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A Brief History of
     Indian
   Motocycles

  Will Boutelle,
       M.D.

   Springfield
   Museums

  May 8, 2008
References
!   A Century of Indian. Youngblood, Ed (2001).
!   Indian Motorcycle Photo History. Hatfield,
    Jerry (1993).
!   Golden Age of the Fours. Hodgdon, Ted
    (1974).

!   Classic Indian Motorcycle Carroll, John
    (no date)
!   Hendersons, Those Elegant Machines.
    Schultz, Richard (1994).
Springfield, Massachusetts
! Manufacturing   hub from mid-
  19th century
! Large pool of skilled labor,
  plentiful power, and available
  capital
! At least three cars (Duryea,
  Knox and Rolls Royce), bicycles
  and motorcycles
1893 Duryea, Springfield Mass.
DURYEA
1893 - Brothers Charles & Frank built first car
1895 - Second car, won 1st auto race in USA
       (50 miles roundtrip Chicago-Evanston)
1896 - First production run (13 units)
     - First auto accident (NYC, Henry Wells
       hit bicyclist in his Duryea, went to jail
       overnight)
            Manufactured at least until
             1913 in IL, NJ, and PA
Late-Model Duryea
Knox Automobile 1900-1914
KNOX AUTOMOBILE
Built:
   ! Cars
   ! Trucks
   ! Tractors
   ! Fire engines
      quot; Using Knox engines, Springfield
        became first mechanized fire dept. in
        the United States
Springfield Rolls Royce
A Brief History of Indian Motorcycles
George Hendee, 1884
Oscar Hedstrom Pacer, 1899
A Brief History of Indian Motorcycles
A Brief History of Indian Motorcycles
INDIAN PRODUCTION FIGURES
1901   3
1902   143
1903   376
1904   ?
1905   1000+
1908   3000+
1910   6000+
1913   32000+
1914   25000
1915   21000
Indian #268 (early 1903).
With engine and gas tank, it’s a bicycle!
From 1906 Indian catalogue, showing various
products: Tandem, triplet, tri-car, tricycle and van
1907: First cataloged twin cylinder Indian.
     42 degree angle between front and rear
     cylinder. All Indian twins through the end
     retained this angle
1909 Loop Frame
     - No longer a bicycle with a motor
Steering head of 1909 Indian single.
Note U-joint controls for gas and spark.
• Indian always concentrated on police business.
Pictured below is a 1910 two-man patrol V-twin
in Cincinnati.
• NYPD placed their first order in 1903.
A Brief History of Indian Motorcycles
Indian Factories
1911 Isle of Man
TT Race (Britain)
! Indian came in
 1st, 2nd, and 3rd
 place
Board track racing
Los Angeles 1912
1/3 mile tack, 90 mph
Eddie Hasha with “big base” 8-valve twin, Sept.
1912, on steeply banked board track.
Photo taken just before an accident killed him,
another racer and six spectators in Newark, NJ




                             This was the only
                             time that
                             Motorcycle racing
                             ever made the front
                             page of the NY
                             Times
1912 Indian with “Colonial sidecar”
         made of wicker
1914 Indian with Indian sidecar
1913 Indian twin with spring frame
Major Innovation, but nobody else followed
Note early “buddy seat” hanging off the back
Ford Model T:
• Hauled five people
• Kept you dry with top up
• Got cheaper to buy every year
• Killed market for motorcycle as cheap transportation
Oscar Hedstrom, Indian’s engineering father,
retires at age 42 in 1913
Oscar Hedstrom, circa 1913
Hendee Special
• Electric Starting, but no generator
Pancho Villa
               • It’s hard to
               understand why he
               needed electric
               starting, with no
               place to charge his
               batteries for miles
               around.
               • Two years later,
               he was being
               chased by General
               John J. Pershing
George Hendee Leaves Indian in 1915.
Now both the founders are gone.
Gun Car, 1915
marketed to British army
1919 spring-frame military Indian.
Note gas lamp and brass levers.
1917 Model O
      • First Indian Attempt at a lightweight twin
      Cylinders opposed, front and aft
      • Harley riders called it the “Model Zero”
due to its low power
Erwin “Cannonball” Baker
• Not too bright, but he could stay awake for days
                     May 1914: San Diego/New York
                                11 days, 12 hrs, 10 min

                     August 1915: Canada/Mexico
                                   3 days, 9 hrs, 15 min

                     1917: 24-hr. record:1534.25 miles




                        All on Indians
Publicity photo of Baker on Indian
Great Motorcycles,
bad business
Scout, 1921
Starting to look like modern motorcycle
Scout primary drive -- helical gears in oil bath.




   Led to the chant,“You can’t
   wear out an Indian Scout”
1923 Chief
• First 74 cubic inch motor
1922 Chief with sidecar
Orie Steele
• Pre-eminent hill climber with trophies, on 1924
Scout
1925 Indian Prince
• 2nd attempt at lightweight motorcycle
1926 souped up overhead valve Prince
(Still didn’t sell)
Typical small-town Indian agency of 1920’s
• Dealer and wife in front of showroom
Lineage of the future Indian Four Motocycle

Will Henderson, designer of:
• Henderson, 1912-1917
• Ace 1922-1926
• Indian bought out Ace after
  bankruptcy
1912 Henderson
• First year of manufacturing
• First motorcycle to drive around the world
(driven by C.S. Clancy)
Mr. & Mrs. Will Henderson on 1912 Henderson
1917 Henderson
• Company sold to Schwinn Dec, 1917
• Will and Tom Henderson kept on as
consultants, but Will soon left to start Ace
Motorcycle Company
Ace   Designed by W. Henderson

               Sept. 1922: Cannonball
               Baker rode Ace LA-NY (3332
                 miles) in 6 days, 22 hours
                 and 52 minutes

               “World’s Fastest Motorcycle”
                 129 mph solo, 106 mph
                 with sidecar

               Will Henderson Killed Dec.
                 1922, while testing the new
                 Ace on city streets
1927 Indian Ace
Indian Car
Silver
 Arrow
Outboard
 Motor
Non-motorcycle products fail
1930-1939
Du Pont to the Rescue
Du Pont Letter, 1930
1930 Hillclimber
1932 Scout Pony
1936 Chief (restored 2005)
1936 Chief

view from
  saddle
1938 Four Cylinder
• restored 1999
1938 Four Cylinder
1939 Traffic car
A Brief History of Indian Motorcycles
A Brief History of Indian Motorcycles
1941 Military Model 841
Sport Scout, 1941
1941 Chief
1941 Four Cylinder
1947 Chief and Sidecar
                  !   Owned by Jim
                      Seidell

                  !   3 miles from
                      Chesterfield
                      Center

                  !   Jim owns
                      several other
                      Indians
1947 Chief and wife
• chief restored 1998
• wife in original unrestored condition)
Indian’s
  Last
Mistake
1949 Scout
1949 Scout engine
            • Poorly engineered
            • Poorly tested
            • Bad electrics
            • Not a V-twin
            • Dealers can’t sell them
            • Dealers give up and
              turn to Harley
When engineering fails, turn to PR


                           • Erwin “Cannonball”
                             Baker (who won his
                             first race in 1909),
                             pulled out of
                             retirement to tout the
                             vertical twin Indian.

                           1948
                           • We don’t know who
                             the “Motorcycle
                             Queen” was
When engineering fails, turn to PR (Part 2)


                         !   Jane Russell
                             presented with her
                             own Indian Vertical
                             Twin, 1948

                         !   No one knows
                             whether she ever
                             rode it
When engineering fails, turn to PR (Part 3)

                            !   Vaughn Monroe
                                (who actually
                                rode motorcycles)
                                brought in for
                                photo on Indian

                            !   Not recorded as
                                to how many
                                Indians he was
                                given
1950 Chief
             • Same stroke, but bored
               out to 80 cubic inches

             • Plunger fork 1950-’53

             • Except for fork, bored
               cylinder and minor engine
               & body changes, basically
               the same as 1948 Chief

             • The dealers had all gone
               over to Harley
Indian Factory 1952-53




!   Assembling the last Indians
!   Indian name about to be sold to distributors of English
    motorcycles
!   Dealers not told of production termination
1947 and 1905 Indians




        Not the first and not the last,
     but quite a transition over 42 years
Last of the Breed
                    !   Indian Factory
                        1953
                    !   Last non-police
                        bikes built
                    !   The very last of
                        1953 production
                        went to the
                        NYPD who had
                        placed their first
                        order for
                        Indians in 1903
1953
Indian Factory (1981)

                 !   Indian long gone

                 !   Crime-ridden
                     neighborhood

                 !   George Hendee’s
                     office windows in
                     large arch on
                     corner
Interior of Indian Factory, 1981




Building is now used as an apartment building
Indian Factory, 1984




!   Large parts of the original factory were demolished
!   What remains has been renovated for housing
Now What ???
European Indian Rally
Scotland, 1994
Indian Racing Team
Daytona Beach, Florida
Esta Manthos Collection of Antique Motorcycles
  given to Springfield Museums in June 2007
Last “Indian Day” July 2005




     Esta Manthos presenting Oscar Hedstrom
   “Best of Show” trophy to Will Boutelle, MD
          for 1938 Indian Four Cylinder
Proposed Museum of Springfield History
Questions

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