4. 4
Autonomic nervous systemAutonomic nervous system
The autonomic nervous system is theThe autonomic nervous system is the
subdivision of the peripheral nervoussubdivision of the peripheral nervous
system that regulates body activities thatsystem that regulates body activities that
are generally not under conscious controlare generally not under conscious control
6. Difference between somaticDifference between somatic
motor and autonomic motormotor and autonomic motor
âș Somatic motor:Somatic motor:
ï§ Cell bodies of motor neurons reside in CNS (brain orCell bodies of motor neurons reside in CNS (brain or
spinal cord)spinal cord)
ï§ Their axons (sheathed in spinal nerves) extend all theTheir axons (sheathed in spinal nerves) extend all the
way to their skeletal musclesway to their skeletal muscles
ï§ Fast neural transmissionFast neural transmission
âș Autonomic system: chains of two neuronsAutonomic system: chains of two neurons
ï§ 11stst
= preganglionic neuron (in brain or cord)= preganglionic neuron (in brain or cord)
ï§ 22ndnd
= postgangionic neuron (cell body in ganglion outside= postgangionic neuron (cell body in ganglion outside
CNS)CNS)
ï§ Slower because lightly or unmyelinatedSlower because lightly or unmyelinated
6
7. 7
âșAxon of 1Axon of 1stst
((preganglionicpreganglionic) neuron leaves) neuron leaves
CNS to synapse with the 2CNS to synapse with the 2ndnd
((postganglionicpostganglionic) neuron) neuron
âșAxon of 2Axon of 2ndnd
((postganglionicpostganglionic) neuron) neuron
extends to the organ it servesextends to the organ it serves
Diagram contrasts somatic (lower) and autonomic:
autonomic
somatic
Note: the autonomic ganglion is motor
this dorsal
root ganglion
is sensory
8. Divisions of the autonomic nervous systemDivisions of the autonomic nervous system
âșParasympathetic divisionParasympathetic division
âșSympathetic divisionSympathetic division
Serve most of the same organs butServe most of the same organs but
cause opposing or antagonisticcause opposing or antagonistic
effectseffects
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral
9. 9
Where they come fromWhere they come from
Parasympathetic:
craniosacral
Sympathetic:
thoracolumbar
10. 10
Sympathetic nervous systemSympathetic nervous system
âfight or flightââfight or flightâ
âș Also calledAlso called thoracolumbarthoracolumbar system: all its neuronssystem: all its neurons
are in lateral horn of gray matter from T1-L2are in lateral horn of gray matter from T1-L2
âș Lead to every part of the body (unlike parasymp.)Lead to every part of the body (unlike parasymp.)
ï§ Easy to remember that when nervous, you sweat; whenEasy to remember that when nervous, you sweat; when
afraid, hair stands on end; when excited blood pressureafraid, hair stands on end; when excited blood pressure
rises (vasoconstriction): these sympathetic onlyrises (vasoconstriction): these sympathetic only
ï§ Also causes: dry mouth, pupils to dilate, increased heartAlso causes: dry mouth, pupils to dilate, increased heart
& respiratory rates to increase O2 to skeletal muscles,& respiratory rates to increase O2 to skeletal muscles,
and liver to release glucoseand liver to release glucose
âș NorepinephrineNorepinephrine (noradrenaline) is(noradrenaline) is
neurotransmitter released by most postganglionicneurotransmitter released by most postganglionic
fibers (acetylcholine in preganglionic): âadrenergicâfibers (acetylcholine in preganglionic): âadrenergicâ
12. 12
Parasympathetic nervous systemParasympathetic nervous system
ârest & digestâârest & digestâ
âșAlso called theAlso called the craniosacralcraniosacral systemsystem
because all its preganglionic neurons arebecause all its preganglionic neurons are
in the brain stem or sacral levels of thein the brain stem or sacral levels of the
spinal cordspinal cord
ï§ Cranial nerves III,VII, IX and XCranial nerves III,VII, IX and X
ï§ In lateral horn of gray matter from S2-S4In lateral horn of gray matter from S2-S4
âșOnly innervate internal organs (not skin)Only innervate internal organs (not skin)
âșAcetylcholineAcetylcholine is neurotransmitter at endis neurotransmitter at end
organ as well as at preganglionic synapse:organ as well as at preganglionic synapse:
âcholinergicââcholinergicâ
13. 13
Parasympathetic continuedParasympathetic continued
âș Cranial outflowCranial outflow
ï§ III - pupils constrictIII - pupils constrict
ï§ VII - tears, nasal mucus, salivaVII - tears, nasal mucus, saliva
ï§ IX â parotid salivary glandIX â parotid salivary gland
ï§ X (Vagus n) â visceral organs of thorax & abdomen:X (Vagus n) â visceral organs of thorax & abdomen:
âșStimulates digestive glandsStimulates digestive glands
âșIncreases motility of smooth muscle of digestive tractIncreases motility of smooth muscle of digestive tract
âșDecreases heart rateDecreases heart rate
âșCauses bronchial constrictionCauses bronchial constriction
âș Sacral outflow (S2-4): form pelvic splanchnic nervesSacral outflow (S2-4): form pelvic splanchnic nerves
ï§ Supply 2Supply 2ndnd
half of large intestinehalf of large intestine
ï§ Supply all the pelvic (genitourinary) organsSupply all the pelvic (genitourinary) organs
15. NeurotransmittersNeurotransmitters
âșSomatic = all motor neurons release ACHSomatic = all motor neurons release ACH
which is always stimulatorywhich is always stimulatory
âșVisceral = ACH & norepinephrineVisceral = ACH & norepinephrine
ï§ AllAll prepreganglionicganglionic fibers release ACHfibers release ACH
ï§ AllAll postpostganglionicganglionic PsNSPsNS fibers release ACHfibers release ACH
ï§ Most postganglionic SNS fibers releaseMost postganglionic SNS fibers release
norepinorepi
ï§ Can be stimulatory or inhibitory basedCan be stimulatory or inhibitory based
on receptor typeson receptor types
16. Comparison of Sympathetic andComparison of Sympathetic and
parasympathetic Systemsparasympathetic Systems
17. Divisions of the ANSDivisions of the ANS
âș Sympathetic NSSympathetic NS
âș ParasymatheticParasymathetic
NSNS
âș Dual innervationDual innervation
ï§ Opposing effects on theOpposing effects on the
same organsame organ
âș SNS is usuallySNS is usually
stimulatory (fight or flight)stimulatory (fight or flight)
âș PsNS is usually inhibitoryPsNS is usually inhibitory
(body maint. &(body maint. &
conservation of Econservation of E
18. Sympathetic nervousSympathetic nervous
systemsystem
âș The sympathetic division is theThe sympathetic division is the âfight-or-flightââfight-or-flightâ systemsystem
âș InvolvesInvolves EE activities â exercise, excitement, emergency,activities â exercise, excitement, emergency,
and embarrassmentand embarrassment
âș Non-essential activities are dampened (GI/urinary)Non-essential activities are dampened (GI/urinary)
âș Promotes adjustments during exercise â blood flow toPromotes adjustments during exercise â blood flow to
organs is reduced, flow to muscles is increasedorgans is reduced, flow to muscles is increased
âș Its activity is illustrated by a person who is threatenedIts activity is illustrated by a person who is threatened
ï§ Heart rate increases, and breathing is rapid and deepHeart rate increases, and breathing is rapid and deep
ï§ The skin is cold and sweaty, and the pupils dilateThe skin is cold and sweaty, and the pupils dilate
ï§ Bronchioles dilateâŠincreasing ventilation, delivering more oxygenBronchioles dilateâŠincreasing ventilation, delivering more oxygen
to cellsto cells
ï§ Constriction of visceral & cutaneous bvâs (blood is shunted toConstriction of visceral & cutaneous bvâs (blood is shunted to
skeletal mm)skeletal mm)
ï§ Liver releases more glucose into blood to provide more readilyLiver releases more glucose into blood to provide more readily
avail. Eavail. E
ï§ Targets adipocytes for lipolysisTargets adipocytes for lipolysis
19. Parasympathetic nervous systemParasympathetic nervous system
âș Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Digestion,Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Digestion,
DefecationDefecation
âș Most active in non-stressful situationsMost active in non-stressful situations
âș Concerned with keeping body energy use lowConcerned with keeping body energy use low
âș Lenses of eyes accommodated for near visionLenses of eyes accommodated for near vision
âș Its activity is illustrated in a person who relaxesIts activity is illustrated in a person who relaxes
after a mealafter a meal
ï§ Blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rates areBlood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rates are
lowlow
ï§ Gastrointestinal tract activity is highGastrointestinal tract activity is high
ï§ The skin is warm and the pupils are constrictedThe skin is warm and the pupils are constricted
21. Neurotransmitters and ReceptorsNeurotransmitters and Receptors
âș Acetylcholine (ACh) and norepinephrine (NE) are theAcetylcholine (ACh) and norepinephrine (NE) are the
two major neurotransmitters of the ANStwo major neurotransmitters of the ANS
âș ACh is released by all preganglionic axons and allACh is released by all preganglionic axons and all
parasympathetic postganglionic axonsparasympathetic postganglionic axons
âș Cholinergic fibersCholinergic fibers â ACh-releasing fibersâ ACh-releasing fibers
âș Adrenergic fibersAdrenergic fibers â sympathetic postganglionicâ sympathetic postganglionic
axons that release NEaxons that release NE
âș Neurotransmitter effects can be excitatory or inhibitoryNeurotransmitter effects can be excitatory or inhibitory
depending upon the receptor typedepending upon the receptor type
22. Cholinergic ReceptorsCholinergic Receptors
âșThe two types of receptors that bindThe two types of receptors that bind
ACh areACh are nicotinicnicotinic andand muscarinicmuscarinic
âșThese are named after drugs that bindThese are named after drugs that bind
to them and mimic ACh effectsto them and mimic ACh effects
23. Nicotinic Receptors (cholinergic)Nicotinic Receptors (cholinergic)
âșNicotinic receptors are found on:Nicotinic receptors are found on:
ï§ Motor end plates (somatic targets)Motor end plates (somatic targets)
ï§ All ganglionic neurons of both sympatheticAll ganglionic neurons of both sympathetic
and parasympathetic divisionsand parasympathetic divisions
ï§ The hormone-producing cells of theThe hormone-producing cells of the
adrenal medullaadrenal medulla
âșThe effect of ACh binding to nicotinicThe effect of ACh binding to nicotinic
receptors isreceptors is always stimulatoryalways stimulatory
24. Muscarinic ReceptorsMuscarinic Receptors
(cholinergic)(cholinergic)
âșMuscarinic receptors occur on all effectorMuscarinic receptors occur on all effector
cells stimulated by postganglioniccells stimulated by postganglionic
cholinergic fiberscholinergic fibers
âșThe effect of ACh binding:The effect of ACh binding:
ï§ Can be either inhibitory or excitatoryCan be either inhibitory or excitatory
ï§ Depends on the receptor typeDepends on the receptor type of theof the
target organtarget organ
25. Adrenergic ReceptorsAdrenergic Receptors
âș The two types of adrenergic receptors are alphaThe two types of adrenergic receptors are alpha
and betaand beta
âș Each type has two or three subclassesEach type has two or three subclasses
((αα11,, αα22,, ÎČÎČ11,, ÎČÎČ22 ,, ÎČÎČ33))
âș Effects of NE binding to:Effects of NE binding to:
ï§ Î±Î± receptors is generally stimulatoryreceptors is generally stimulatory
ï§ ÎČÎČ receptors is generally inhibitoryreceptors is generally inhibitory
âș A notable exception â NE binding toA notable exception â NE binding to ÎČÎČ receptors ofreceptors of
the heart is stimulatorythe heart is stimulatory
28. Alpha ReceptorsAlpha Receptors
âșAlpha 1: adrenergic receptors located onAlpha 1: adrenergic receptors located on
postsynaptic effector cells.postsynaptic effector cells.
ï§ Smooth muscles of blood vessels: ConstrictionSmooth muscles of blood vessels: Constriction
âșArteriolar constrictionArteriolar constriction
ï§ Bladder sphincterBladder sphincter
ï§ PenisPenis
ï§ UterusUterus
ï§ Pupillary muscles of irisPupillary muscles of iris
29. Alpha 2Alpha 2
âșSame as the Alpha 1 but are located in theSame as the Alpha 1 but are located in the
presynaptic nerve terminals.presynaptic nerve terminals.
30. Adrenergic ReceptorAdrenergic Receptor
âșBeta 1Beta 1
âșCardiovascularCardiovascular
ï§ Cardiac muscle: increased contractilityCardiac muscle: increased contractility
increased force of contractionincreased force of contraction
ï§ Atrioventricular node: increased heart rateAtrioventricular node: increased heart rate
ï§ Sinoatrial node: increase in heart rateSinoatrial node: increase in heart rate
âșEndocrineEndocrine
ï§ PancreasPancreas
31. Beta 1 DrugsBeta 1 Drugs
âșPredominately works on vascular smoothPredominately works on vascular smooth
muscle of the heart.muscle of the heart.
32. Adrenergic ReceptorAdrenergic Receptor
âșBeta 2Beta 2
âșCardiovascularCardiovascular
ï§ Dilation of blood vesselsDilation of blood vessels
âșEndocrineEndocrine
âșUterine relaxationUterine relaxation
âșRespiratory: dilation of bronchial musclesRespiratory: dilation of bronchial muscles
33. HeartHeart
âșDirect stimulation of receptorsDirect stimulation of receptors
ï§ Alpha 1 âAlpha 1 â
âșVasoconstriction of blood vessels which increasesVasoconstriction of blood vessels which increases
blood pressureblood pressure
âșPressor or vasopressor effect to maintain bloodPressor or vasopressor effect to maintain blood
pressurepressure
ï§ Beta 1Beta 1
âșIncreased force of myocardial contractionIncreased force of myocardial contraction
âșIncreased speed of electrical conduction in the heart.Increased speed of electrical conduction in the heart.
34. Sympathetic vs parasympatheticSympathetic vs parasympathetic
âșDistribution on different organsDistribution on different organs
âșActions on different organsActions on different organs
âșDrugs acting on receptorsDrugs acting on receptors
âșReflexes in different systemsReflexes in different systems
37. Sympathetic (Thoracolumbar)Sympathetic (Thoracolumbar)
DivisionDivision
âș Preganglionic cell bodies in lateralPreganglionic cell bodies in lateral
horns of spinal cord T1-L2:horns of spinal cord T1-L2:
thoracolumbarthoracolumbar
âș Preganglionic axons pass throughPreganglionic axons pass through
ventral roots toventral roots to whitewhite ramirami
communicantescommunicantes to theto the
retroperitonealretroperitoneal sympatheticsympathetic
chain gangliachain ganglia
38. Parasympathetic (Craniosacral)Parasympathetic (Craniosacral)
DivisionDivision
âș Preganglionic cell bodies inPreganglionic cell bodies in
nuclei of brainstem or lateralnuclei of brainstem or lateral
parts of spinal cord gray matterparts of spinal cord gray matter
from S2-S4from S2-S4
ï§ Preganglionic axons fromPreganglionic axons from
brain pass to terminalbrain pass to terminal
ganglia through cranialganglia through cranial
nerves III, VII, IX and Xnerves III, VII, IX and X
ï§ Preganglionic axons fromPreganglionic axons from
sacral region pass throughsacral region pass through
pelvic nervespelvic nerves to terminalto terminal
gangliaganglia
âș Terminal gangliaTerminal ganglia locatedlocated
near organ innervated ornear organ innervated or
embedded in wall of organembedded in wall of organ
52. 52
Adrenal glandsAdrenal glands
On top of kidneysOn top of kidneys
Adrenal medullaAdrenal medulla
(inside part) is a(inside part) is a
major organ ofmajor organ of
the sympatheticthe sympathetic
nervous systemnervous system
53. 53
Adrenal gland is an exceptionAdrenal gland is an exception
âșSynapse in glandSynapse in gland
âșCan cause body-wideCan cause body-wide
release of epinephrinerelease of epinephrine
(adrenaline) and(adrenaline) and
norepinephrinenorepinephrine
(noradrenaline) in an(noradrenaline) in an
extreme emergencyextreme emergency
(adrenaline ârushâ or(adrenaline ârushâ or
surge)surge)
55. Another exception - SweatAnother exception - Sweat
glandsglands
âș The sweat glands are innervated by the sympatheticThe sweat glands are innervated by the sympathetic
nervous system (part of the fight or flight responsenervous system (part of the fight or flight response
system)system)
âș Preganglionic neuron is short, originates from thePreganglionic neuron is short, originates from the
thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord, usesthoracolumbar region of the spinal cord, uses
acetylcholine as its neurotransmitter (nicotinic )acetylcholine as its neurotransmitter (nicotinic )
âș Postganglionic neuron for sweat gland innervationPostganglionic neuron for sweat gland innervation
differs from other sympathetic postganglionic neuronsdiffers from other sympathetic postganglionic neurons
in that it releases acetylcholine to act on muscarinicin that it releases acetylcholine to act on muscarinic
receptorsreceptors
56.
57. Another exception â skeletalAnother exception â skeletal
muscle blood vesselsmuscle blood vessels
âșThese are also innervated by sympatheticThese are also innervated by sympathetic
cholinergic fibrescholinergic fibres