AACIMP 2011 Summer School. Science of Global Challenges Stream. Lecture by Michele Guida.

1. Naturally Occurring Radioactivity (NOR) in natural and anthropic environments [email_address] contact C.U.G.RI. interUniversity Centre for Research on the Prediction and Prevention of Major Hazards, Italy ____________________________________________________

3. The term radiations generally refers to a number of different physical phenomena, which all have in common the propagation of energy in space and time When radiations hit or penetrate inside matter the energy is absorbed, causing , i. e. an increase of temperature around the absorption point. Radiations

4. Radiations For example , the visible light , the radio-TV waves, the emission of particles or photons (X o  ) by a radioactive element, are all different forms of radiations . Radiations can be simply subdivided into: • particle-like radiations having a mass like the electrically charged particles and the neutrons, and • wave-like radiations like phtotons ( X o  ) which are massless and electrically charge less

10. Some words about energies and their measument units

13. Waves The energy carried by EM radiation increases with its frequency and diminishes with its wavelength Waves’ main characteristics: wavelength and amplitude amplitude wavelength ( λ )

14. Electromagnetic (EM) waves IR - VISIBLE - UV  = 1mm – 10 -9 m heat, light, chemical reactions X-RAYS – GAMMA RAYS  = 10 -8 – 10 -12 m Medical diagnostic tools MICROWAVES  = 10cm – 1mm radar, mobile phones, ovens RADIO  = 1km – 10cm Radio-TV broadcasting

16. EM spectrum Increasing energies (frequences  ) Increasing wavelength (  ) Infrared red orange giallo green blue purple ultraviolet Example: heat example: sun tanning bed

17. 1fm 1pm 1nm 1 μ m 1m m 1m GAMMA RAYS X-RAYS ULTRA- VIOLET INFRA- RED MICRO- WAVES RADIO WAVES EM spectrum WAVELENGTH (m) VISIBLE 10 -14 10 -12 10 -10 10 -8 10 -6 10 -4 10 -2 1 10 2 ENERGY

18. Brief Review of Radioactivity and Radionuclides basic concepts

20. Periodic table of Atomic Elements (by Dimitri Ivanovic MENDELEEV, 1869 ) Z number of protons period group

23. Isotopes and other iso- 222 Rn 220 Rn Isotopes Z 89 89 N 133 131 ---- ----- ------ A 222 220

24. Z-N diagram of Nuclides

26. Review of Radioactivity and …

27. Radioactive Decays Number of protons Number of neutrons Z N A = N + Z c.e. = electronic capture

28. Review of Radioactivity and …

29. Review of Radioactivity and …

30. Review of Radioactivity and …

31. Review of Radioactivity and …

32. Review of Radioactivity and …

33. Review of Radioactivity and …

34. Review of Radioactivity and …

37. The energy levels What happens when energy is given to the atom? Excited states Ground state

38. 2 PROTONS 2 NEUTRONS  Radiation  . . . .

39.  Radiation . 1 ELECTRON  

40.  Radiation 

41. Relative Penetrating Power

42. Review of Radioactivity and … = 3.7 x 10 10 Bq old unit

43. Review of Radioactivity and …

44. Review of Radioactivity and …

47. Types of NOR Universidad Nacional del Altiplano, Puno, Perù, 7 Febbraio 2006 M. Guida, Università di Salerno, Italia

48. Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials NORM

49. Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials NORM

50. Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials NORM

58. Uranium-238 4.5 By Radon-222 3.8 d Radium-226 1620 Y Th-234 Pa-234 U-234 Th-230 . Principal decay Scheme of Uranium Radon – Daughters

59. Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials NORM

60. Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials NORM

61. Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials NORM

62. Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials NORM

63. Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials NORM

64. Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials NORM

65. Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials NORM

66. Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials NORM

67. Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials NORM

68. Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials NORM

69. Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials NORM

70. Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials NORM

71. Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials NORM

72. Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials NORM

77. M. Guida, Università di Salerno, Italia Universidad Nacional del Altiplano, Puno, Perù, 7 Febbraio 2006 Actividades que pueden generar NORM Minerales y materiales extraídos Otros procesos Aluminio Cobre Yeso Hierro Mo Fosfato Fósforo Tierras raras Estaño Titanio Zirconio Térmicas de carbón Energía geotérmica Petróleo y gas Tratamiento aguas residuales Pasta de celulosa Fabricación de cerámica Dióxido de titanio Fundición metales (Fe, Cu, etc.) Arenas abrasivas y refractarias Materiales de construcción Electrónica

80. Principal radionuclides occurring M. Guida, Università di Salerno, Italia Universidad Nacional del Altiplano, Puno, Perù, 7 Febbraio 2006 Radionucleido Semivida Tipo de radiación Comentarios 40 K 1.28·10 9 a β , γ No genera cadena 238 U 234 U 230 Th 226 Ra 222 Rn 210 Pb 210 Po 4.47·10 9 a 2.5·10 5 a 7.54·10 4 a 1600 a 3.82 d 22 a 138.4 d α , γ α α , γ α , γ α β , γ α , γ Genera fraccionamiento de 4 subseries con T1/2 alto: 238 U, 230 Th, 226 Ra y 210 Pb 235 U 231 Pa 227 Ac 7.04·10 8 a 3.3·10 4 22 a α , γ α , γ α , γ Poco interés radiológico ya que: ( 235 U) = 0.044 ( 238 U) 232 Th 228 Ra 228 Th 1.41·10 10 a 5.75 a 1.91 a α , γ β α Genera fraccionamiento de 3 subseries con T1/2 alto: 232 Th, 228 Ra y 228 Th

87. Origins of NORM in the Oil & Gas Industry Courtesy by Gas/Oil Separation Plants (GOSP)

100. NORM in Scale Courtesy by

107. NORM Levels World wide reported levels of NORM Courtesy by

111. NORM Monitoring NORM Detected? Normal Operation NORM Free Equipment Identify NORM Contaminated equipment/waste Decontaminate NORM equipment Workers Protection & Contam. Control Assess Radiological Risks Interim Storage of NORM equipment NORM Waste Permanent Disposal NORM waste Interim Storage Yes No NORM Contaminated Equipment NORM Waste NORM Waste NORM Management Process Cycle Release for general use Courtesy by

112. Courtesy by

113. NORM Screening Zone - Al Midra & Reclamation Courtesy by

114. Courtesy by

115. Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM) sent to Drigg

124. What about NORM in Europe?

126. NATURALLY OCCURRING RADIONUCLIDES IN RAW MATERIALS

127. WATER PROCESSING: DRINKING and WASTE WATERS EUROPEAN COMMISSION, Sewage Sludge, Directorate General for the Environment, EC, Brussels, http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/sludge/index.htm . T. Gafvert, C. Ellmark, E. Holm. Removal of radionuclides at a waterworks. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 63 (2002) 105–115. ACTIVIDAD (Bq/kg seco) en lodos Al(OH) 3 y Fe(OH) 3 Lodos 239/240 Pu 232 Th 234 U 238 U 137 Cs 210 Pb 7 Be Al(OH) 3 0.86 4.53 45.0 61.8 < 2 230 280 Fe(OH) 3 0.72 4.54 43.7 62.8 < 2 368 353

129. Uranium-238 4.5 By Radon-222 3.8 d Radium-226 1620 Y Th-234 Pa-234 U-234 Th-230 . Principal decay Scheme of Uranium Radon – Daughters

130. RADIACTIVIDAD NATURAL La radiación natural a la que está expuesta la población proviene de la desintegración de isótopos radiactivos en la corteza terrestre, de la radiación cósmica y de los isótopos radiactivos que forman parte de los seres vivos, también llamada radiación interna Radón 40% Tratamientos Médicos 17% Rayos Cósmicos 12% Radiación Gamma 15% Radiación Interna 15% Otros 1% M. Guida, Università di Salerno, Italia Universidad Nacional del Altiplano, Puno, Perù, 7 Febbraio 2006

131. Diagnóstico Radiológico (Rayos X) Medicina Nuclear Radioterapia RADIACIÓN EN MEDICINA El uso de la radiación en el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de enfermedades se ha convertido en una herramienta básica en medicina . Con ella se ha podido realizar exploraciones del cerebro y los huesos, tratar el cáncer y usar elementos radiactivos para dar seguimiento a hormonas y otros compuestos químicos de los organismos. M. Guida, Università di Salerno, Italia Universidad Nacional del Altiplano, Puno, Perù, 7 Febbraio 2006

132. Corso di Laurea in Ingegneria Civile UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI SALERNO Facoltà di Ingegneria Building Materials brick granite Radioactiviy Index I : (Radiation Protection 112, 2000) I = A Th /200+A Ra /300+A K /3000 Concrete block

133. I< 0.5 0.5 < I< 1 I >1 Materiali da costruzione Concentrazione media di 226 Ra (Bq/Kg) Concentrazione media di 232 Th (Bq/Kg) Concentrazione media di 40 K (Bq/Kg) Indice di Radioattività travertino 1 0 4 0,004 Marmo 4 1 8 0,021 Calcare 12 1 5 0,046 Gesso 8 3 160 0,095 Calce 9 6 265 0,148 Ghiaia 15 14 157 0,172 Calcestruzzo 22 16 237 0,232 Coppi 59 12 238 0,336 sabbia 18 22 530 0,346 Laterizi 29 26 711 0,463 Pietra 24 37 645 0,48 Argilla 37 40 550 0,506 Piastrelle 43 36 689 0,553 Serizzo 31 42 782 0,574 Cemento 42 66 369 0,593 Trachite 36 52 1154 0,764 Porfido 41 59 1388 0,894 Beole 63 48 1432 0,927 Gneiss 87 71 1040 0,991 Granito 89 94 1126 1,142 Ceneri di carbone 160 130 420 1,323 Peperino 159 171 1422 1,859 Pozzolana 164 229 1341 2,138 Sienite 317 234 1255 2,645 Tufo 209 349 1861 3,062 Lava 473 230 1781 3,32 Basalto 308 466 2178 4,082

134. Corso di Laurea in Ingegneria Civile UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI SALERNO Facoltà di Ingegneria Radioactivity Index I in building materials F. Vigorito, Tesi di Laurea in Ingegneria Civile, Università di Salerno, 2006

137. The three primary sources for natural radon are the parent isotopes of the two uranium series ( 238 U and 235 U) and the Thorium series ( 232 Th). U 238 4,5 10 9 y Ra 226 1622 y Rn 222 3,82 d Po 218 3.05 min Pb 214 26,8 min Bi 214 19,7 min Po 214 1,6 10 -4 s Pb 210 22,2 y Bi 210 5,03 d Po 210 138,4 d Pb 206 stable         

141. Release Mechanism Inside the same mineral grain From one mineral to adjacent mineral From mineral to water Stopped by intergranural material

142. If the pore space contains water, the ejected radon atom will rest in the liquid and is free to diffuse from the water or be transported by it. If the interstitial space is dry (i.e. filled only with soil gas) and not wide enough to stop the recoiling radon, it will enter a neighboring grain.

151. 222 Rn: a Naturally Occurring Tracers for investigation of transport phenomena in the Litosphere: Emanation and Exhalation

157. Radon Entry Into a Home 1. Cracks in Solid Floors 2. Construction Joints 3. Cracks in Walls 4. Gaps in Floors 5. Gaps around Pipes 6. Cavities in Walls 7. Water Supply (wells only) 3. 4. 1. 2. 7. 6. 5.

158. Main sources of Radon in a confined space building materials 2-5% water < 1% soil: 85-90% + diffusion 1-4%

167. UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI SALERNO Facoltà di Ingegneria Corso di Laurea in Ingegneria Civile per l’Ambiente ed il Territorio Indagine nazionale sulla radioattività naturale nelle abitazioni (ANPA, ISS;1989 - 1993) Lithological Map 97 Bq/m 3 Campania Annual mean concentrations of Indoor Radon Italia: 70 Bq/m 3 Europa: 59 Bq/m 3 World: 40 Bq/m 3

169. Journal of Technical & Environmental Geology, XVI, 2 (April/June), 38-62, 2008). General Functional Scheme of the Interdepartment Research Programme RAD_CAMPANIA in collaboration with C.U.G.RI., and the Regional Agency for the Environmental Protection ,ARPA Campania

170. CAMPANIA ITALIA WHERE WE A RE

171. Multiscalar hierarchical levels for the assessment of the Areas with the highest potential concentrations of exhalated soil-gas Radon (Radon-prone Areas) Journal of Technical & Environmental Geology, XVI, 2 (April/June), 38-62, 2008). Region Level: scale <1:250,000 Province level: scale <1:100,000 District Level : scale <1:25,000 Zone Level : scale <1:5,000-2,000 Site Level : scale 1: 2,000

172. Lithological Systems Map of Campania Region (modified from BLASI C. et al., 2007)

173. Preliminary assessment from the lithological map and literature (Cuomo A., Tesi di Laurea in Ing. Civile A&T, 2007; Journal of Technical & Environmental Geology, XVI, 2 (April/June), 38-62, 2008).

174. Preliminary map of the Radon-prone Areas after the application of the multiscalar hierarchical adaptive approach (Cuomo A., Tesi di Laurea in Ing. Civile A&T, 2007; Journal of Technical & Environmental Geology, XVI, 2 (April/June), 38-62, 2008). PRIGNANO

175. Flow-chart diagram showing the applied methodology for the production of the Radon-prone Areas . Journal of Technical & Environmental Geology, XVI, 2 (April/June), 38-62, 2008).

176. UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI SALERNO Facoltà di Ingegneria Corso di Laurea in Ingegneria Civile per l’Ambiente ed il Territorio Procedura adottata per le misure eseguite con RAD7 (Pelosi A., Tesi di Laurea in Ingegneria, 2007)

178. UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI SALERNO Facoltà di Ingegneria Corso di Laurea in Ingegneria Civile per l’Ambiente ed il Territorio Set di dati a cui sono stati applicati dei criteri di selezione Interpolazione mediante kriging dei dati di concentrazione (Pelosi A., Tesi di Laurea in Ingegneria, 2007) ID_MIS COD_S_RN COD_MIS DATA RN_CONC 1 _01 _01 12/10/2007 913 [Bqm -3 ] 2 _02 _01 12/10/2007 70.500 [Bqm -3 ] 3 _03 _01 13/10/2007 10.200 [Bqm -3 ] 4 _04 _01 13/10/2007 51.000 [Bqm -3 ] 5 _05 _01 13/10/2007 7.870 [Bqm -3 ] 6 _06 _01 13/10/2007 57.800 [Bqm -3 ] 7 _07 _01 15/10/2007 55.000 [Bqm -3 ] 8 _08 _01 15/10/2007 4.120 [Bqm -3 ] 9 _09 _01 16/10/2007 43.100 [Bqm -3 ] 10 _10 _01 19/10/2007 56.000 [Bqm -3 ] 11 _11 _01 20/10/2007 25.800 [Bqm -3 ] 12 _12 _01 20/10/2007 2.950 [Bqm -3 ] 13 _13 _01 20/10/2007 9.030 [Bqm -3 ] 14 _14 _01 20/10/2007 121.000 [Bqm -3 ] 15 _15 _01 27/10/2007 8.370 [Bqm -3 ] 16 _16 _01 27/10/2007 7.000 [Bqm -3 ] 17 _17 _01 02/11/2007 4.310 [Bqm -3 ]

181. RADON -222 : A Naturally Occurring Radioactive Tracer in Hydrosphere UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI SALERNO Facoltà di Ingegneria Assessment of the Submarine Groundwater Discharge (SGD) Evaluation of the contamination of aquifers Assessment of the Groundwater Discharges in Lakes

182. How to measure RADON-IN-WATER: RAD7: Radon Monitor RAD7 has an internal sample cell of a 0.7L hemisphere, with a solid state detector at the center. The inside of the hemisphere is coated with an electrical conductor which is charged to a potential of 2-4 kV relative to the detector. Positive charged progeny decayed from 222Rn and 220Rn are driven by the electric field towards the detector. When a progeny atom reaches the detector and subsequently decays and emits an alpha particle , the alpha particle has a 50% probability of being detected by the detector. As a result an electrical signal is generated with the strength being proportional to the alpha energy. RAD7 will then amplify and sort the signals according to their energies. The RAD7 spectrum is a scale of alpha energies from 0 to 10 MeV, which is divided into 200 channels each of 0.05 MeV width.

183. RAD7 Alpha Energy Spectrum The alpha energies associated with 222 Rn and 220 Rn are in the range of 6-9 MeV. The channels related to them are grouped in 4 energy windows (labeled as A-D) 6.00 MeV Alpha from 218 Po (t 1/2 = 3 min) 6.78 MeV Alpha from 216 Po (t 1/2 = 0.15 s) 7.69 MeV Alpha from 214 Po 8.78 MeV Alpha from 212 Po

186. RADH2O System The technique consists in bubbling air directly into water The internal air pump of the RAD7 circulates the air at a flow rate of about 1L/min through the water and continuously extracts the radon The radon from the water sample circulates through the desiccant column, then through the RAD7’s chamber, and then back to water sample until an equilibrium between radon in water and in air is reached The RADH2O system reaches this state of equilibrium within 5 minutes After the radon air-water equilibrium is obtained, the radon activity concentration in the air loop is measured by counting alpha particles emitted by radon daughters in the chamber

189. Comparison Measurements Comparison measurements (21/11/09) C water = 7.5 ± 0.9 Bq/L (RADH2O) C air = 23000 ± 600 Bq/m 3 (Water Probe) K w = 0.312 -> C water = K w · C air = 7.2 ± 0.5 Bq/L (D. Guadagnuolo, PhD Thesis in Physics, 2009)

190. Localization of the Bussento river basin

191. Bussento River Basin and Policastro Gulf

195. The Middle Bussento Segment, comprising the WWF Oasis reach, is located in the Morigerati gorge, a typical epigenetic valley, along which groundwater inflows from epikarst springs, conduit springs and cave springs, supply a perennial streamflow in a step-and-pool river type. The Middle-Lower Bussento Segment is located more downstream. It comprises the Sicilì Bridge Reference reach, a plane bed river slightly entrenched in alluvial terrace and bedrock.

198. Middle Bussento Segment

199. Middle-Lower Bussento Segment

204. Comparison with the Flood

205. Seasonal Variation

206. WWF Oasis Reference Reach

211. Stagnant Film Model Sicilì Bridge WWF Oasis

213. Gas Exchange Analysis

215. Karst Springs Analysis

216. Karst Springs Analysis

217. SGD

218. SGD “Vuddu”, Villammare, Policastro, Cilento (> 5mc/s)

228. Karst groundwater is extremely susceptible to pollution… Urban pollution of groundwater: sewage, pavement runoff containing petrochemicals, trash, domestic and industrial chemicals Rural pollution of groundwater: sewage, fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, dead livestock, and trash

229. Contaminants associated with agricultural activities, such as nitrates, bacteria from livestock waste, and pesticides, are common in karst groundwater. Also, contaminants associated with urban runoff, such as lead, chromium, oil and grease, and bacteria from pet-animal wastes may be a threat to people using karst water supplies and to aquatic cave life.

230. Karst landscape: a very complex network for groundwater From: USGS (2002) Exploring Caves, Washington, D.C., pp. 61.

231. Karst aquifers and contamination © 2002, Nick Crawford Center for Cave and Karst Studies

237. SGDCILERAD “ Submarine Groundwater Discharge assessment on the interregional coastal areas of Cilento, southern Italy, with measurements of natural isotopic tracers like 222-Radon”

238. Our Project is funded by: Regional Water Authority – Autorità di Bacino in Sinistra Sele National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano CONSAC – Consorzio Acquedotto del Cilento Provincia di Salerno – Assessorato all’Ambiente University of Salerno Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare

249. C.U.G.RI. ____________________________________________________ C.U.G.RI. Centro Universitario per la Previsione e Prevenzione dei Grandi Rischi University Centre for the Prediction and Prevention of Large Hazards Prof. Eugenio Pugliese Carratelli Director Barcellona 2009 www.cugri.unisa.it

250. C.U.G.RI. is a Consortium between the University “Federico II” of Naples and the University of Salerno. It was established in 1993 by the Italian National Law Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II” Università degli Studi di Salerno

251. Goals and operation CUGRI acts as a front end for the two founding Universities in the fields of the prediction and prevention of large hazards, natural and industrial. It works – mostly – under contracts from public bodies and private companies, by carrying out applied research , consultancy and field monitoring activities It also operates with its own funds (Italian Ministry of Research) to perform basic research . All the staff from the two Universities can operate within CUGRI But it also operates in association with Private Companies , other Universities , and other Scientific Institutions

256. Management of the hydrogeologic emergency in the City of Naples Technical and scientific support to the analysis of the hydrogeologic hazard and to the definition of a strategy for hazard mitigation. HYDRAULICS, SOIL MECHANICS ____________________________________________________

257. Outline of the Geografic Information System for Liri-Garigliano and Volturno River Catchments, in the hydraulic and geological hazard mitigation field HYDRAULICS, GEOLOGY, SOIL MECHANICS ____________________________________________________

258. REGIONE PIEMONTE Hydrological studies for the hydro-meteorological flood risk assessment Priola 05 November 1994 Pictures from the flooding of Alta Valle Tanaro e surroundings HYDRAULICS, HYDROLOGY ____________________________________________________

259. HYDRAULICS ____________________________________________________ ITALIAN NATIONAL DAM MONITORING AND REGULATING AUTHORITY Dipartimento dei Servizi Tecnici Nazionali Evaluation of the studies about artificial flood waves produced by dam gates operation or by dam break events Breached dam during the Oder flood in 1998. View looking downstream, through the breached dam section.

260. Provincia Salerno HYDRAULICS, GEOLOGY, SOIL MECHANICS ____________________________________________________ Scientific support in the development of the Risk Prevention Plan

261. European Project HYDRAULICS ____________________________________________________

262. A special thought to a very special friend and colleague Sandro Pietrofaccia that recently left us and whose human and professional virtues will be forever a very important example and reference

263. Having fun with scientific research Working very hard on the field

265. Macroscopic World Tens of meters/meters Tens of cm / centimeters (10 -2 m) millimeters (10 -3 m) Objects from everyday’s life Measuring tools:

266. Microscopic World 10 micrometers (1  m = 10 -6 m) 100 nanometers (1 nm = 10 -9 m) cromosomes microelectronical circuits Cells Measuring tools:

267. Angstrom (1 Å = 10 -10 m) 1  10 Fermis (1 F = 10 -15 m) < 10 -18 m Atomic and Subatomic World Atom Nucleus Proton (1.7 x 10 -27 kg) Neutron Quark “ up” Quark “ down” Electrons (m= 9 x 10 -31 kg, q = - 1.6 x 10 -19 C) measuring tools: 1 F

268. Earth Sun (eclipse) spiral galaxy Cluster of galaxies “ Bubbles” of galaxies 10 7 m 10 9 m the Milky Way Our Galaxy 10 20 m 1 light-year = 10 16 m = 10000 billions of km 10 23 m 10 25 m Macrocosm measuring tools

272. The approach 1) Produce beams of accelerated particles p article accelerators

275. The approach 4) Analyze all the informations collected

276. Why do we need particle accelerators so large?

278. Why do we need High Energies?

281. New forms of matter produced in high energy collisions E = Mc 2 (c = velocity of light in the vacuum = 300.000 km/s) A spoon filled with water contains a quantity of matter equivalent to the amount of energy needed to power an apartment for 5 kyears.

283. - 1 0 5.1 x 10 -4 < 2 x 10 -8 Electron Neutrino e Electron  e LEPTONS Name Mass (GeV/c 2 ) Charge - 1 0 0.106 < 3 x 10 -4 Muon Neutrino  Muon   - 1 0 1.784 4 x 10 -2 Tau Neutrino  Tau   QUARKS Name Mass (GeV/c 2 ) Charge + 2/3 - 1/3 4 x 10 -3 7 x 10 -3 Up Down u d + 2/3 - 1/3 1.5 0.15 Strange c Charm s + 2/3 - 1/3 175 4 .7 Bottom t Top b F A M I L Y I II III

284. Relative strength 20 1 10 -38 10 -7 Strong interaction responsible for the build-up of the nucleus EM inteaction responsible for the stability of the atom Weak interaction responsible of radioactive decays Gravitational interaction responsible of the stability of the solar system The 4 fundamental interactions

285. Particle Interaction mediated by the exchange of other particles? A pictorial view ... The exchange of the ball « generates » a repulsive force

286. W+, W-, Z° g ??? Gravity Weak EM Strong Interactions Messengers (interaction quanta) INTERMEDIATING BOSONS Name Mass (GeV/c 2 ) Charge 0 0 0 91.19 Z  Photon Z + 1 80.6 W + 0 0 Gluon g - 1 80.6 W - W + W -

288. fixed target Energy+0 Center of mass energy =  2m•Energy p p

289. Energy+Energy c.m. Energy = 2•Energy Collider p p

290. DESY e - p (  300 Gev)

291. LEP : Large Electron Positron collider (1989-2000) LHC: Large Hadron Collider (2007-2020) 27 km CERN European Center for Particle Physics LEP/ LHC SPS CERN GINEVRA LEP/ LHC SPS CERN GENEVA

292. CERN LEP e + -e - (  200 Gev) LHC- 2007 pp (  16000 Gev) 27 Km

294. Bubble Chamber

295. + + + + + + Enable to determine particle trajectory and if used with a magnetic field measurement of its momentum is enabled too. Wire Chambers gas + -

296. Wire Chambers NB: the particle is not destroyed !!! Space resolution  0,05  0,1 mm gas In campo magnetico

297. Calorimeter NB: the particle is destroyed !! Energy transformed into fluorescence light Fe/Pb ... Fotomultiplier (PM) scintillator

298. The typical structure of a detector on colliders Fascio Tracciatore Muoni Calorimetro Tracciatore

300. ZEUS- Hamburg Particle Jet Electron after collision Electron (30 GeV) Proton (820 GeV) Calorimeter Tracker

301. neutrino

302. LHC Experiments ATLAS CMS Designed for high p T physics in p-p collisions ALICE Dedicated LHC Heavy Ion experiment Diameter ~ 9 km CERN LHC

303. ALICE Collaboration ~ 1000 Members (63% from CERN MS) ~30 Countries ~100 Institutes ~ 150 MCHF capital cost (+ ‘free’ magnet)

304. Heavy Ion Collision t = - 3 fm/c t = 0 hard collisions t = 1 fm/c pre-equilibrium t = 5 fm/c QGP t = 10 fm/c hadron gas t = 40 fm/c freeze-out

305. ALICE Set-up HMPID Muon Arm TRD PHOS PMD ITS TOF TPC Size : ~ 16 x 26 m 2 Weight : ~ 10,000 tons

307. Detector layout 1 TOF sectors is divided in 5 modules: 2 external (19 strips), 2 intermediate (19 strips), 1 central (15 strips) 91 strips/SuperModule 157248 pads total sensitive area: ~150 m 2 2 crates /side

308. MOUNTING MODULES ON THE ASSEMBLY BENCH

309. SMs installed in the pit waiting for next installation window 0 17 1 7 8

311. SMs installed in the pit

312. TOF SM: services, readout crates and cover as in real life Services TOF SM cover Readout crates

313. TOF SM: cooling support 8 ‘ traversi ’ (Al) 2 ‘ longheroni ’ (Al) real simulation

314. TOF digits: Pb-Pb event

315. TOF raw data: Pb-Pb event

316. TOF clusters: Pb-Pb event

317. TOF raw data: cosmic ray run 14493_236 (1)

318. TOF raw data: cosmic ray run 14493_236 (2)

319. TOF raw data: cosmic ray run 14493_236 (3)

322. April 2011J. Schukraft

323. CDS – NA 4 Luglio 2011 Gruppo Collegato di Salerno ALICE Status ALICE Detector Status Complete since 2008 : ITS, TPC TOF, HMPID, FMD, T0, ZDC, PMD, ACORDE, MuonArm, DAQ Installation 2010 : 4/10 EMCAL 7/18 TRD 3/5 PHOS ~60% HLT Installation 2011 : 10/10 EMCAL 10/18 TRD (to be completed end 2011) HMPID EMCAL PHOS ITS TPC TRD TOF L3 Magnet

326. Having fun with scientific research … and working very hard on the field!!!! Thank you so much for your patience and good luck for your life!!