TAXONOMICAL CLASSIFICATION ,ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION OF MANGO , BANANA , PAPAYA AND CASHEWNUT

1. COURSE TITLE –Master’s Seminar
COURSE CODE – FSC 591
CREDIT HOURS – 1(0+1)
YEAR /SEMESTER – 1St Year/2nd Semester
PRESENTED TO PRESENTED BY
Dr. Prabhakar Singh Surabhi Sharma
Professor and Head M.Sc. Previous Year
Department of Fruit Science Id - 20220267
DEPARTMENT OF FRUIT SCIENCE
INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHWAVIDYALAYA, RAIPUR(C.G)
MASTER SEMINAR
ON
TAXONOMICAL CLASSIFICATION ,ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION
OF MANGO , BANANA , PAPAYA AND CASHEWNUT
1

2. 2
Introduction
Taxonomical classification ,Origin and Distribution
of-
Mango
Banana
Papaya
Cashewnut
Conclusion
References

3. •Science of identifying, describing, and classifying plant species based on
their (fruits) biological characteristics, such as morphology, anatomy,
genetics, and ecology.
INTRODUCTION
•To identify and organize the fruit crops based on their evolutionary
relationships and biological characteristics.
•To establish the similarities and differences in morphological characters
of plants.
3
Kingdom
Division
Class
Sub class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

4. Centre of Origin –
That location where the plant is considered to have first appeared.
The primary criteria in identifying a centre of origin is the presence of
wild relatives.
The geographical region where a
particular plant species first
originated and where it has
undergone over a long period of
time:
• Natural selection
•Genetic diversity
• Evolution
The regions where a species has
been introduced and subsequently
adapted to new environmental
conditions through:
• Human selection,
•Cultivation,
•Breeding.
CENTRE OF ORIGIN
Primary Centre Secondry Centre
4

5. N.I Vavilov,1935-1951 , proposed eight main centre of origin by analyzing the
pattern of variation for several characters for each species in different geographical
areas.
1.CHINA
Litchi, Sweet
Orange,Pea
ch,Apricot
2.a. INDIA
Mango,Citron,
Tamarind
2.b. INDO-
MALAYAN
Jamun,Cara
mbola,Walnu
t,Aonla,Bana
na
3.CENTRAL ASIA
Almond, Grape
4.ASIA MINOR
Apple,
Pomegranate
5. MEDITTERANEAN
Olive
6.ABYSSINIAN
Coffee
7. SOUTH MEXICO
Papaya, Sapota,
Avacado,Custard
Apple,
8.a. PERUVIAN
Guava
8 .b. CHILE
Strawberry 8.c.BRAZIL
Pineapple ,Cashew nut
5

6. 6
Geographic location
Environmental factors
Historical human migrations and trade
Cultivation and breeding
Market demand
Environmental Impact
Cultural Impact

7. 7

8. •Kingdom : Plantae
•Division : Magnoliophyta
•Class : Magnoliopsida
•Sub Class : Rosidae
•Order : Sapindales
•Family : Anacardiaceae
•Genus : Mangifera L.
•Species : Mangifera indica L.
8
Chromosome no. - 2n = 40

9. 9
Mangifera
pentandra
Mangifera similis Mangifera laurina
Mangifera andamaica Mangifera foetida Mangifera
odorata

10. 10
Indo – Burma region
A biogeographic region of Southeast Asia
that includes a wide range of diverse
habitats, including tropical rainforests,
mountain forests, grasslands, and
wetlands. The region encompasses parts
of northeastern India, Bangladesh,
Myanmar (Burma), Thailand, Laos,
Cambodia, Vietnam, and southern China.
Primary Centre of Origin – Indo Burma
Secondry Centre of Origin – Sunda island (Java , Sumatra
and Borneo)

11. 11
History Remarks
Mukherjee(1951) Occurrence of wild form of Mangifera
indica L. ,its allied species and
presence of numerous cultivated and
wild varieties in India, where some
major reasons in favour of origin as
Indo- Burma region.
Singh(1988) The Mango is one of the ancient fruits
cultivated in India is estimated to be
more then 4000 to 6000 year old.
According to -

12. 12
YEAR REMARKS
300 -400 AD The mango seeds traveled with humans
from Asia to the Middle East, East Africa
and South America
10th Century AD The Persians are said to have carried it
to East Africa
17th and 18th Centuary Introduced in Tropical America by
Spanish
1825 India introduced mango in Egypt.
1882 Mulgoa, cultivar was subsequently
introduced in Florida from India.
1929 India introduced Mango in Israel.
Yadav and Singh, 2017

13. 13
Country Production(millions of tonnes)
India 24.7
Indonesia 3.6
China 2.4
Mexico 2.4
Pakistan 2.3
Brazil 2.1
World 54.8
Mango Production and Distribution in World (2020)
FAOSTAT(2020)

14. Distribution of Mango in India
National Horticulture Board.2021-22
14
State Production(000 tonnes)
Uttar Pradesh 4807.83
Andhra Pradesh 4676.06
Karnataka 1745.57
Bihar 1649.97
Telangana 1157.73
Gujarat 997.83
West Bengal 889.69
Orissa 847.81
Tamil Nadu 639.64
Madhya Pradesh 526.23
Kerala 482.99
Chhattisgarh 463.21
Maharashtra 439.07
Jharkhand 408.24
Uttarakhand 150.67
Punjab 137.28
Haryana 114.41
Rajasthan 90.05
Assam 63.63
Tripura 52.37
Himachal Pradesh 40.61
Jammu and Kashmir 20.41
Mizoram 4.27
Nagaland 3.56
Manipur 0.69

15. Distribution of Mango in Major Districts of Chhattisgarh(2020-21)
District Area(‘000 ha) Production(‘000 MT)
Raigarh 8.427 40.768
Sarguja 6.635 63.039
Korba 5.852 24.531
Jashpur 5.067 49.099
Balrampur 4.120 27.563
Bilaspur 4.010 10.025
Raipur 1.028 5.142
15
Total Area - 76.126 thousand ha and Production – 459.141 thousand MT
Department of Horticulture and Farm Forestry(2020-21).Govt. of Chhattisgarh.

16. 16

17. Kingdom – Plantae
Division – Magnoliophyta
Class – Liliopsida
SubClass – Zingiberidae
Order – Zingiberales
Family – Musaceae
Genus – Musa L.
Species – Musa acuminata L.
17
Chromosome no – 2n =3x =33

18. 18
The Genus Musa is subdivided into 5 groups-
Genus Chromoso
me no.(2n)
Species Height(m) Inflorescenc
e
Distribution
Eumusa 22,33,44 13-15 3 Pendent Sri Lanka
Rhodochlamys 22 05-07 3 Erect India
Callimusa 20 06-10 ---- Erect Indonesia
Australimusa 20 05-07 ---- Erect North
Australia
Incertae Sedis ---- 07-08 10 ---- West Africa
N.M Nayar et.al,2010

19. 19
Genus Name of
Species
Uses
Eumusa M. acuminata
M.bulbisiana
M. paradisiaca
Fruit ,
vegetable and
Fibre
Rhodochlamys M.texitiles Fibre and
Ornamental
Australimusa M.maclayi
M.jackeyi
M.troglodytaru
m
Fruits and Fibre
Callimusa M.coccinea Ornamentals
M. Acuminata M. textilis
M.Jackeyi
M.coccinea

20. Simmonds and Shepherd (1955) suggested that genome nomenclature was
more appropriate for naming taxa and proposed that the generic name be
followed by a letter combination indicating the ploidy and the genome sets.
20 N.M Nayar et.al,2010
Genome Variety
AAA Dwarf Cavendish ,Harichal
,Lalkela , Gross Micheal ,
Grand Naine ,Giant Governer,
Robusta.
ABB Kanchkela, Bontha
AAB Marataman , Nendran
AB Ney Poovan , Kunnan
AA Matti , Anaikomban , Pisang
Lillin
ABBB Klue Teparod
AAAB
AAAA
FHIA-1
Bodley Altafort

21. According to Simmonds-
•The edible banana is believed to be originated
from South East Asia.
•The primary centre of origin of table banana(Musa
acuminata) is the Malaysia region whereas the
cooking banana (Musa balbisiana) originated in
southern India.
•The hybrids and polyploids of acuminata and
bulbisiana are thought to have originated in various
countries around pacific ocean,starting from
Philippines in the east to southern island of
Malaysia and India.
21

22. •Bananas are tropical evergreen perennials and the species are distributed
mostly within the region of 23.5 N to 23.5 S of tropical to subtropical humid
climate.
•The Western hemisphere comprising of Mexico, Guatemala , Brazil ,
Costa Rica, Panama , Cuba , Columbia , Venezuela , West Indies and
Central American Islands produce 55% of exportable banana.
•Whereas Africa alone contributes 30% and America and Asia 35% of world
production.
22

23. -FAOSTAT, 2021
23

24. Production of Banana in India
National Horticulture Board 2021-22
24
State Production(000 tonnes)
Andhra Pradesh 5838.88
Maharashtra 4628.04
Gujarat 3907.21
Tamil Nadu 3895.64
Karnataka 3713.79
Uttar Pradesh 3391.07
Bihar 1968.21
West Bengal 1147.79
Assam 1108.00
Chhattisgarh 585.42
Kerala 555.60
Orissa 502.84
Madhya Pradesh 457.83
Mizoram 140.50
Telangana 115.58
Tripura 111.11
Meghalaya 95.14
Manipur 85.50
Nagaland 87.82
Jharkhand 32.40
Arunachal Pradesh 14.03
Punjab 9.05

25. Distribution of Banana in Chhattisgarh
District Area(‘000 hec) Production (‘000 MT)
Balrampur 2.562 34.459
Durg 1.894 53.960
Raigarh 1.725 86.200
Korba 1.180 32.891
Raipur 1.262 30.737
Source -Department of Horticulture and Farm Forestry(2020-21).Govt. of
Chhattisgarh.
25
Total Area - 24.893 thousand ha and Production – 594.233 thousand
MT

26. 26

27. Kingdom – Plantae
Division – Tracheophyta
Class – Magnoliopsida
Sub Class - Dilleniidae
Order – Brassicales
Family – Caricaceae
Genus – Carica L.
Species – Carica papaya L.
27
Chromosome no. -18
•Badilo(1993) divided the genus Carica into two – Carica and Vasconella.
•Only Carica sp. produces edible Fruits.

28. 28
Scientific Name Remarks
V.candamarcensis Mountain Papaya
V. Pentagona Frost Resistance
V.cauliflora Ring spot virus
resistance
V.quercifolia Hardiest species
V.monoica Monoecious species

29. 29
•It was originated in Southern Mexico(Mesoamerica)
•The higher genetic diversity was found in locations of southern Mexico,
suggesting this region as a genetic reservoir for the species.
•The Mesoamerica was the most important culture present in that region
before the conquest of Mexico by Spain in the sixteenth century, and
probably one of the first to cultivate and trade the fruits of C. papaya .

30. 30
HISTORY REMARKS
de Candolle, 1883, 1884, from Singh,
1990; Storey, 1976
Carica papaya is native in the north-
tropical Western Hemisphere. Some have
suggested a centre of origin in Tropical
America or the south of Mexico
Manshardt and Zee (1994) Found wild papayas in the Caribbean
coastal lowlands of southern Mexico and
northern Honduras.
Sauer, 1966; Singh, 1990 Cultivated papaya was reported in
Jamaica by at least 1756
Singh, 1990; Ferrão, 1992 In 1500 ,Papaya was transported to the
Philippines and India, and it was readily
disseminated into tropical Asia, Africa,
and Pacific islands

31. 31
Country Production(M mt)
India 6.01
Dominician Republic 1.27
Brazil 1.24
Mexico 1.12
Indonesia 1.02
Papaya Production In World
FAO(2020)

32. National Horticulture Board2021-22
Production of Papaya in India
32
State Production(000 tonnes)
Andhra Pradesh 1503.18
Gujarat 1107.88
Maharashtra 496.12
Karnataka 491.96
Madhya Pradesh 499.08
Chhattisgarh 379.56
West Bengal 299.79
Jharkhand 178.88
Assam 152.72
Telangana 122.51
Uttar Pradesh 111.86
Kerala 106.61
Orissa 100.56
Bihar 95.84
Tripura 32.15
Mizoram 22.72
Tamil Nadu 13.64
Nagaland 11.49

33. Distribution of Papaya in Chhattisgarh
District Area (‘000 hec) Production (‘000MT)
Balrampur 1.370 26.059
Bilaspur 1.111 28.886
Raipur 0.987 41.089
Bemetra 0.690 28.047
Janjgir - Champa 0.772 17.748
Korea 0.780 19.022
Mungeli 0.530 14.899
Source -Department of Horticulture and Farm Forestry(2020-21).Govt. of
Chhattisgarh.
33
Total Area - 13.987 thousand ha and Production – 377.382 thousand
MT

34. 34

35. Kingdom – Plantae
Division – Magnoliophyta
Class – Magnoliopsida
Order – Sapindales
Family – Anacardiaceae
Genus – Anacardium
Species – Anacardium Occidentale L
35
Chromosome no. – 2n = 42

36. •Cashewnut is believed to be a native of Brazil and dispersed
from here to many tropical areas.
•It is reported that Cashewnut was introduced in the Malabar
Coast of India in the 16th centaury by Portuguese with the
purpose of afforestation and soil conservation later on it was used
as edible fruits.
•During same period the Spanish took the crop further to
Philippines.
•The different names of cashew in Indian languages are derived
from Caju which in turn originated from Acaju , the name given to
cashew by the Tapi Indians of Brazil.
36

37. •The Malabar coast probably served as locus of dispersal to other
centres in India and South East Asia .
•From India , it was carried eastward to Amboina in Indonesia.
•The dispersal of the species to South East Asia appears to have
been carried out by birds , bats , monkeys and human agents.
• Nowadays, the cashew tree is grown around the world especially
in Brazil, Vietnam, India, Nigeria, Indonesia, Philippines and the
Ivory Coast.
37

38. 38
FAOSTAT (2019)
Leading Cashewnut producing countries (2019)

39. National Horticulture Board 2021-22
Production of Cashewnut in India
39
State Production(000 tonnes)
Maharashtra 199.70
Andhra Pradesh 127.20
Orissa 121.30
Karnataka 77.90
Tamil Nadu 77.30
Kerala 76.80
Chhattisgarh 21.40
West Bengal 11.50
Meghalaya 10.00
Gujarat 6.70
Jharkhand 6.40
Tripura 3.40
Assam 1.10

40. Distribution of Cashewnut in Chhattisgarh
District Area(‘000 hec) Production (‘000MT)
Raigarh 9.895 4.671
Bastar 9.292 7.433
Kondagaon 5.078 4.825
Kanker 1.840 1.932
Jashpur 1.480 1.036
Narayanpur 1.374 0.300
Dantewada 0.788 0.637
Source -
40
Department of Horticulture and Farm Forestry(2020-21).Govt. of
Chhattisgarh.
Total Area - 30.177 thousand ha and Production – 22.719 thousand MT

41. 41

42. 42
•This important fruit also finds mention in the notes of the early foreign
travelers to India, e.g.,
1. Xuanzang (Hsüantsang) (632-645 AD),
2.Ibn-Haukul (902-968 AD),
3.Ibn-Batuta (1325-1339 AD)
4.Ludovici de Varthema (1503-1508 AD).
Apparently, Hsüan-tsang was the first person to bring the mango to the notice
of people outside India.
History---Research
•The origin of the most of the improved cultivated varieties of India today can
be traced to those early days. They have since been preserved under
cultivation (for over 400 years) by the process of vegetative propagation.
•The royal families used mango as the best gift to arouse the diplomatic
sentiments: eg.
--Gifts of mango offered by Daulat Khan Kodhi, Governor of Lahore to Babar in
Persia, ---Aurangzeb to Shajh Abbas of Persia,
--Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru to Nikita Khruscheve of USSR (Russia),
--Sri Lal Bahadur Shastri to Alaxi Kosygen of Russia,
--Mrs. Indira Gandhi to Leonid Brezhnev of Russia and

43. 43
•Mughal emperor Babar recognized the mango as the choicest fruit of India. His
descendants cultivated mango by evolving grafting techniques and growing technologies
and making huge collection of varieties.
•Akbar, the Mughal emperor (1556 – 1605 AD) got planted near Darbhanga the Lakh
Bagh, an orchard of 1,00,000 mango trees.
•The Ain-e-Akbari, an encyclopedia written during the empire of Akbar gives information
about the quality and varietal characteristics of the fruit from which it appears that a fairly
good knowledge about mango culture and the characters of different
•Many Southeast Asian kings and nobles had their own mango orchards; with private
cultivars being sources of great pride and social standing, hence, began the custom of
sending gifts of the choicest mango.
History---Research
•Buddhist monks are believed to have taken the mango on voyages to Malaya and
eastern Asia during the 4th and 5th Centuries BC. The mango is considered to be a
sacred fruit in the region because it is said that the Lord Buddha himself meditated
under a mango tree

44. 44
Origin --Research
•The mango originated, in the foothills of the Himalayas of the southern Asia (eastern
India, Burma, and the Andaman Islands) bordering the Bay of Bengal, dating back to
4000 BC, where it still grows wild in the hills of Assam and adjacent areas
•Historical records and palaeo- botanical evidences provide ample proof about its origin
in the Indo-Burma-Malay region as supported by Vivilov(1926).
•On the basis of presence of maximum number of allied species growing in Malaysia,
some workers are lead to believe that Malaysian region is the original home of mango
•According to de Candolle (1883) it is impossible to doubt that the mango is a native of
the south of Asia or of the Malay Archipelago.
•The primary centre of origin of the genus Mangifera is considered in the region of
Myanmar (Burma)-SiamIndochina or Malay Archipelago and the secondary centre in the
Sunda island (Java, Sumatra, Borneo)-the Philippines and Celebes- Banda-Timor group
(Mukherjee, 1985)

45. •Taxonomical classification provides a systematic approach to understand
the origin and distribution of different plant species.
•It provides basic understanding about the components of biodiversity which
is necessary for effective decision-making about conservation and
sustainable use.
45
•It helps in selecting suitable cultivars, managing pests and diseases, and
improving yield and quality. Overall, taxonomical classification is a vital tool
in the study and utilization of plant species, including these four delicious
and nutritious fruits.
•The centers of origin and diversification are important sources for genes
for plant breeding as they contain the wild species and landraces used
indigenously.

46. 46
• Anon.2020.Department of Horticulture and Farm Forestry.Govt. of
Chhattisgarh.
•Anon.2021. National Horticulture Board .Gurgaon.
•Bal J. S.1997. Fruit growing.Kalyani Publishers.Ludhiana- New
Delhi.pp.77-78 & 117-118.
•Chattopadhyay,T K.2001.Textbook of Pomology:Tropical Fruits,Vol 2
,Kalyani Publishers.New Delhi.pp.2-3.
•Singh SP,Yadav Deependra.2017.Mango-History origin and distribution.J.
Pharmaco. Phytochem.6(6).1257-1262
•Sharma Girish, Sharma O.C. and Thakur B.S.2009. Systematics of Fruit
Crops. New India Publishing Agency Pitam Pura. New Delhi.pp.83-84.

47. 47