusions 7. References
  • 124. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Context-aware Recommendation
  • 125. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Context-aware Recommendations
  • 126. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Context-aware Recommendations
  • 127. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Context-aware Recommendations
  • 128. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Context-aware Recommendations
  • 129. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Context-aware Recommendations
  • 130. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Context-aware Recommendations
  • 131. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Context-aware Recommendations
  • 132. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Context-aware Recommendations
  • 133. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Context-aware Recommendations
  • 134. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Context-aware Recommendations
  • 135. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Two dimensional model
  • 136. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems N-dimensional model
  • 137. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Index 1. Introduction: What is a Recommender System 2. “Traditional” Methods 2.1. Collaborative Filtering 2.2. Content-based Recommendations 3. Novel Methods 3.1. Learning to Rank 3.2. Context-aware Recommendations 3.2.1. Tensor Factorization 3.2.2. Factorization Machines 3.3. Deep Learning 3.4. Similarity 3.5. Social Recommendations 4. Hybrid Approaches 5. A practical example: Netflix 6. Conclusions 7. References
  • 138. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Tensor Factorization
  • 139. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Tensor Factorization
  • 140. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Tensor Factorization
  • 141. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Tensor Factorization
  • 142. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Tensor Factorization
  • 143. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Tensor Factorization
  • 144. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Tensor Factorization
  • 145. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Tensor Factorization
  • 146. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Tensor Factorization
  • 147. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Tensor Factorization
  • 148. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Tensor Factorization
  • 149. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Tensor Factorization
  • 150. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Tensor Factorization
  • 151. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Tensor Factorization
  • 152. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Tensor Factorization
  • 153. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Tensor Factorization
  • 154. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Tensor Factorization
  • 155. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems … Tensor Factorization
  • 156. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Index 1. Introduction: What is a Recommender System 2. “Traditional” Methods 2.1. Collaborative Filtering 2.2. Content-based Recommendations 3. Novel Methods 3.1. Learning to Rank 3.2. Context-aware Recommendations 3.2.1. Tensor Factorization 3.2.2. Factorization Machines 3.3. Deep Learning 3.4. Similarity 3.5. Social Recommendations 4. Hybrid Approaches 5. A practical example: Netflix 6. Conclusions 7. References
  • 157. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Factorization Machines
  • 158. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
  • 159. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
  • 160. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems ▪ ▪ ▪
  • 161. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems ▪ ▪
  • 162. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems ▪ ▪
  • 163. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
  • 164. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪
  • 165. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Index 1. Introduction: What is a Recommender System 2. “Traditional” Methods 2.1. Collaborative Filtering 2.2. Content-based Recommendations 3. Novel Methods 3.1. Learning to Rank 3.2. Context-aware Recommendations 3.2.1. Tensor Factorization 3.2.2. Factorization Machines 3.3. Deep Learning 3.4. Similarity 3.5. Social Recommendations 4. Hybrid Approaches 5. A practical example: Netflix 6. Conclusions 7. References
  • 166. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems 3.3 Deep Learning for Recommendation
  • 167. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Deep Learning for Collaborative Filtering ● Let’s look at how Spotify uses Recurrent Networks for Playlist Prediction (http://erikbern.com/?p=589)
  • 168. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Deep Learning for Collaborative Filtering ● We assume is a normal distribution, log-likelihood of the loss is just the (negative) L2 loss: ● We can specify that and that ○ Model is now completely specified and we have unknown parameters ○ Find U, V, and W to maximize log likelihood over all examples using backpropagation
  • 169. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Deep Learning for Collaborative Filtering ● In order to predict the next track or movie a user is going to watch, we need to define a distribution ○ If we choose Softmax as it is common practice, we get: ● Problem: denominator (over all examples is very expensive to compute) ● Solution: build a tree that implements a hierarchical softmax ● More details on the blogpost
  • 170. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems ANN Training over GPUS and AWS ● How did we implement our ANN solution at Netflix? http://techblog.netflix.com/2014/02/distributed-neural-networks-with-gpus.html
  • 171. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems ANN Training over GPUS and AWS Level 1 distribution: machines over different AWS regions Level 2 distribution: machines in AWS and same AWS region Use coordination tools Spearmint or similar for parameter optimization Condor, StarCluster, Mesos… for distributed cluster coordination Level 3 parallelization: highly optimized parallel CUDA code on GPUs
  • 172. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Index 1. Introduction: What is a Recommender System 2. “Traditional” Methods 2.1. Collaborative Filtering 2.2. Content-based Recommendations 3. Novel Methods 3.1. Learning to Rank 3.2. Context-aware Recommendations 3.2.1. Tensor Factorization 3.2.2. Factorization Machines 3.3. Deep Learning 3.4. Similarity 3.5. Social Recommendations 4. Hybrid Approaches 5. A practical example: Netflix 6. Conclusions 7. References
  • 173. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems 3.4 Similarity as Recommendation
  • 174. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems What is similarity? Similarity can refer to different dimensions Similar in metadata/tags Similar in user play behavior Similar in user rating behavior … You can learn a model for each of them and finally learn an ensemble
  • 175. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Graph-based similarities 0.8 0.2 0.3 0. 4 0.3 0.7 0. 3
  • 176. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Example of graph-based similarity: SimRank ▪ SimRank (Jeh & Widom, 02): “two objects are similar if they are referenced by similar objects.”
  • 177. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Similarity ensembles Come up with a score of play similarity, rating similarity, tag- based similarity… Combine them using an ensemble Weights are learned using regression over existing response Or… some MAB explore/exploit approach The final concept of “similarity” responds to what users vote as similar
  • 178. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Index 1. Introduction: What is a Recommender System 2. “Traditional” Methods 2.1. Collaborative Filtering 2.2. Content-based Recommendations 3. Novel Methods 3.1. Learning to Rank 3.2. Context-aware Recommendations 3.2.1. Tensor Factorization 3.2.2. Factorization Machines 3.3. Deep Learning 3.4. Similarity 3.5. Social Recommendations 4. Hybrid Approaches 5. A practical example: Netflix 6. Conclusions 7. References
  • 179. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems 3.5 Social Recommendations
  • 180. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Social and Trust-based recommenders ● A social recommender system recommends items that are “popular” in the social proximity of the user. ● A person being close in our social network does not mean we trust their judgement ● This idea of trust is central in social-based systems ● It can be a general per-user value that takes into account social proximity but can also be topic-specific
  • 181. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Defining Trust ● Trust is very complex ○ Involves personal background, history of interaction, context, similarity, reputation, etc. ● Sociological definitions ○ Trust requires a belief and a commitment ○ E.g. Bob believes Frank will provide reliable information thus Bob is willing to act on that information ○ Similar to a bet ● In the context of recommender systems, trust is generally used to describe similarity in opinion ○ Ignores authority, correctness on facts
  • 182. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Trust Inference The Goal: Select two individuals - the source (node A) and sink (node C) - and recommend to the source how much to trust the sink.
  • 183. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Major Algorithms - Networks ● Advogato (Levien) ● Appleseed (Ziegler and Lausen) ● MoleTrust (Massa and Avesani) ● TidalTrust (Golbeck)
  • 184. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Building Recommender Systems Using Trust ● Use trust as a way to give more weight to some users ● Trust for collaborative filtering ○ Use trust in place of (or combined with) similarity ● Trust for sorting and filtering ○ Prioritize information from trusted sources
  • 185. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Other ways to use Social ● Social connections can be used in combination with other approaches ● In particular, “friendships” can be fed into collaborative filtering methods in different ways − e.g. replace or modify user-user “similarity” by using social network information
  • 186. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Demographic Methods ● Aim to categorize the user based on personal attributes and make recommendation based on demographic classes ● Demographic groups can come from marketing research – hence experts decided how to model the users ● Demographic techniques form people-to- people correlations
  • 187. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Demographic Methods ● Demographic features in general are asked ● But can also induced by classifying a user using other user descriptions (e.g. the home page) – you need some user for which you know the class (e.g. male/female) ● Prediction can use whatever learning mechanism we like (nearest neighbor, naïve classifier, etc.)
  • 188. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Index 1. Introduction: What is a Recommender System 2. “Traditional” Methods 2.1. Collaborative Filtering 2.2. Content-based Recommendations 3. Novel Methods 3.1. Learning to Rank 3.2. Context-aware Recommendations 3.2.1. Tensor Factorization 3.2.2. Factorization Machines 3.3. Deep Learning 3.4. Similarity 3.5. Social Recommendations 4. Hybrid Approaches 5. A practical example: Netflix 6. Conclusions 7. References
  • 189. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems 4 Hybrid Approaches
  • 190. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Comparison of methods (FAB system) • Content–based recommendation with Bayesian classifier • Collaborative is standard using Pearson correlation • Collaboration via content uses the content-based user profiles Averaged on 44 users Precision computed in top 3 recommendations
  • 191. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Hybridization Methods Hybridization Method Description Weighted Outputs from several techniques (in the form of scores or votes) are combined with different degrees of importance to offer final recommendations Switching Depending on situation, the system changes from one technique to another Mixed Recommendations from several techniques are presented at the same time Feature combination Features from different recommendation sources are combined as input to a single technique Cascade The output from one technique is used as input of another that refines the result Feature augmentation The output from one technique is used as input features to another Meta-level The model learned by one recommender is used as input to another
  • 192. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Weighted ● Combine the results of different recommendation techniques into a single recommendation list ○ Example 1: a linear combination of recommendation scores ○ Example 2: treats the output of each recommender (collaborative, content-based and demographic) as a set of votes, which are then combined in a consensus scheme ● Assumption: relative value of the different techniques is more or less uniform across the space of possible items ○ Not true in general: e.g. a collaborative recommender will be weaker for those items with a small number of raters.
  • 193. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Switching ● The system uses criterion to switch between techniques ○ Example: The DailyLearner system uses a content- collaborative hybrid in which a content-based recommendation method is employed first ○ If the content-based system cannot make a recommendation with sufficient confidence, then a collaborative recommendation is attempted ○ Note that switching does not completely avoid the cold- start problem, since both the collaborative and the content- based systems have the “new user” problem ● The main problem of this technique is to identify a GOOD switching condition.
  • 194. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Mixed ● Recommendations from more than one technique are presented together ● The mixed hybrid avoids the “new item” start-up problem ● It does not get around the “new user” start-up problem, since both the content and collaborative methods need some data about user preferences to start up.
  • 195. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Feature Combination ● Features can be combined in several directions. E.g. ○ (1) Treat collaborative information (ratings of users) as additional feature data associated with each example and use content-based techniques over this augmented data set ○ (2) Treat content features as different dimensions for the collaborative setting (i.e. as other ratings from virtual specialized users)
  • 196. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Cascade ● One recommendation technique is employed first to produce a coarse ranking of candidates and a second technique refines the recommendation ○ Example: EntreeC uses its knowledge of restaurants to make recommendations based on the user’s stated interests. The recommendations are placed in buckets of equal preference, and the collaborative technique is employed to break ties ● Cascading allows the system to avoid employing the second, lower-priority, technique on items that are already well-differentiated by the first ● But requires a meaningful and constant ordering of the techniques.
  • 197. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Feature Augmentation ● Produce a rating or classification of an item and that information is then incorporated into the processing of the next recommendation technique ○ Example: Libra system makes content-based recommendations of books based on data found in Amazon. com, using a naive Bayes text classifier ○ In the text data used by the system is included “related authors” and “related titles” information that Amazon generates using its internal collaborative systems ● Very similar to the feature combination method: ○ Here the output is used for a second RS ○ In feature combination the representations used by two systems are combined.
  • 198. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Index 1. Introduction: What is a Recommender System 2. “Traditional” Methods 2.1. Collaborative Filtering 2.2. Content-based Recommendations 3. Novel Methods 3.1. Learning to Rank 3.2. Context-aware Recommendations 3.2.1. Tensor Factorization 3.2.2. Factorization Machines 3.3. Deep Learning 3.4. Similarity 3.5. Social Recommendations 4. Hybrid Approaches 5. A practical example: Netflix 6. Conclusions 7. References
  • 199. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems 5. Netflix as a practical example
  • 200. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems What we were interested in: ▪ High quality recommendations Proxy question: ▪ Accuracy in predicted rating ▪ Improve by 10% = $1million! • Top 2 algorithms still in production Results SVD RBM
  • 201. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems What about the final prize ensembles? ● Our offline studies showed they were too computationally intensive to scale ● Expected improvement not worth the engineering effort ● Plus…. Focus had already shifted to other issues that had more impact than rating prediction.
  • 202. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems From the Netflix Prize to today 2006 2014
  • 203. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Anatomy of Netflix Personalization Everything is a Recommendation
  • 204. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
  • 205. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems
  • 206. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Everything is personalized Ranking
  • 207. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Ranking Key algorithm, sorts titles in most contexts Ranking
  • 208. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Support for Recommendations Social Support
  • 209. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Social Recommendations
  • 210. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Watch again & Continue Watching
  • 211. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Genres
  • 212. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Genre rows ● Personalized genre rows focus on user interest ○ Also provide context and “evidence” ○ Important for member satisfaction – moving personalized rows to top on devices increased retention ● How are they generated? ○ Implicit: based on user’s recent plays, ratings, & other interactions ○ Explicit taste preferences ○ Hybrid:combine the above ● Also take into account: ○ Freshness - has this been shown before? ○ Diversity– avoid repeating tags and genres, limit number of TV genres, etc.
  • 213. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Genres - personalization
  • 214. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Genres - personalization
  • 215. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems ▪ Displayed in many different contexts ▪ In response to user actions/context (search, queue add…) ▪ More like… rows Similars
  • 216. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Page Composition
  • 217. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems … Page Composition
  • 218. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Page Composition
  • 219. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Page Composition
  • 220. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Page Composition
  • 221. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ …
  • 222. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Search Recommendations
  • 223. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Unavailable Title Recommendations
  • 224. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems ● ● ● ● Search Recommendations
  • 225. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Postplay
  • 226. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Billboard
  • 227. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Gamification
  • 228. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Personalization awareness Diversity DadAll SonDaughterDad&Mom MomAll Daughter MomAll? Diversity & Awareness
  • 229. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Data & Models
  • 231. Metadata ● Tag space is made of thousands of different concepts ● Items are manually annotated ● Metadata is useful ○ Especially for coldstart
  • 232. Social ● Can your “friends” interests help us better predict yours? ● The answer is similar to the Metadata case: ○ If we know enough about you, social information becomes less useful ○ But, it is very interesting for coldstarting ● And… social support for recommendations has been shown to matter
  • 233. Impressions ● We track what users get shown and their interactions ● Impression tracking is costly from an infrastructure perspective ● But, it can have very important applications ○ Correcting for presentation bias ○ Different forms of positive and negative feedback ○ ...
  • 234. Smart Models ■ Regression models (Logistic, Linear, Elastic nets) ■ GBDT/RF ■ SVD & other MF models ■ Factorization Machines ■ Restricted Boltzmann Machines ■ Markov Chains & other graphical models ■ Clustering (from k-means to HDP) ■ Deep ANN ■ LDA ■ Association Rules ■ …
  • 235. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Index 1. Introduction: What is a Recommender System 2. “Traditional” Methods 2.1. Collaborative Filtering 2.2. Content-based Recommendations 3. Novel Methods 3.1. Learning to Rank 3.2. Context-aware Recommendations 3.2.1. Tensor Factorization 3.2.2. Factorization Machines 3.3. Deep Learning 3.4. Similarity 3.5. Social Recommendations 4. Hybrid Approaches 5. A practical example: Netflix 6. Conclusions 7. References
  • 236. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems 6. Conclusions
  • 237. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Conclusions ● For many applications such as Recommender Systems (but also Search, Advertising, and even Networks) understanding data and users is vital ● Algorithms can only be as good as the data they use as input ○ But the inverse is also true: you need a good algorithm to leverage your data ● Importance of User/Data Mining is going to be a growing trend in many areas in the coming years
  • 238. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Conclusions ● Recommender Systems (RS) is an important application of User Mining ● RS have the potential to become as important as Search is now ● However, RS are more than User Mining ○ HCI ○ Economical models ○ …
  • 239. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Conclusions ● RS are fairly new but already grounded on well- proven technology ○ Collaborative Filtering ○ Machine Learning ○ Content Analysis ○ Social Network Analysis ○ … ● However, there are still many open questions and a lot of interesting research to do!
  • 240. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Index 1. Introduction: What is a Recommender System 2. “Traditional” Methods 2.1. Collaborative Filtering 2.2. Content-based Recommendations 3. Novel Methods 3.1. Learning to Rank 3.2. Context-aware Recommendations 3.2.1. Tensor Factorization 3.2.2. Factorization Machines 3.3. Deep Learning 3.4. Similarity 3.5. Social Recommendations 4. Hybrid Approaches 5. A practical example: Netflix 6. Conclusions 7. References
  • 241. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems 7. References
  • 242. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems ● "Recommender Systems Handbook." Ricci, Francesco, Lior Rokach, Bracha Shapira, and Paul B. Kantor. (2010). ● “Recommender systems: an introduction”. Jannach, Dietmar, et al. Cambridge University Press, 2010. ● “Toward the Next Generation of Recommender Systems: A Survey of the State-of-the-Art and Possible Extensions”. G. Adomavicious and A. Tuzhilin. 2005. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 17 (6) ● “Item-based Collaborative Filtering Recommendation Algorithms”, B. Sarwar et al. 2001. Proceedings of World Wide Web Conference. ● “Lessons from the Netflix Prize Challenge.”. R. M. Bell and Y. Koren. SIGKDD Explor. Newsl., 9(2):75–79, December 2007. ● “Beyond algorithms: An HCI perspective on recommender systems”. K. Swearingen and R. Sinha. In ACM SIGIR 2001 Workshop on Recommender Systems ● “Recommender Systems in E-Commerce”. J. Ben Schafer et al. ACM Conference on Electronic Commerce. 1999- ● “Introduction to Data Mining”, P. Tan et al. Addison Wesley. 2005 References
  • 243. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems ● “Evaluating collaborative filtering recommender systems”. J. L. Herlocker, J. A. Konstan, L. G. Terveen, and J. T. Riedl. ACM Trans. Inf. Syst., 22(1): 5–53, 2004. ● “Trust in recommender systems”. J. O’Donovan and B. Smyth. In Proc. of IUI ’05, 2005. ● “Content-based recommendation systems”. M. Pazzani and D. Billsus. In The Adaptive Web, volume 4321. 2007. ● “Fast context-aware recommendations with factorization machines”. S. Rendle, Z. Gantner, C. Freudenthaler, and L. Schmidt-Thieme. In Proc. of the 34th ACM SIGIR, 2011. ● “Restricted Boltzmann machines for collaborative filtering”. R. Salakhutdinov, A. Mnih, and G. E. Hinton.In Proc of ICML ’07, 2007 ● “Learning to rank: From pairwise approach to listwise approach”. Z. Cao and T. Liu. In In Proceedings of the 24th ICML, 2007. ● “Introduction to Data Mining”, P. Tan et al. Addison Wesley. 2005 References
  • 244. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems ● D. H. Stern, R. Herbrich, and T. Graepel. Matchbox: large scale online bayesian recommendations. In Proc.of the 18th WWW, 2009. ● Koren Y and J. Sill. OrdRec: an ordinal model for predicting personalized item rating distributions. In Rec-Sys ’11, pages 117–124, 2011. ● Y. Koren. Factorization meets the neighborhood: a multifaceted collaborative filtering model. In Proceedings of the 14th ACM SIGKDD, 2008. ● Yifan Hu, Y. Koren, and C. Volinsky. Collaborative Filtering for Implicit Feedback Datasets. In Proc. Of the 2008 Eighth ICDM, pages 263–272, 2008. ● Y. Shi, A. Karatzoglou, L. Baltrunas, M. Larson, N. Oliver, and A. Hanjalic. CLiMF: learning to maximize reciprocal rank with collaborative less-is-more filtering. In Proc. of the sixth Recsys, 2012. ● Y. Shi, A. Karatzoglou, L. Baltrunas, M. Larson,A. Hanjalic, and N. Oliver. TFMAP: optimizing MAP for top-n context-aware recommendation. In Proc. Of the 35th SIGIR, 2012. References
  • 245. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems ● A. Karatzoglou, X. Amatriain, L. Baltrunas, and N. Oliver. Multiverse recommendation: n-dimensional tensor factorization for context-aware collaborative filtering. In Proc. of the fourth ACM Recsys, 2010. ● S. Rendle, Z. Gantner, C. Freudenthaler, and L. Schmidt-Thieme. Fast context-aware recommendations with factorization machines. In Proc. of the 34th ACM SIGIR, 2011. ● S.H. Yang, B. Long, A.J. Smola, H. Zha, and Z. Zheng. Collaborative competitive filtering: learning recommender using context of user choice. In Proc. of the 34th ACM SIGIR, 2011. ● N. N. Liu, X. Meng, C. Liu, and Q. Yang. Wisdom of the better few: cold start recommendation via representative based rating elicitation. In Proc. of RecSys’11, 2011. ● M. Jamali and M. Ester. Trustwalker: a random walk model for combining trust-based and item-based recommendation. In Proc. of KDD ’09, 2009. References
  • 246. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems ● J. Noel, S. Sanner, K. Tran, P. Christen, L. Xie, E. V. Bonilla, E. Abbasnejad, and N. Della Penna. New objective functions for social collaborative filtering. In Proc. of WWW ’12, pages 859–868, 2012. ● X. Yang, H. Steck, Y. Guo, and Y. Liu. On top-k recommendation using social networks. In Proc. of RecSys’12, 2012. References
  • 247. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems ● Recsys Wiki: http://recsyswiki.com/ ● Recsys conference Webpage: http://recsys.acm.org/ ● Recommender Systems Books Webpage: http://www. recommenderbook.net/ ● Mahout Project: http://mahout.apache.org/ ● MyMediaLite Project: http://www.mymedialite.net/ Online resources
  • 248. Xavier Amatriain – July 2014 – Recommender Systems Thanks! Questions? Xavier Amatriain xavier@netflix.com @xamat