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Networking Fundamentals,[object Object],Network Hardware and Software,[object Object]
Network Hardware and Software,[object Object],Introduction,[object Object]
Introduction,[object Object],When we refer to network hardware we are talking about a range of electronic devices that can be interconnected in such a way as to allow the transmission of communication signals between a number of workstations.,[object Object],These devices range from simple generic hubs to sophisticated proprietary hardware such as routers and gateways.,[object Object]
Introduction,[object Object],To help you gain a better understanding of how these devices interact with each other you need knowledge of what devices are available and how they work.,[object Object],The following represents some of the more commonly used network hardware components.,[object Object]
Network Hardware and Software,[object Object],Network Interface Cards,[object Object]
Network Interface Cards,[object Object],Network Interface Cards (NICs) are the most common type of network hardware on a network.,[object Object],Every workstation and server will contain at least one NIC.,[object Object],NICs contain the electronic components that establish and control network communications.,[object Object],The NIC is the principal hardware device that differentiates between a networked computer and a stand-alone computer.,[object Object]
Network Hardware and Software,[object Object],Hubs,[object Object]
Hubs,[object Object],Hubs are one of the most basic pieces of networking equipment available.,[object Object],Physically a hub is a box with a number of RJ45 ports (typically between 4 and 32) that allows you to connect several networking devices together using twisted pair (CAT 5) network cables.,[object Object]
Hubs,[object Object],Hubs have no intelligence, meaning they cannot be programmed or have a memory of devices that are plugged into its ports.,[object Object],They are quite suitable for small networks but tend to perform poorly on large networks.,[object Object],Hubs typically come in both standard (10 Mbps) and Fast Ethernet (100 Mbps) versions.,[object Object]
Network Hardware and Software,[object Object],Switches,[object Object]
Switches,[object Object],Switches look nearly identical to hubs, but a switch generally contains more ‘intelligence’ than a hub.,[object Object],Unlike hubs, network switches are capable of inspecting the data packets as they are received, determining the source and destination device of that packet, and forwarding that packet appropriately.,[object Object]
Switches,[object Object],By delivering messages only to the connected device that it was intended for, network switches conserve network bandwidth and offer generally better performance than hubs.,[object Object],Most switches are active: that is, they electrically amplify the signal as it moves from one device to another.,[object Object]
Network Hardware and Software,[object Object],Bridges,[object Object]
Bridges,[object Object],Bridges are devices that allow you to segment a large network into two small, more efficient networks.,[object Object],If you are adding an older wiring scheme and want the new network to be up-to-date, a bridge can connect the two.,[object Object]
Bridges,[object Object],A bridge monitors the information traffic on both sides of the network so that it can pass packets of information to the correct location.,[object Object],Most bridges can ‘listen’ to the network and automatically figure out the address of each computer on both sides of the bridge.,[object Object],The bridge can inspect each message and, if necessary, broadcast it on the other side of the network.,[object Object]
Bridges,[object Object],Bridges manage the traffic to maintain optimum performance on both sides of the network.,[object Object],Bridges can be used to connect different types of cabling as long as both networks are using the same protocol.,[object Object]
Network Hardware and Software,[object Object],Routers,[object Object]
Routers,[object Object],Routers translate information from one network to another; it is similar to a bridge with extra intelligence.,[object Object],Routers select the best path to route a message, based on the destination address and origin.,[object Object],The router can direct traffic to prevent head-on collisions, and is smart enough to know when to direct traffic along back roads and shortcuts.,[object Object]
Routers,[object Object],While bridges know the addresses of all computers on each side of the network, routers know the addresses of computers, bridges, and other routers on the network.,[object Object],Routers can even ‘listen’ to the entire network to determine which sections are busiest - they can then redirect data around those sections until they clear up.,[object Object]
Network Hardware and Software,[object Object],Gateways,[object Object]
Gateways,[object Object],Gateways are able to connect networks that use completely different protocols or data formats, such as a LAN to a mainframe.,[object Object],Generally a gateway is a combination of hardware and software with the built-in processing power necessary to perform protocol conversions.,[object Object],A gateway is slower than a bridge or router.,[object Object]
Network Hardware and Software,[object Object],Modems,[object Object]
Modems,[object Object],Modems (MODulatorDEModulator) convert data between the analogue form used on telephone lines and the digital form used on computers.,[object Object],ADSL modems (also called ADSL routers) are used on many networks to provide the required connectivity to the Internet.,[object Object]
Modems,[object Object],These modems typically have a reasonable level of intelligence and are capable of performing a number of advanced networking features including DHCP and Firewall services.,[object Object],ADSL modems are a popular choice for connecting small- to medium-size organisational networks to the Internet using an established ISP.,[object Object]

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