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Presented to: Sir Nazir Malik Presented by: Sunila Aslam Nazish Shakeel Ayesha Afzal Sunbal Javaid Durr-e-Nayab Sadaf Mahreen
GRICE’S THEORY Slide
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Slide
What is Cooperation? ,[object Object],Slide
Cooperation  ,[object Object],Slide
The Cooperative Principle  ,[object Object],Slide
Cooperative Principle ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Slide
[object Object],[object Object],Slide
Cooperative principle and its four maxims ,[object Object],Slide
Conversational maxims Slide
Maxims of Speech ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Maxim of Quality
Definition ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Slide  H.P. Grice
Basic Idea ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Slide
Example 1 Slide  Jim, do you know where the Big Ben Clock Tower is ? It’s in London. One finds this normal. Why? Because the Maxim is observed ,[object Object],[object Object]
Example 2 Slide  Jenny, how do you like this novel? Oh, I like the red cover.  Because the Maxim is violated. Jenny says something that evidently she does not believe in  (i.e. she told a lie). Why do we find Jenny’s reply strange?
Example 2 Slide  The cover is clearly not red, and Jenny’s response is not what one would expect when deciding if one likes a novel. Deliberate and apparent violation of maxims is called  “flouting” . We do not expect the Maxim to be violated. Flouting must be motivated. Oh, I like its red cover.  Jenny, how do you like this novel?
Example 2 Oh, I like its red cover.  Jenny, how do you like this novel? Inferences obtained from flouting of maxims are called  implicatures . Jenny may be implicating that there is nothing about the novel that she likes, not even the cover. Note: Implicatures do not have to be necessarily true, since the inferences are guessed at rather than derived by formal logic. Slide
Maxim of Quantity
Definition ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Slide  H.P. Grice
Basic Idea ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Slide
Example 1 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Slide  Do you have the time? Yes, it’s 9:30. One finds this normal. Why? Because the Maxim is observed
Example 2 Slide  Liz, can I have John’s number?   Yes . Despite her positive answer, we find Liz’s behavior weird. Why? Because the Maxim is violated. Less information  is provided than is required.
Flouting a Maxim Slide  Liz, can I have John’s number?   Yes . In a case such as this, one might infer that Liz doesn’t have the number with her and will supply it later. Because we do not expect the Maxim to be violated, the apparent violation must be motivated. WHY? Deliberate and apparent violation of maxims is called  “flouting” .
Implicatures Liz, can I have John’s number?   Yes . Inferences obtained from flouting of maxims are called  implicatures . ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Note: Implicatures do not have to be necessarily true, since the inferences are guessed at rather than derived by formal logic.
Maxim of Relation/Relevance
Definition ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Slide  H.P. Grice
Basic Idea ,[object Object],[object Object],Slide
Example 1 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Slide  Medium rare, please. How do you like your steak cooked? Because the Maxim is observed One finds this normal. Why?
Example 2 Slide  Daniel, is Morgan good as a finance manager? He is a polite man and works on time . We find Daniel’s behavior weird. Why? Because the Maxim is violated. Daniel’s contribution is  irrelevant  for the purpose of the conversation.
Example 2 Slide  He is a polite man and works on time. In this case, one might infer Morgan is not a good finance manager. Because we do not expect the Maxim to be violated, the apparent violation must be motivated. Deliberate and apparent violation of maxims is called  “flouting” . WHY? Daniel, is Morgan good as a finance manager?
Example 2 Slide  Inferences obtained from flouting of maxims are called  implicatures . ,[object Object],[object Object],Note: Implicatures do not have to be necessarily true, since the inferences are guessed at rather than derived by formal logic. He is a polite man and works on time . Daniel, is Morgan good as a finance manager?
Reasons for Violation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Slide
Reasons for Violation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Slide
Maxim of Manner
Definition ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Slide  H.P. Grice
Example ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Slide
Basic Idea ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Slide
Example ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Slide
Example ,[object Object],[object Object],Slide
Example Slide  One finds this conversation normal. Why? Because the Maxim is observed Laura jumped and ran to the pier. What did Laura do when she heard that Lauri’s boat had arrived?
Example Slide  One finds this bewildering. Why? Because the Maxim is violated. What did Laura do when she heard that Lauri’s boat had arrived? Laura ran to the pier and jumped .
Example ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Slide
Violation Slide  What did Laura do when she heard that Lauri’s boat had arrived? Laura ran to the pier and jumped. Deliberate and apparent violation of maxims is called  “flouting” . We do not expect the Maxim to be violated. Flouting must be motivated. Inferences obtained from flouting of maxims are called  implicatures . The woman in red may be implicating that Lauri is Laura’s nemesis.
Scope of Manner ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Slide
Criticism Slide
Conversational implicature ,[object Object],[object Object],Slide
Example: Wife: I hope you brought the bread and the cheese. Husband : Ah, I brought the bread. ,[object Object],Slide
[object Object],[object Object],Slide
Conversational implicatures ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Slide
According to Grice, conversational implicatures can arise from either strictly and directly observing or deliberately and openly flouting the maxims, that is, speakers can produce implicatures in two ways: observance and non-observance of the maxims.  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Slide
(2) He is a tiger. ,[object Object],Slide
Particularized conversational implicatures ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Slide
Bert: Do vegetarians eat hamburger? Ernie: Do chickens have lips? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Slide
Scalar implicature ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Slide
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Slide
[object Object],Slide
Conventional implicatures ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Slide
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Slide
The End

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Cooperative principle.

  • 2. Presented to: Sir Nazir Malik Presented by: Sunila Aslam Nazish Shakeel Ayesha Afzal Sunbal Javaid Durr-e-Nayab Sadaf Mahreen
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 12.
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 17. Example 2 Slide Jenny, how do you like this novel? Oh, I like the red cover. Because the Maxim is violated. Jenny says something that evidently she does not believe in (i.e. she told a lie). Why do we find Jenny’s reply strange?
  • 18. Example 2 Slide The cover is clearly not red, and Jenny’s response is not what one would expect when deciding if one likes a novel. Deliberate and apparent violation of maxims is called “flouting” . We do not expect the Maxim to be violated. Flouting must be motivated. Oh, I like its red cover. Jenny, how do you like this novel?
  • 19. Example 2 Oh, I like its red cover. Jenny, how do you like this novel? Inferences obtained from flouting of maxims are called implicatures . Jenny may be implicating that there is nothing about the novel that she likes, not even the cover. Note: Implicatures do not have to be necessarily true, since the inferences are guessed at rather than derived by formal logic. Slide
  • 21.
  • 22.
  • 23.
  • 24. Example 2 Slide Liz, can I have John’s number? Yes . Despite her positive answer, we find Liz’s behavior weird. Why? Because the Maxim is violated. Less information is provided than is required.
  • 25. Flouting a Maxim Slide Liz, can I have John’s number? Yes . In a case such as this, one might infer that Liz doesn’t have the number with her and will supply it later. Because we do not expect the Maxim to be violated, the apparent violation must be motivated. WHY? Deliberate and apparent violation of maxims is called “flouting” .
  • 26.
  • 28.
  • 29.
  • 30.
  • 31. Example 2 Slide Daniel, is Morgan good as a finance manager? He is a polite man and works on time . We find Daniel’s behavior weird. Why? Because the Maxim is violated. Daniel’s contribution is irrelevant for the purpose of the conversation.
  • 32. Example 2 Slide He is a polite man and works on time. In this case, one might infer Morgan is not a good finance manager. Because we do not expect the Maxim to be violated, the apparent violation must be motivated. Deliberate and apparent violation of maxims is called “flouting” . WHY? Daniel, is Morgan good as a finance manager?
  • 33.
  • 34.
  • 35.
  • 37.
  • 38.
  • 39.
  • 40.
  • 41.
  • 42. Example Slide One finds this conversation normal. Why? Because the Maxim is observed Laura jumped and ran to the pier. What did Laura do when she heard that Lauri’s boat had arrived?
  • 43. Example Slide One finds this bewildering. Why? Because the Maxim is violated. What did Laura do when she heard that Lauri’s boat had arrived? Laura ran to the pier and jumped .
  • 44.
  • 45. Violation Slide What did Laura do when she heard that Lauri’s boat had arrived? Laura ran to the pier and jumped. Deliberate and apparent violation of maxims is called “flouting” . We do not expect the Maxim to be violated. Flouting must be motivated. Inferences obtained from flouting of maxims are called implicatures . The woman in red may be implicating that Lauri is Laura’s nemesis.
  • 46.
  • 48.
  • 49.
  • 50.
  • 51.
  • 52.
  • 53.
  • 54.
  • 55.
  • 56.
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  • 60.