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Heat Illness
Presented by:
Bernard L. Fontaine, Jr., CIH, CSP, AIHA Fellow
Member of the New Jersey State Federation of
Baseball Umpires (NJSFU) and the New Jersey
State Interscholastic Athletic Association
(NJSIAA)
The Health Effect of Heat-Illness on Baseball and Softball Umpires
New York Times
By MURRAY CHASS
Published: April 2, 1996
BASEBALL: Umpire Dies After Collapsing on Field
John McSherry, working the first inning of his 26th season as a major
league umpire, collapsed and died in Cincinnati yesterday on the
opening day of the baseball season. He was believed to be the first
person to be stricken fatally on the field during a major league baseball
game since 1920.
McSherry, working behind home plate at Riverfront Stadium, called
just seven pitches before walking back toward the stands and
collapsing. He never regained consciousness and was pronounced
dead at University Hospital in Cincinnati about an hour after the start
of the game between the Reds and the Montreal Expos. The hospital
said McSherry, 51 years old, suffered sudden cardiac death.
Heat-Related Deaths
Heat Illness
•Introduction
•Physiology
•Heat Illness
•Treatment
•Prevention
• Major concern for all umpires who
work in hot and/or humid conditions
•Affects physiology, judgment and
performance on and off the field
•Affects your physiology especially
for those on medications or afflicted
with certain illnesses and/or disease
Heat Illness
Some initial symptoms include:
• Chills • Dark colored urine
• Dizziness • Dry mouth
• Headaches • Thirst
• Weakness
Heat Illness
Metabolic Heat
• Basal metabolic heat production (at
rest): 60-70 kcal/hr. - 50% from organs
• Exercise metabolic heat production:
1000 kcal/hr.
90% heat for muscle metabolism
• Core body temperature rises 1oC with
every 5-8 minutes of exercise
Heat Illness
Thermoregulation
Umpires can lose body heat by:
• Evaporation of sweat from the skin
• Conduction by touching cooler objects
• Convection from a cool breeze, and
• Radiation from release of infrared heat
Heat Illness
Human Physiology
• Core body temperature is 98.6 oF
• Body heat is centrally controlled by
the hypothalamus and spinal cord
• Body removes excess metabolic heat
by increasing blood flow to skin and
increasing sweat production
• Evaporation reduced by high humidity
Heat Illness
Health problems in hot environments
• Heat rash is most common problem
• Caused by sweating without ability
for moisture to evaporate from skin
• Red cluster of raised pimples or
small blisters
• Appears on neck, upper chest, groin,
under breasts, and elbow creases
Heat Illness
Heat Illness Can Progress To More
Serious Symptoms Such As:
• Difficulty breathing
• Mental confusion or incoherence
• Elevated core body temperature
• Muscle cramps
• Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea
• Tingling of the hands or feet, and
• Death from heat stroke, respiratory
failure or heart attack
Heat Illness
Health problems in hot environments
• Heat cramps are muscle pains
caused by physical work in a hot and
humid environment
• Heat cramps result from a continued
loss of body salts and bodily fluids
from continued sweating
Heat Illness
Health problems in hot environments
• Heat exhaustion is the next most
serious heat-related health problem
• Signs and symptoms are headache,
nausea, dizziness, weakness,
irritability, confusion, severe thirst,
heavy sweating, and a rising body
temperature greater than 100.4°F
Heat Illness
Health problems in hot environments
• Heat exhaustion affects the ability
to call balls/strikes, cover rotations,
and judge safe/out on close plays
• Occurs at any air temperature and
not associated with collapse
• Result of dehydration most common
in hot and humid environments
Heat Illness
The Health Effect of Heat-Illness on Baseball and Softball Umpires
Health problems in hot environments
• Heat stroke is the most serious
• Occurs when the body temperature
regulating system fails and core
body temperature rises above the
critical level (> 104°F)
• This medical emergency can result
in death and EMS must be activated!
Heat Illness
The Health Effect of Heat-Illness on Baseball and Softball Umpires
Risk Factors
• High temperature and humidity
• Low fluid consumption
• Direct sun exposure (with no shade)
• Poor nutrition
• Limited air movement (breeze/wind)
• Physical exertion
• Multiple layers of clothing/equipment
Heat Illness
Risk Factors
• Poor physical condition
• Ongoing health problems
• Some medications
• Pregnancy
• No prior exposure to hot environment
• Previous heat-related illness
Heat Illness
Best Treatment is Prevention
• Proper training for heat symptoms
• Monitor intensity of physical activity
for fitness and acclimatization status
• If symptoms begin during a game,
consult with your partner or athletic
trainer to prevent or treat heat-related
illness
Heat Illness
Best Treatment is Prevention
• Replace fluids by hydrating before,
during, and after a game
• Wear light colored and loose fitting
clothes during summer months
• Early recognition via visual monitoring
of partner, especially plate umpire
during extended inning games and/or
multiple game assignments
Heat Illness
Acclimatization
• Gradually increase duration/intensity
first 10-14 days of heat exposure
• Full acclimatization takes 12 weeks
of exposure
• Repeated heat exposure helps skin
blood flow, rapid onset of sweating,
increases plasma volume, and helps
decreases metabolic rate
Heat Illness
When Should An Umpire Hydrate?
• Drink 16 ounces of water or a sport
drink before and after the game
• Hydration should continue with at least
4-8 fluid ounces every 15-20 minutes
(e.g., every complete inning), especially
for the plate umpire as long as game play
continues
Heat Illness
How Should An Umpire Hydrate?
• Plain water is adequate for those
games lasting 45-minutes to 1-hour
• Games more than 1-hour or multiple
games in the same day, fluids should
contain carbohydrates, sodium (Na)
and potassium (K), which are found
in sport drinks
Heat Illness
What NOT To Drink
• Drinks with >8% carbohydrate (CHO)
• Fruit juices, sodas, and sport drinks
with >6-8% carbohydrates
• Beverages with caffeine, alcohol, or
carbonation to reduce dehydration
from excess urine production and/or
decreased voluntary fluid intake
Heat Illness
How Can Heat Illness Be Treated?
• Get umpire to a cool shaded area
• If heat stroke, remove protective
equipment and cool body rapidly
using cold water immersion or spray
water on body, cold water sponging
or towels, or insert insulated bags of
ice/ice packs behind the neck, under
the arms and groin area
Heat Illness
How Can Heat Illness Be Treated?
• Monitor skin or body temperature by
using a thermal scan thermometer
• Provide cool beverages only if the
umpire does not have altered state
of consciousness
• Do not remove wet clothing
• Get medical assistance quickly
Heat Illness
How Can Heat Illness Be Prevented?
• Train umpires on health hazards,
risk factors, signs and symptoms
• Increase the number/type of game
assignments during the summer
• Remind umpires to bring and drink
water or sport drinks before, during,
and after the game
Heat Illness
How Can Heat Illness Be Prevented?
• Maximum fluid intake is limited to
12 quarts in 24-hours
• Monitor weather and reschedule
games for cooler times of the day
• Use breaks between games for rest/
recovery under a shady tree, covered
dugout, or air-conditioned vehicle
Heat Illness
Questions
Thank you for your participation in the course. We hope
that you understand the hazards, risks, and methods to
help prevent heat-related illness while officiating during
the summer. Please have a safe and enjoyable baseball
and/or softball season this year.

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The Health Effect of Heat-Illness on Baseball and Softball Umpires

  • 1. Heat Illness Presented by: Bernard L. Fontaine, Jr., CIH, CSP, AIHA Fellow Member of the New Jersey State Federation of Baseball Umpires (NJSFU) and the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association (NJSIAA)
  • 3. New York Times By MURRAY CHASS Published: April 2, 1996 BASEBALL: Umpire Dies After Collapsing on Field John McSherry, working the first inning of his 26th season as a major league umpire, collapsed and died in Cincinnati yesterday on the opening day of the baseball season. He was believed to be the first person to be stricken fatally on the field during a major league baseball game since 1920. McSherry, working behind home plate at Riverfront Stadium, called just seven pitches before walking back toward the stands and collapsing. He never regained consciousness and was pronounced dead at University Hospital in Cincinnati about an hour after the start of the game between the Reds and the Montreal Expos. The hospital said McSherry, 51 years old, suffered sudden cardiac death. Heat-Related Deaths
  • 5. • Major concern for all umpires who work in hot and/or humid conditions •Affects physiology, judgment and performance on and off the field •Affects your physiology especially for those on medications or afflicted with certain illnesses and/or disease Heat Illness
  • 6. Some initial symptoms include: • Chills • Dark colored urine • Dizziness • Dry mouth • Headaches • Thirst • Weakness Heat Illness
  • 7. Metabolic Heat • Basal metabolic heat production (at rest): 60-70 kcal/hr. - 50% from organs • Exercise metabolic heat production: 1000 kcal/hr. 90% heat for muscle metabolism • Core body temperature rises 1oC with every 5-8 minutes of exercise Heat Illness
  • 8. Thermoregulation Umpires can lose body heat by: • Evaporation of sweat from the skin • Conduction by touching cooler objects • Convection from a cool breeze, and • Radiation from release of infrared heat Heat Illness
  • 9. Human Physiology • Core body temperature is 98.6 oF • Body heat is centrally controlled by the hypothalamus and spinal cord • Body removes excess metabolic heat by increasing blood flow to skin and increasing sweat production • Evaporation reduced by high humidity Heat Illness
  • 10. Health problems in hot environments • Heat rash is most common problem • Caused by sweating without ability for moisture to evaporate from skin • Red cluster of raised pimples or small blisters • Appears on neck, upper chest, groin, under breasts, and elbow creases Heat Illness
  • 11. Heat Illness Can Progress To More Serious Symptoms Such As: • Difficulty breathing • Mental confusion or incoherence • Elevated core body temperature • Muscle cramps • Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea • Tingling of the hands or feet, and • Death from heat stroke, respiratory failure or heart attack Heat Illness
  • 12. Health problems in hot environments • Heat cramps are muscle pains caused by physical work in a hot and humid environment • Heat cramps result from a continued loss of body salts and bodily fluids from continued sweating Heat Illness
  • 13. Health problems in hot environments • Heat exhaustion is the next most serious heat-related health problem • Signs and symptoms are headache, nausea, dizziness, weakness, irritability, confusion, severe thirst, heavy sweating, and a rising body temperature greater than 100.4°F Heat Illness
  • 14. Health problems in hot environments • Heat exhaustion affects the ability to call balls/strikes, cover rotations, and judge safe/out on close plays • Occurs at any air temperature and not associated with collapse • Result of dehydration most common in hot and humid environments Heat Illness
  • 16. Health problems in hot environments • Heat stroke is the most serious • Occurs when the body temperature regulating system fails and core body temperature rises above the critical level (> 104°F) • This medical emergency can result in death and EMS must be activated! Heat Illness
  • 18. Risk Factors • High temperature and humidity • Low fluid consumption • Direct sun exposure (with no shade) • Poor nutrition • Limited air movement (breeze/wind) • Physical exertion • Multiple layers of clothing/equipment Heat Illness
  • 19. Risk Factors • Poor physical condition • Ongoing health problems • Some medications • Pregnancy • No prior exposure to hot environment • Previous heat-related illness Heat Illness
  • 20. Best Treatment is Prevention • Proper training for heat symptoms • Monitor intensity of physical activity for fitness and acclimatization status • If symptoms begin during a game, consult with your partner or athletic trainer to prevent or treat heat-related illness Heat Illness
  • 21. Best Treatment is Prevention • Replace fluids by hydrating before, during, and after a game • Wear light colored and loose fitting clothes during summer months • Early recognition via visual monitoring of partner, especially plate umpire during extended inning games and/or multiple game assignments Heat Illness
  • 22. Acclimatization • Gradually increase duration/intensity first 10-14 days of heat exposure • Full acclimatization takes 12 weeks of exposure • Repeated heat exposure helps skin blood flow, rapid onset of sweating, increases plasma volume, and helps decreases metabolic rate Heat Illness
  • 23. When Should An Umpire Hydrate? • Drink 16 ounces of water or a sport drink before and after the game • Hydration should continue with at least 4-8 fluid ounces every 15-20 minutes (e.g., every complete inning), especially for the plate umpire as long as game play continues Heat Illness
  • 24. How Should An Umpire Hydrate? • Plain water is adequate for those games lasting 45-minutes to 1-hour • Games more than 1-hour or multiple games in the same day, fluids should contain carbohydrates, sodium (Na) and potassium (K), which are found in sport drinks Heat Illness
  • 25. What NOT To Drink • Drinks with >8% carbohydrate (CHO) • Fruit juices, sodas, and sport drinks with >6-8% carbohydrates • Beverages with caffeine, alcohol, or carbonation to reduce dehydration from excess urine production and/or decreased voluntary fluid intake Heat Illness
  • 26. How Can Heat Illness Be Treated? • Get umpire to a cool shaded area • If heat stroke, remove protective equipment and cool body rapidly using cold water immersion or spray water on body, cold water sponging or towels, or insert insulated bags of ice/ice packs behind the neck, under the arms and groin area Heat Illness
  • 27. How Can Heat Illness Be Treated? • Monitor skin or body temperature by using a thermal scan thermometer • Provide cool beverages only if the umpire does not have altered state of consciousness • Do not remove wet clothing • Get medical assistance quickly Heat Illness
  • 28. How Can Heat Illness Be Prevented? • Train umpires on health hazards, risk factors, signs and symptoms • Increase the number/type of game assignments during the summer • Remind umpires to bring and drink water or sport drinks before, during, and after the game Heat Illness
  • 29. How Can Heat Illness Be Prevented? • Maximum fluid intake is limited to 12 quarts in 24-hours • Monitor weather and reschedule games for cooler times of the day • Use breaks between games for rest/ recovery under a shady tree, covered dugout, or air-conditioned vehicle Heat Illness
  • 30. Questions Thank you for your participation in the course. We hope that you understand the hazards, risks, and methods to help prevent heat-related illness while officiating during the summer. Please have a safe and enjoyable baseball and/or softball season this year.