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1. Organic Chemistry
Topic 10.1.1 – 10.1.8
HONC
1 2 3 4 bonds

2. What is organic chemistry?
• study of carbon, the compounds it makes, and
the reactions it undergoes
• over 16 million carbon-containing compounds
are known
• because the C-C single bond (348 kJ mol-1) and
the C-H bond (412 kJ mol-1) are strong, carbon
compounds are stable
• carbon can form chains and rings

3. Homologous series/compounds (10.1.1)
• related compounds that have the same
functional group (groups of atoms found within
molecules that are involved in the chemical reactions
characteristic of those molecules)

5. • differ from each other by a CH2 unit
• can be represented by a general formula
– examples:
• CnH2n+2 (alkanes) or CnH2n (alkenes) or…

7. • have similar chemical properties
• have physical properties that vary in a
regular manner as the number of
carbon atoms increases
– Example: the alkanes

9. Trends in boiling points of members of a
homologous series (10.1.2)
• melting point and
boiling point increase
with more carbon
atoms
• Why?
– intermolecular
forces increase
– adding a CH2 adds
more electrons
• this increases the Van
der Waal’s forces
Alkane Formula Boiling
Pt./oC
methane CH4 -162.0
ethane C2H6 -88.6
propane C3H8 -42.2
butane C4H10 -0.5

11. Empirical, molecular & structural formulas (10.1.3)

12. • empirical formula
– simplest ratio of
atoms in a
molecule
• molecular formula
– actual numbers
of atoms in a
molecule
Empirical
Formula
Molecular
Formula
CH4 CH4
CH3 C2H6
CH2O C6H12O6
CH2 C4H8
CH2 C8H16

13. structural formula
• unambiguously shows how the atoms are
bonded together
• can use condensed structural formulas
– bonds are omitted, repeated groups put
together, side chains put in brackets
• CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
–or even CH3(CH2)4CH3
• CH3CH(CH3)CH3

14. condensed

15. skeletal formula
– not accepted in the IB for answers but often
used in questions
– every “corner” represents a carbon
– hydrogens are implied

16. Isomers (10.1.4)
• (structural) isomers: compounds with the
same molecular formula but different structure
(arrangement of atoms)

17. • different isomers are completely different
compounds
• have different physical properties such as
melting point and boiling point

18. Structural
Formulas
for C4H10O
Isomers

19. • hydrocarbon chains where all the bonds between
carbons are SINGLE bonds
• CnH2n+2
• draw out and write the structural formulas for
all isomers that can be formed by:
– CH4
– C2H6
– C3H8
– C4H10
– C5H12
– C6H14
Richard Thornley 10.1.5
2:54
Structural formulas for the isomers of non-
cyclic alkanes up to C6 (10.1.5)
Alkanes

20. 1. Richard Thornley 3:35
2. Determine the longest carbon chain
– Use the prefix to denote the number carbons
Naming the isomers (IUPAC) of non-cyclic
alkanes up to C6 (10.1.6)
1 Meth-
2 Eth-
3 Prop-
4 But-
5 Pent-
6 Hex-
Monkeys
Eat
Peeled
Bananas

21. 3. use the suffix “-ane” to indicate that the substance
is an alkane
4. number the carbons in the chain consecutively,
starting at the end closest to a substituent
(groups attached to the main chain/most busy
end)

22. 5. name and number the location of each
substituent
– the name of the substituent will be written before the main
chain and will end with “–yl” (or just memorize the below)
• CH3 is methyl
• C2H5 is ethyl
• C3H7 is propyl
And with 2 or more side chains:
5. use prefixes di-, tri-, tetra-, to indicate when
there are multiple side chains of the same type
6. use commas to separate numbers and hyphens
to separate numbers or letters.
7. name the side chains in alphabetical order

23. • How about C5H12? The isomers are:
Pentane 2-methyl-butane 2,2-dimethyl propane

24. Nomenclature Practice
C
H3 CH3
CH3
C
H3
Cl
Name this compound
Step #1: For a branched hydrocarbon, the longest
continuous chain of carbon atoms gives the root name
for the hydrocarbon
1
5
2 4
3
9
6
8
7
9 carbons = nonane

25. Nomenclature Practice
Name this compound
C
H3 CH3
CH3
C
H3
Cl
1
5
2 4
3
9
6
8
7
9 carbons = nonane
Step #2: When alkane groups appear as substituents, they are named
by dropping the -ane and adding -yl.
CH3 = methyl
chlorine = chloro

26. Nomenclature Practice
Name this compound
C
H3 CH3
CH3
C
H3
Cl
1
5
2 4
3
9
6
8
7
9 carbons = nonane
CH3 = methyl
chlorine = chloro
Step #3: The positions of substituent groups are
specified by numbering the longest chain of carbon
atoms sequentially, starting at the end closest to the
branching.
1 9 NOT 9 1

27. Nomenclature Practice
Name this compound
C
H3 CH3
CH3
C
H3
Cl
1
5
2 4
3
9
6
8
7
9 carbons = nonane
CH3 = methyl
chlorine = chloro
Step #4: The location and name of each substituent are
followed by the root alkane name. The substituents are
listed in alphabetical order (irrespective of any prefix),
and the prefixes di-, tri-, etc. are used to indicate
multiple identical substituents.
2-chloro-3,6-dimethylnonane

28. Structural formulas for the isomers of the straight
chain alkenes up to C6 (10.1.7)
• alkenes have a double bond between two or more of
the carbons
• CnH2n
• draw out and write the structural formulas for all isomers
that can be formed by each
– C2H4
– C3H6
– C4H8
– C5H10
– C6H12
Alkenes
Richard Thornley 10.1.7 (1:37)

29. 1. suffix changes to “-ene”
2. when there are 4 or more carbon atoms in a
chain, the location of the double bond is
indicated by a number
3. begin counting the carbons closest to the
end with the C=C bond
– numbering the location of the double
bond(s) takes precedence over the location
of any substituents
1-butene 2-butene
but-1-ene but-2-ene
Naming the isomers (IUPAC) of straight chain
alkenes up to C6 (10.1.8)

30. ene
Naming Practice!!!
CH3 CH2 C
CH2
CH2 C
CH2
CH3
CH3
CH3
choose the correct ending

31. ene
determine the longest carbon chain with
the double bond
CH3 CH2 C
CH2
CH2 C
CH2
CH3
CH3
CH3

32. assign numbers to each carbon
CH3 CH2 C
CH2
CH2 C
CH2
CH3
CH3
CH3
ene

33. assign numbers to each carbon
CH3 CH2 C
2
CH2
1
CH2
3
C
4
CH2
5
CH3
CH3
CH3
6
CH3 CH2 C
CH2
CH2 C
CH2
CH3
CH3
CH3
ene

34. 1-hexene
ene
attach prefix (according to # of carbons)
CH3 CH2 C
2
CH2
1
CH2
3
C
4
CH2
5
CH3
CH3
CH3
6
CH3 CH2 C
CH2
CH2 C
CH2
CH3
CH3
CH3

35. CH3 CH2 C
2
CH2
1
CH2
3
C
4
CH2
5
CH3
CH3
CH3
6
determine name for side chains
CH3 CH2 C
CH2
CH2 C
CH2
CH3
CH3
CH3
1-hexene
1-hexene
ethyl
methyl
methyl

36. CH3 CH2 C
CH2
CH2 C
CH2
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3 CH2 C
2
CH2
1
CH2
3
C
4
CH2
5
CH3
CH3
CH3
6
2-ethyl-4-methyl-4-methyl-1-hexene
ethyl
methyl
methyl
attach name of branches alphabetically

37. group similar branches
CH3 CH2 C
CH2
CH2 C
CH2
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3 CH2 C
2
CH2
1
CH2
3
C
4
CH2
5
CH3
CH3
CH3
6
2-ethyl-4-methyl-4-methyl-1-hexene
ethyl
methyl
methyl

38. group similar branches
CH3 CH2 C
CH2
CH2 C
CH2
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3 CH2 C
2
CH2
1
CH2
3
C
4
CH2
5
CH3
CH3
CH3
6
2-ethyl-4,4-dimethyl-1-hexene
or 2-ethyl-4,4-dimethyl hex-1-ene
ethyl
methyl
methyl

39. 2-butene
propene
CH3 CH CH2
CH3 CH CH CH3
CH3 CH CH C
CH3 CH3
CH3
2,4-dimethyl-2-pentene
2,4-dimethyl pent-2-tene

40. b) same
c) 4,5 dimethyl-2-hexene
a) 3,3-dimethyl-1-pentene
CH2 CH C CH2 CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3 C CH CH2
CH3
CH2 CH3
CH CH CH3
CH3
C
C
CH3
CH3