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CRANIAL
NERVES

         By
  Sriloy Mohanty
      B.N.Y.S
     S-VYASA
INTRODUCTION
   There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves in our body
   These are called as cranial nerve because the
    originated directly from the brain; inside the cranium
   There names are
          Olfactory nerve        oVestibulocochlear nerve
                                  oGlossopharangial nerve
          Optic nerve
                                  oVagus nerve
          Oculomotor nerve       oAccessory nerve
          Trochlear nerve        oHypoglossal nerve
          Trigeminal nerve
          Abducens nerve
          Facial nerve
SUMMARY OF FUNCTION
 OF CRANIAL NERVES
CRANIAL NERVE I:
          OLFACTORY
   Arises from the olfactory epithelium
   Passes through the cribriform plate of the
    ethmoid bone
   Fibers run through the olfactory bulb and
    terminate in the primary olfactory cortex
   Functions solely by carrying afferent impulses for
    the sense of smell
CRANIAL NERVE I:
  OLFACTORY
CRANIAL NERVE II: OPTIC
 Arises from the retina of the eye
 Optic nerves pass through the optic canals
  and converge at the optic chiasm
 They continue to the thalamus where they
  synapse
 From there, the optic radiation fibers run
  to the visual cortex
 Functions solely by carrying afferent
  impulses for vision
CRANIAL NERVE II: OPTIC
CRANIAL NERVE III:
        OCULOMOTOR
 Fibers  extend from the ventral midbrain,
  pass through the superior orbital fissure,
  and go to the extrinsic eye muscles
 Functions in raising the eyelid, directing
  the eyeball, constricting the iris, and
  controlling lens shape
 The latter 2 functions are
  parasympathetically controlled
 Parasympathetic cell bodies are in the
  ciliary ganglia
CRANIAL NERVE III:
  OCULOMOTOR
Cranial nerves
CRANIAL NERVE IV:
              TROCHLEAR

   Fibers emerge from the dorsal midbrain and
    enter the orbits via the superior orbital fissures;
    innervate the superior oblique muscle
   Primarily a motor nerve that directs the eyeball
CRANIAL NERVE IV:
   TROCHLEAR
CRANIAL NERVE V:
               TRIGEMINAL
   Composed of three divisions
     Ophthalmic (V1)
     Maxillary (V2)
     Mandibular (V3)
   Fibers run from the face to the pons via the superior
    orbital fissure (V1), the foramen rotundum (V2), and the
    foramen ovale (V3)
   Conveys sensory impulses from various areas of the face
    (V1) and (V2), and supplies motor fibers (V3) for mastication
    Tic douloureux or trigeminal neuralgia
      - Most excruciating pain known (?)
      - Caused by inflammation of nerve
      - In severe cases, nerve is cut; relieves agony but results in loss
          of sensation on that side of the face
CRANIAL NERVE V:
  TRIGEMINAL
CRANIAL NERVE VI:
             ABDUCENS
 Fibers leave the inferior pons and enter the orbit via the
  superior orbital fissure
 Primarily a motor nerve innervating the lateral rectus
  muscle (abducts the eye; thus the name abducens)
CRANIAL NERVE VII:
              FACIAL
   Fibers leave the pons, travel through the internal
    acoustic meatus, and emerge through the stylomastoid
    foramen to the lateral aspect of the face
   Motor functions include;
      Facial expression
      Transmittal of parasympathetic impulses to lacrimal
       and salivary glands (submandibular and sublingual
       glands)
   Sensory function is taste from taste buds of anterior
    two-thirds of the tongue
CRANIAL NERVE VII:
     FACIAL
FACIAL NERVE (CN VII)
    Bell’s palsy: paralysis of facial muscles on affected side and
    loss of taste sensation
    Caused by herpes simplex I virus
    Lower eyelid droops
    Corner of mouth sags
    Tears drip continuously and eye cannot be completely closed
     (dry eye may occur)
    Condition my disappear spontaneously without treatment
CRANIAL NERVE VIII:
   VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR
 Fibers arise from the hearing and
  equilibrium apparatus of the inner ear,
  pass through the internal acoustic
  meatus, and enter the brainstem at the
  pons-medulla border
 Two divisions – cochlear (hearing) and
  vestibular (balance)
 Functions are solely sensory – equilibrium
  and hearing
CRANIAL NERVE VIII:
VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR
CRANIAL NERVE IX:
      GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL
 Fibers emerge from the medulla, leave the
  skull via the jugular foramen, and run to
  the throat
 Nerve IX is a mixed nerve with motor and
  sensory functions
 Motor – innervates part of the tongue and
  pharynx, and provides motor fibers to the
  parotid salivary gland
 Sensory – fibers conduct taste and general
  sensory impulses from the tongue and
  pharynx
CRANIAL NERVE IX:
GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL
CRANIAL NERVE X: VAGUS
 The  only cranial nerve that extends beyond the
  head and neck
 Fibers emerge from the medulla via the
  jugular foramen
 The vagus is a mixed nerve
 Most motor fibers are parasympathetic fibers
  to the heart, lungs, and visceral organs
 Its sensory function is in taste
 Paralysis leads to hoarseness
 Total destruction incompatible with life
CRANIAL NERVE X: VAGUS
CRANIAL NERVE XI:
            ACCESSORY
 Formed  from a cranial root emerging from
  the medulla and a spinal root arising from
  the superior region of the spinal cord
 The spinal root passes upward into the
  cranium via the foramen magnum
 The accessory nerve leaves the cranium via
  the jugular foramen
 Primarily a motor nerve
   Supplies   fibers to the larynx, pharynx, and soft
    palate
   Innervates the trapezius and
    sternocleidomastoid, which move the head and
    neck
CRANIAL NERVE XI:
   ACCESSORY
CRANIAL NERVE XII:
              HYPOGLOSSAL

 Fibers arise from the medulla and exit the skull via
  the hypoglossal canal
 Innervates both extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of
  the tongue, which contribute to swallowing and
  speech
    If damaged, difficulties in speech and
    swallowing; inability to protrude tongue
CRANIAL NERVE XII:
  HYPOGLOSSAL
THANK
 YOU

Love all, serve all

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Cranial nerves

  • 1. CRANIAL NERVES By Sriloy Mohanty B.N.Y.S S-VYASA
  • 2. INTRODUCTION  There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves in our body  These are called as cranial nerve because the originated directly from the brain; inside the cranium  There names are  Olfactory nerve oVestibulocochlear nerve oGlossopharangial nerve  Optic nerve oVagus nerve  Oculomotor nerve oAccessory nerve  Trochlear nerve oHypoglossal nerve  Trigeminal nerve  Abducens nerve  Facial nerve
  • 3. SUMMARY OF FUNCTION OF CRANIAL NERVES
  • 4. CRANIAL NERVE I: OLFACTORY  Arises from the olfactory epithelium  Passes through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone  Fibers run through the olfactory bulb and terminate in the primary olfactory cortex  Functions solely by carrying afferent impulses for the sense of smell
  • 5. CRANIAL NERVE I: OLFACTORY
  • 6. CRANIAL NERVE II: OPTIC  Arises from the retina of the eye  Optic nerves pass through the optic canals and converge at the optic chiasm  They continue to the thalamus where they synapse  From there, the optic radiation fibers run to the visual cortex  Functions solely by carrying afferent impulses for vision
  • 8. CRANIAL NERVE III: OCULOMOTOR  Fibers extend from the ventral midbrain, pass through the superior orbital fissure, and go to the extrinsic eye muscles  Functions in raising the eyelid, directing the eyeball, constricting the iris, and controlling lens shape  The latter 2 functions are parasympathetically controlled  Parasympathetic cell bodies are in the ciliary ganglia
  • 9. CRANIAL NERVE III: OCULOMOTOR
  • 11. CRANIAL NERVE IV: TROCHLEAR  Fibers emerge from the dorsal midbrain and enter the orbits via the superior orbital fissures; innervate the superior oblique muscle  Primarily a motor nerve that directs the eyeball
  • 12. CRANIAL NERVE IV: TROCHLEAR
  • 13. CRANIAL NERVE V: TRIGEMINAL  Composed of three divisions  Ophthalmic (V1)  Maxillary (V2)  Mandibular (V3)  Fibers run from the face to the pons via the superior orbital fissure (V1), the foramen rotundum (V2), and the foramen ovale (V3)  Conveys sensory impulses from various areas of the face (V1) and (V2), and supplies motor fibers (V3) for mastication  Tic douloureux or trigeminal neuralgia - Most excruciating pain known (?) - Caused by inflammation of nerve - In severe cases, nerve is cut; relieves agony but results in loss of sensation on that side of the face
  • 14. CRANIAL NERVE V: TRIGEMINAL
  • 15. CRANIAL NERVE VI: ABDUCENS  Fibers leave the inferior pons and enter the orbit via the superior orbital fissure  Primarily a motor nerve innervating the lateral rectus muscle (abducts the eye; thus the name abducens)
  • 16. CRANIAL NERVE VII: FACIAL  Fibers leave the pons, travel through the internal acoustic meatus, and emerge through the stylomastoid foramen to the lateral aspect of the face  Motor functions include;  Facial expression  Transmittal of parasympathetic impulses to lacrimal and salivary glands (submandibular and sublingual glands)  Sensory function is taste from taste buds of anterior two-thirds of the tongue
  • 18. FACIAL NERVE (CN VII)  Bell’s palsy: paralysis of facial muscles on affected side and  loss of taste sensation  Caused by herpes simplex I virus  Lower eyelid droops  Corner of mouth sags  Tears drip continuously and eye cannot be completely closed  (dry eye may occur)  Condition my disappear spontaneously without treatment
  • 19. CRANIAL NERVE VIII: VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR  Fibers arise from the hearing and equilibrium apparatus of the inner ear, pass through the internal acoustic meatus, and enter the brainstem at the pons-medulla border  Two divisions – cochlear (hearing) and vestibular (balance)  Functions are solely sensory – equilibrium and hearing
  • 21. CRANIAL NERVE IX: GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL  Fibers emerge from the medulla, leave the skull via the jugular foramen, and run to the throat  Nerve IX is a mixed nerve with motor and sensory functions  Motor – innervates part of the tongue and pharynx, and provides motor fibers to the parotid salivary gland  Sensory – fibers conduct taste and general sensory impulses from the tongue and pharynx
  • 23. CRANIAL NERVE X: VAGUS  The only cranial nerve that extends beyond the head and neck  Fibers emerge from the medulla via the jugular foramen  The vagus is a mixed nerve  Most motor fibers are parasympathetic fibers to the heart, lungs, and visceral organs  Its sensory function is in taste  Paralysis leads to hoarseness  Total destruction incompatible with life
  • 25. CRANIAL NERVE XI: ACCESSORY  Formed from a cranial root emerging from the medulla and a spinal root arising from the superior region of the spinal cord  The spinal root passes upward into the cranium via the foramen magnum  The accessory nerve leaves the cranium via the jugular foramen  Primarily a motor nerve  Supplies fibers to the larynx, pharynx, and soft palate  Innervates the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid, which move the head and neck
  • 26. CRANIAL NERVE XI: ACCESSORY
  • 27. CRANIAL NERVE XII: HYPOGLOSSAL  Fibers arise from the medulla and exit the skull via the hypoglossal canal  Innervates both extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue, which contribute to swallowing and speech  If damaged, difficulties in speech and swallowing; inability to protrude tongue
  • 28. CRANIAL NERVE XII: HYPOGLOSSAL
  • 29. THANK YOU Love all, serve all