The objective of the dual-axis solar converter conducted through TinkerCAD simulation is to design, analyze, and optimize a sophisticated solar tracking system capable of dynamically adjusting both azimuth and elevation angles to maximize solar energy harvesting efficiency. The primary goal is to develop a robust and accurate control algorithm that integrates real-time solar position calculations with the mechanical movement of dual-axis solar panels. Through comprehensive simulation studies, the project aims to achieve enhanced energy output compared to fixed solar installations, showcasing the effectiveness of the dual-axis solar converter in capturing sunlight at optimal angles throughout the day. Additionally, the project seeks to explore the impact of various environmental factors, such as cloud cover and shading, on the system's performance, and to propose adaptive control strategies to mitigate their effects. Ultimately, this project aspires to contribute valuable insights into the potential of dual-axis solar tracking systems for improving the overall efficiency and viability of solar energy harvesting in diverse environmental conditions.

1. PRESENTATION BY:
NENDRALLA BHAVANA
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
160120734063
CHAITANYA BHARATHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SOLSTICE NAVIGATOR:

2. • Introduction
• Objective
• Literature Survey
• Proposed System
• System Design ( Components required)
• Block Diagram
• Circuit diagram
• Code
• Flow chart
• Simulation in TinkerCAD
• Advantages and Disadvantages
• Applications
• Future Scope
• Conclusion
DEPARTMENT OF

3. • These convertors convert light into
electric current using PV effect. Photo
voltaic cells are used to power small
and medium sized applications.
• Important and relatively inexpensive
source of energy where grid power is
inconvenient, unreasonably expensive
to connect.
Solar power is the conversion of the sunlight into electricity, either directly using PV or indirectly
using CSP. In order to do this, it is necessary to have solar cells. These cells are typically in the
form of panels that perpendicularly placed ,facing the sun, to capture maximum light possible.
• These system uses lenses or mirrors
and tracking system to focus a large
area of sunlight into a small beam.
• A working fluid is heated by the
concentration, sunlight and then it is
used for power generation.
DEPARTMENT OF

4. DEPARTMENT OF

5. The objective of the dual-axis solar converter conducted through TinkerCAD simulation is to
design, analyze, and optimize a sophisticated solar tracking system capable of dynamically
adjusting both azimuth and elevation angles to maximize solar energy harvesting efficiency.
The primary goal is to develop a robust and accurate control algorithm that integrates real-
time solar position calculations with the mechanical movement of dual-axis solar panels.
Through comprehensive simulation studies, the project aims to achieve enhanced energy
output compared to fixed solar installations, showcasing the effectiveness of the dual-axis
solar converter in capturing sunlight at optimal angles throughout the day. Additionally, the
project seeks to explore the impact of various environmental factors, such as cloud cover and
shading, on the system's performance, and to propose adaptive control strategies to mitigate
their effects. Ultimately, this project aspires to contribute valuable insights into the potential of
dual-axis solar tracking systems for improving the overall efficiency and viability of solar
energy harvesting in diverse environmental conditions.
DEPARTMENT OF

6. Autonomous
Solar Inverter
S.no
Year of
Publication
Title of Article Publication Methodology
DEPARTMENT OF
Rangarajan, Shriram S.,
Chandan Kumar Shiva,
A. V. V. Sudhakar,
Umashankar
Subramaniam, E.
Randolph Collins, and
Tomonobu Senjyu.
"Avant-garde solar
plants with artificial
intelligence and
moonlighting
capabilities as smart
inverters in a smart
grid." Energies 16, no. 3
(2023): 1112..
2023
The methodology involves proposing
new structural and schematic solutions
for autonomous inverters of solar
power plants based on single-three-
phase transformers with a rotating
magnetic field, with a focus on
improving the operational and technical
characteristics of solar photovoltaic
installations generating three-phase
voltage. The paper also discloses the
features of the proposed solutions'
work on voltage conversion and
stabilization.
1

7. A Novel
Transformerless
Single-Stage
Grid-Connected
Solar Inverter
S.no Year of
Publication
Title of
Article
Publication Methodology
DEPARTMENT OF
Gangavarapu,
Sivanagaraju,
Manisha Verma, and
Akshay Kumar
Rathore. "A novel
transformerless
single-stage grid-
connected solar
inverter." IEEE
Journal of Emerging
and Selected Topics
in Power Electronics
(2023).
2023
The methodology involves developing a
converter dynamic model using a state-
space averaging approach, designing a
proportional resonant current
controller for inverter closed-loop
operation with the grid, and verifying
the analysis and design through
simulation and experimental results.
2

8. 5 Level
transformerless
inverter for single
phase solar PV
applications.
S.no
Year of
Publication
Title of
Article
Publication Methodology
DEPARTMENT OF
Guo, Bin, Xin Zhang,
Mei Su, Hao Ma,
Yongheng Yang, and
Yam P. Siwakoti. "A
single-phase
common-ground five-
level transformerless
inverter with low
component count for
PV applications." IEEE
Transactions on
Industrial Electronics
70, no. 3 (2022):
2662-2674.
2022
The methodology involves analyzing
the operation modes of the proposed
inverter, a simple modulation strategy,
and design guidelines in detail, as well
as presenting experimental results
demonstrating the feasibility and good
performance of the proposed inverter.
3

9. A photovoltaic solar tracker is a mechanical device to rotate PV panels to achieve an optimal
angle concerning the sun's rays.
PASSIVE OPEN LOOP
ACTIVE
DEPARTMENT OF
SINGLE AXIS DUAL AXIS
POLAR TYPE HORIZONTAL TYPE
TIMED TRACKERS ALTITUDE/ AZIMUTH
TRACKERS

10. DEPARTMENT OF

11. • A single axis tracker can pivot in only one
plane - horizontal or vertical. The
horizontal type is used in tropical regions
where the sun gets very high at noon, but
the days are short. The vertical type is
used in high latitudes (such as in UK)
where the sun does not get very high, but
summer days can be very long.
• Although the construction is less
complicated it is also less effective in
harnessing the total solar energy.
• Dual axis solar tracker has two degrees
of freedom that act as axes of rotation.
These axes are typically normal to one
another.
• It can rotate simultaneously in
horizontal and vertical directions and
are able to point at the sun at all times.
Dual axis trackers track the sun both
East to West and North to South for
added power output (approx. 40% gain)
and convenience.
DEPARTMENT OF

12. DEPARTMENT OF
Polar
type
Horizontal
type

13. DEPARTMENT OF
S.no Component used Quantity
1. Arduino UNO R3 1
2. Servo motor ( Micro Servo-SG90) 2
3. LDR ( LDR Photo Resistor Sensor) 4
4. Resistors ( 10K Ohm) 4
5. Breadboard (mini) 1
6. Potentiometer (10K) 2

14. Runs using a control loop and require feedback
of some kind (DC Motor, gear, control circuit,
Potentiometer), requires control PMW Signal
which represents an output position and applies
power to the DC motor until the shaft turns to
the correct position, determined by the position
sensor.
Micro controller, with 14 digital inputs/ output
pins(6- PWM outputs), 6 analog input, 16 MHz
ceramic resonator, a USB connector, a power jack
and a reset button, having number of libraries,
including one for servo motor control. The input
supply needed is ideally 7-12V
DEPARTMENT OF

15. Works on principle that, if intensity of
light on it increases, resistance
decreases and thus more current
flows through it, Bigger LEDs have
higher sensitivity.
Rating of each photo voltaic solar
panel is, Pmax=1.3MW, Vmax=7.5V,
two such panels are connected in
series to get a stable output of 12V.
DEPARTMENT OF

16. Basically a voltage regulating circuit which is placed between a
solar panel and battery to be charged on any load connected to the
panel. It regulates the voltage that is recieved from solar panels.
It placed between solar panel and battery. Charge controller limits
the rate at which electric charge is added to the battery.
DEPARTMENT OF

17. DEPARTMENT OF

18. Charge Controller
DEPARTMENT OF
Battery
Solar panel Servo motor
Servo motor
LDR
Arduino Power Supply

19. DEPARTMENT OF

20. #include <Servo.h>
Servo horizontal; // horizontal servo
int servoh = 180;
int servohLimitHigh = 175;
int servohLimitLow = 5;
// 65 degrees MAX
Servo vertical; // vertical servo
int servov = 45;
int servovLimitHigh = 60;
int servovLimitLow = 1;
// LDR pin connections
// name = analogpin;
int ldrlt = A0; //LDR top left - BOTTOM LEFT <--- BDG
int ldrrt = A3; //LDR top rigt - BOTTOM RIGHT
int ldrld = A1; //LDR down left - TOP LEFT
int ldrrd = A3; //ldr down rigt - TOP RIGHT
void setup(){
horizontal.attach(9);
vertical.attach(10);
horizontal.write(180);
vertical.write(45);
delay(2500);
}
void loop() {
int lt = analogRead(ldrlt); // top left
int rt = analogRead(ldrrt); // top right
int ld = analogRead(ldrld); // down left
int rd = analogRead(ldrrd); // down right
int dtime = 10; int tol = 90; // dtime=diffirence time, tol=toleransi
int avt = (lt + rt) / 2; // average value top
int avd = (ld + rd) / 2; // average value down
int avl = (lt + ld) / 2; // average value left
int avr = (rt + rd) / 2; // average value right
int dvert = avt - avd; // check the diffirence of up and down
int dhoriz = avl - avr;// check the diffirence og left and rigt
if (-1*tol > dvert || dvert > tol)
{
if (avt > avd)
{
servov = ++servov;
if (servov > servovLimitHigh)
{servov = servovLimitHigh;}
}
else if (avt < avd)
{servov= --servov;
if (servov < servovLimitLow)
{ servov = servovLimitLow;}
}
vertical.write(servov);
}
if (-1*tol > dhoriz || dhoriz > tol) // check if the diffirence is in the tolerance else change horizontal
angle
{
if (avl > avr)
{
servoh = --servoh;
if (servoh < servohLimitLow)
{
servoh = servohLimitLow;
}
}
else if (avl < avr)
{
servoh = ++servoh;
if (servoh > servohLimitHigh)
{
servoh = servohLimitHigh;
}
}
else if (avl = avr)
{
delay(5000);
}
horizontal.write(servoh);
}
delay(dtime);
}
DEPARTMENT OF

21. DEPARTMENT OF

22. DEPARTMENT OF

23. DEPARTMENT OF

24. • Reduction of Energy Usage
• Decrease in Disposing of Dry-
Cell Batteries
• Offsetting Green House Gases
• Lower Rates of Waste and
Pollution
• Lower sensitivity of the
photovoltaic effect.
• Electricity production is higher
due to the better performance
of the solar panels.
• The appearance of mechanical
problems due to wear and tear over
time.
• Electronic mechanisms and sensors
are exposed to harsh weather
conditions for at least 20 years and
will likely need to be replaced.
• Major maintenance of this type of
solar energy facility.
• The initial solar installation cost is
higher, although it will be
compensated by getting a higher
solar power performance.
DEPARTMENT OF

25. • Solar Power Generation Systems.
• Residential Solar Installations.
• Off-Grid Power Systems.
• Solar-Powered Water Pumping
Systems.
• Solar-Powered Electric Vehicle
Charging Stations.
• Educational and Research Facilities.
• Space Applications.
• Environmental Monitoring Stations.
DEPARTMENT OF

26. • Integration with Smart Grids.
• Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
Integration.
• Hybrid Systems with Energy Storage.
• Urban Planning and Building Integration.
• Urban Planning and Building Integration.
• Increased Efficiency and Cost Reduction
• Environmental Adaptability.
• Global Implementation and Standardization.
• Research into New Materials and Manufacturing
Techniques.
DEPARTMENT OF

27. In conclusion, the exploration of dual-axis solar
trackers has revealed a compelling and promising
avenue for optimizing solar energy harvesting
The advantages of dual-axis solar trackers have been
underscored, emphasizing their ability to
significantly enhance energy yield when compared to
fixed installations. By accommodating changing solar
angles throughout the day, these trackers exhibit a
remarkable adaptability that positions them as
valuable assets in diverse solar energy applications.
DEPARTMENT OF

28. DEPARTMENT OF

29. DEPARTMENT OF