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1. FACTORS INFLUENCING CAREER CHOICES OF GRADE 12
ACCOUNTANCY BUSINESS MANAGEMENT STUDENTS OF
BIRBIRA HIGH SCHOOL FOR THE SCHOOL YEAR
2023-2024
A Thesis Presented to
The Faculty of Senior High School Department
Birbira High School
Camiling Tarlac
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
In Practical Research 2
By:
Jonaly Agustin

2. October 2023
Chapter 1
The Problem and Its Background
Introduction
Career choice is one of many important choices that students make in defining their
future plans. This decision affects their whole life.
Career choice is most individuals have an interest in or affinity toward certain career fields
or occupations. Such aspirations and preferences are formed early in life and are a prod­uct
of genetics, socioeconomic status, gender, person­ality, and learning history. These early
hopes and dreams are modified (positively and/or negatively) by forces in society that act
upon individuals and groups of individuals as they make career­related decisions (e.g..
labor market constraints, competitive admission to schools and programs. Opportunities
provided by spe­cial programs, etc.). Career choices result when indi­vidual aspirations
and preferences are reexamined in light of the constraining forces imposed by the social
environment in which that individual lives. It is possible to differentiate several levels of
career choice based upon the degree to which that choice has been sub­jected to the
limitations of societal constraints. An in­dividual may begin with a preference for a
career—for example, medicine—that does not imply the weather­ing of any particular
stress constraint, or crisis. A choice implies the completion of some actions or successful
steps, and the attainment of a career is the final out­come of the career choice process. The

3. distinction among these three constructs—preference, choice, and attainment—is
important to a comprehensive under­standing of career choice. Although there is some
ev­idence that young women may anticipate societal con­straints and adjust their
preferences in advance, societal constraints have little effect on career prefer­ences but
exert increasing influence as the individual moves further along in the selection process.
Thus ca­reer choices and career attainments are affected sub­stantially by the limits and
pressures of a limited labor market, as well as by other barriers and constraints that society
imposes.
Expectedly students are aware of the importance of choosing a career that suit them.
However, Birbira High School offers academic tracks. The researcher wanted to do more
research and observe what factors influence ABM 12th
grade high school students to
choose a career. As the researcher found out, many 12th
graders are simply forced to
continue their chosen strands even if they don’t like it.
Senior high school is two years of specialized upper secondary education; Students may
choose a specialization based on aptitude, interest, and school capacity. The choice of
career track will define the content of the subjects a student will take in Grade 11 and Grade
12.According to Boyer (1987), “In taking a course, one of the life’s major decision is being
made. A lot of time, money and effort will be involved. The shape academic track, a student
should take a rest. Accountancy Business, and Management (ABM) is one of the four (4)
strand under academic track and it is focused in subjects. Economics, Business, Marketing,
Mathematics, and Fundamentals of Accountancy as stated by Obcena (2016)They said

4. strand can lead students to careers which could be; Sales Manager, Human Resources,
Marketing Director, Project Officer, Bookkeeper, Accounting Clerk, International Auditor,
Certified Public Accountant (CPA)etc. This curriculum will allow students to get a deeper
appreciation of the impressive world of Accountancy, Business and Management.
There are many factors that influence a student career choices. Knowing the factors
influence the ABM student to choose a career is the primary purpose that made conduct
this study. It can help us understand to lead us to the significance of their decision on how
it might affect their rendition towards studying. These certain factors influence can affect
the students performance and Interest in studying ABM strand.
Statement of the Problem
This study aims to determine the factors that influence the career choice of Grade 12
ABM, Specifically, this study answers the following questions:
1. What is the demographic respondent’s profile of the in terms of the
following;
1.1 . Age;
1.2 . Gender?
2. What is your preferred course in the college?
3. How many the respondent’s course preference influence by the following;
3.1. Decision­ Making and Interest;
3.2. Peers Influence;

5. 3.3. Consideration about Institutions;
3.4. Future Job Opportunities
4. What is the factors greatly influence the career choices of Grade 12 ABM
students of Birbira High School?
Objectives
To determine the demographic respondent’s profile of the in terms of the age and
gender.
To determine the preferred course of Grade 12 ABM students of Birbira High School
in the college.
To determine How many the respondent’s course preference influence by the Decision­
Making and Interest, Peers Influence, Consideration about Institutions and Future Job
Opportunities.
To determine What is the factors greatly influence the career choices of Grade 12 ABM
students of Birbira High School.
Hypothesis
Alternative Hypothesis – There is varied significant factors influencing the career choices
of Grade 12 ABM students in Birbira High School.
Null Hypothesis – There is no varied significant factors influencing the career choices of
the Grade 12 ABM students in Birbira High School.

6. Significance of the study
The study aims to find out the factors that influence the career choices of Grade 12
ABM students in Birbira High School. There is a host of reasons why this study important.
1. TO STUDENTS – This study would help student dealing with factors that
influence their career choices. This study would also help students that would want
to do research related to this study in the future.
2. TO TEACHERS – This study would help teacher in guiding and helping
their students in choosing the right right career.
3. FOR SCHOOLADMINISTRATORS – This study will be an eye opener
to School administrators on how they should nurture the student’s ability and
capacity to decide for their career when it comes to the future. And this study can
give the School administrators a briefs on how they should encourage the students
to choose the best career for them.
4. FOR FUTURE RESEARCHER – This study would help the future
researcher to complete their research their conducting that related of their study,
and also help the students to find the ideas and news ways to think of their career
choice in the future.
Scope and Limitation of the Study
This study focuses on the factors that influence the career choices of Grade 12
Accountancy Business Management in Birbira High School. Since the study would require
the factors influencing the career choices of Grade 12 ABM students in Birbira High

7. School, this study would only include the respondent who Grade 12 ABM students of
Birbira High School. The study would be conducted this year 2023.
Definition of Terms
ABM. It is a strand in senior high whom the researchers are going to make a study
Aptitude. refers to a person that is in the process of becoming an adult.
Adolescent. refers to a person that is in the process of becoming an adult
Academic track. is a set of possible course selections available to a specific group of
students.
Behavior. it is a what person does to make something happen, to make something change
or keep things the same.
Career. Refers to series of jobs that a person has in a particular area of work, usually
involving more responsibility as time passes.
Career choice. It is a process of choosing a career path which can involve choices
regarding education and training for a given career.
Decision making. Refers to process of making choices by identifying a decision, gathering
information, and assessing alternative resolutions.
Family. It is a unit that provides love, support, and stability to its members.
Future. refers to a something that will happen or will be experienced in the distant future.
Future plans. Refers to continuous action guideline that allows defining the necessary
elements to guarantee the entrepreneurial success we want.
Interest. It is an individual’s passion that arouses such attention ; a factor that can affect
career choices.

8. Opportunities. Refers to occasion or situation that makes it possible to do something that
you want to do or have to do, or the possibility of doing something.
Student. It is a person formally engaged in learning and studying at school .
Theoretical and Conceptual framework
The study is based on Krumboltz's Social Learning Theory and Albert Bandura's Social
Cognitive Theory in examining the factors that influence career pathways among high
school students. The two theories were chosen because of their relevance to career issues,
especially career development. They include both social and cognitive factors while being
sensitive to cultural aspects. Students live in a social world where they interact with the
environment as they seek guidance towards careers. These theories deal with the cognitive
aspects of the students by making them aware of their decisions. John Krumboltz's Social
Learning Theory, developed in 1979, emphasises the importance of behaviour (actions) and
cognition (knowing and thinking) (Linder­Pelz & Hall, 2015) The essence of Krumboltz's
view is that certain generic processes, such as learning experiences, affect the career
development of all persons regardless of their cultural affiliations (Mtemeri, 2017) hence
the need to explore the factors that influence career pathways among high school students
in Zimbabwe. This theory differs from other theories of career development in that its focus
is on teaching people career decision making techniques and how to use such techniques
Worthington, 2000). Krumboltz identified four factors that play important role in the
selection of a specific career: genetic endowment, environmental conditions, learning
experiences and task approach skills (Beale, 1998:297; Ireh, 2000).According to the Social
Learning Theory, genetic endowment refers to those aspects of the individual that are

9. inherited or innate rather than learned. This may set limits on individual career
opportunities. Environmental conditions are those conditions that are generally outside the
control of the individual and influence skills development and career preferences.
According to Krumboltz, leaming experiences include a) one's career performances as a
result of prior learning experiences; b) individuals' prior learning experiences that
eventually influence their career decisions; and c) that individuals' prior learning
experiences have a direct effect on their career choices. According to Linder­Pelz & Hall
(2015), individuals may make observations about themselves and their environment that
they will then use to make career decisions. Observations about the self­include
capabilities, interests and work values (Ireh, 2000). Krumboltz emphasised task approach
skills such as goal setting, values clarification, generating alternatives and obtaining
occupational information in career decision making. Ireh (2000) explained that the
interaction between genetic endowment, environmental conditions and learning
experiences lead to the skills required for completing a variety of tasks. The Social
Learning Theory by Krumboltz is relevant to this study because it includes environmental
factors such as family, the leaming environment and gender. Our behaviour is shaped by
beliefs about ourselves and how we relate to society (Schnorr & Ware, 2001). According
to Lavallee, Gordon, & Grove (1996), people make assumptions and generalisations about
themselves and the world of work based on their limited experiences. In this case, students
in high schools have limited experiences to choose an appropriate career hence the need
for a counsellor and/or a supportive environment. In short, Krumboltz's theory of career
decision making and development is based on social leaming or environmental conditions,

10. genetic influences and learning experiences. People choose their careers based on what
they have learned
Social Cognitive Theory (SCT), developed by Albert Bandura in 1986, purports that
contextual variables such as social support, which includes friends, family and relatives,
influence the career choice of an individual (Rao & Mehta, 2017). Social persuasion also
affects an individual's choice of career (Lent, Brown, & Hackett, 2002) because there is
dialogue between children and their environment. Similarly, Bandura posited that when
individuals watch their peers succeeding, they are likely to believe that they can also
succeed (Mills, 2009). In this career development model, a person's background (or
contextual factors) and individual characteristics influence his/her learning experiences
and consequently self­efficacy (Tang, Ph, Pan, Newmeyer, & Ed, 2008). According to
Bandura (1989:1) and Alexander, Seabi and Bischof (2010:497), because of the bi­
directionality of influence between behaviour and environmental circumstances, people are
both products and producers of their environment. They affect the nature of their
experienced environment through selection and creation of situations. This is in line with
the SCT which states that realistic encouragement that leads people to exert greater effort
is likely to bring success in career development (Bandura, 1988:285). The researcher found
this theory provided the framework to examine the environment that promotes
development in students' quests for sustainable careers. The theory recognises both the
cognitive and environmental factors although this study concentrates more on
environmental factors. Social Cognitive Theory focuses on several cognitive variables (for
example, self­efficacy, outcome expectations and goals) and on how these variables

11. interact with other aspects of the person and his or her environment (for example, gender,
ethnicity, social support and barriers) to shape the course of career development (Lent &
Worthington, 2000). According to Bandura (2002:269), the theory distinguishes three
modes of agency: a) personal agency exercised individually; b) proxy agency in which
people secure desired outcomes by influencing others to act on their behalf; and c)
collective agency in which people act in concert to shape their futures. Students in high
schools are influenced by these three modes when they choose careers, among many
variables, that they feel are appropriate for them. The environment, which imposes itself
on them, also impacts their choice of careers. According to Social Cognitive Theory, career
development is influenced by both objectives and perceived environmental factors (Lent
& Worthington, 2000). Examples of objective factors include the quality of educational
experiences to which a person has been exposed to such as school counselling and the
financial support available from family or guardians for pursuing particular training.
People live their lives in socio­cultural milieus that differ in their shared values, customs,
social practices and institutional constraints and opportunities (Bandura, 2002:274).
Conceptual Framework
INPUT
To determine How
many the
respondent’s course
preference influence
by the following;
3.1. Decision- Making
and Interest;
3.2. Peers Influence;
3.3. Consideration
about Institutions;
3.4. Future Job.
Opportunities
PROCESS
- Statistical
tools
- Data
gathering
techniques
survey
(Questionnaire)
- Data analysis
OUTPUT
Factors Influencing
the career choices of
Grde 12 ABM
student’s in Birbira
High School

12. Figure 1. Schematic Diagram
Framework shows that the career choice of an ABM student is influenced by different
preference factors. These preference factors are Decision­Making and Interest; Peers
Influence; Consideration about Institutions and lastly Future Job.
A schematic is defined as a picture that shows something in a simple way, using symbols.
A schematic diagram is a picture that represents the components of a process, device, or
other object using abstract, often standardized symbols and lines (Zhang et al., 2013).
The effect of peers on career choice can be considered impactful based on the findings of
Hashim & Embong (2015) showed that students in their teen year are more inclined to be
influenced by group norms due to the need to establish a sense of personal identity where
it is in­line with the normative expectation of their peers. This is supported by (C. O.
Eckerman and S. W. Didow, 1988) that proves the influence brought by peers does exist
alongside that exerted by the parents. Recent research has supported the existence of peer
effects among college roommates as in Kremer and Levy (1999), and Stinebrickner and
FEEDBACK

13. Stinebrickner (2001) and among elementary school students as in Hoxby (2000). This
paper extends the literature by focusing on employment outcomes for graduating seniors
and using survey data to examine student's own perceptions of the importance of peer
influences (Manski, 1993). These findings are not strange considering those students'
interests are often shaped by their environment, the people they interact with and more so
their life experiences as they grow (Hall, 2010).
The nature of the relationships and interactions established between parents and children
constitute the foundation of the vocational exploring process. The quality of parent­child
relationships, open communication, support offered and trust, can influence exploring
activities, vocational aspirations, future plans, the perception of barriers which may occur
in choosing a career (Paloş & Drobot, 2010). Young people's expectations regarding how
they will combine work and family in the future also play a role in influencing career
choice (Beauregard, 2007). Also, research shows that the child's level of adaptation to the
environment is also influenced by the parental style. Also, research shows that the child's
level of adaptation to the environment is also influenced by the parental style. Supportive,
firm and affectionate parents ensure a family climate which favours the socializing
process, and their children are characterized by a higher degree of emotional stability,
extroversion, sociability and empathy (Palo & Drobot, 2010). Choosing a career
represents a very important decision for a person's professional trajectory. Due to the fact
that the decision­making process starts quite early on, the child's decisions are moulded
by family influences. Unlike the father, the mother involves herself more intensely when
it comes to career­related plans, by initiating concrete actions, but also by giving

14. psychosocial supportFamily members are more influential in students' career choices as
compared to other persons.
Thus, the greatest challenge in students' career choice in many schools is lack of exposure
for teachers and students. Students make ignorant career decisions based on how far the
teacher's guide them out of the career information supplied from institutions of higher
learning (Peter & Maria, 2012). In the school environment, the teacher plays an important
role on students' career choice. Prior research has found that students are influenced by
high school teachers and in particular career guidance and counsellors in making
decisions that affect their future such as their career choice (Peter & Maria, 2012; Dick &
Rallis, 1991). Career choice is a complex decision for students since it determines the
kind of profession that they intend to pursue in life. As students try to make career choice
while in secondary school, they face problem of matching their career choices with their
abilities and school performance (Edwards & Quinter, 2011). Additionally, this study
provides a foundation for career counseling intervention in which adolescents struggling
with occupational issues may benefit from career interventions that respond not only to
the nature of their decisions but also to the family dynamics present during their decision­
making process (Allison, 2005).
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

15. This chapter includes the ides, finished thesis, conclusions of related literature and
studies. Those that were included in this chapter to helps familiarizing information that
are relevant and similar to the present study.
Related Literature
The aim of this study was to identify the factors influencing the career choices among
ABM Senior High School students in a Birbira High School. This chapter examines
literature to determine the extent of influence of family, school, and peer factors in the
choice of career to pursue in college as perceived by the ABM students when taken
collectively and grouped according to grade level and section, and the significant
difference in the factors that influenced the ABM Senior High School students in their
choice of career.
Research on family influence has increased rapidly during the last couple of years, yet an
understanding of family influences on career choices still remains sparse. Much of the
research on family influence focus on individual parents’ careers, for instance, mothers or
fathers influencing children to take up a certain career. This research considers family
members’ influence on career choices which indudes parents, siblings and extended
family members. The first interactions of a child with people takes place within its home
among members of its family who indude parents, siblings and relatives (Bollu­steve &
Sanni, 2013:92). A child is affected by a number of family­related factors such as the
marital relationship of the parents, the socio­economic status of the family, the
atmosphere of the home (whether parents are warm or hostile), the environmental

16. condition, occupational status of the parents and the number of siblings in the family
(Bollu­steve & Sanni, 2013:92).
The family dynamics therefore play a pivotal role in the career readiness of the students.
Several studies bear testimony that parental involvement influences high school students’
career choices, for example, in Romania (Marinas, Igret, Marinas & Prioteasa, 2016:276),
in Pakistan (Baloch & Shah, 2014:546; Saleem, Hanan, Saleem & Shamshed, 2014:841;
Abbasi & Sarwat, 2014:811), in America (Bates, 2015:69; Walaba & Kiboss, 2013), in
Albania (Uka, 2015), in the Philipines, (Aguado, Laguado & Deligero, 2015:237), in
Kenya (Obwoge & Kibor, 2016:478; Egunjobi, Salisu, & Ogunkeye, 2014) in Nigeria
(Ogunyewo, Afemikhe, Ajio, & Olanlesi­ aliu, 2014; Ezeweani & Atomatofa, 2012:79),
in Tanzania (Amani, 2016:79) and in South Africa (Fatoki, 2014; Mutekwe, Modiba, &
Maphosa, 2011) studies revealed that parents influence the choice of careers among high
school students. Besides parents, other American family members are viewed as
influentialin their children's career choices (Tillman, 2015; Griffin, Hutchins, & Meece,
2011; Ojeda & Flores, 2008; Domene, Shapka, & Keating, 2005).
Bollu­steve and Sanni (2013:92) established that Nigerian parents influenced students’
performance and eventual career choices. Despite the differences in the aims of these
studies, they acknowledged the importance of parental support of their children’s
education and career choices. The current study particularly focused on family influences
on career choices. African studies, for example, in Kenya (Mokoro, Wambiya & Aloka,
2014:1465) and in Nigeria (Abiyo & Eze, 2015:26; Abiola, 2014:231), have highlighted

17. that many of the settings in which children and youth participate are dependent on the
choices of their parents. Thus, parents’ decisions, choices of where to live, what to
provide materially and relationally in the home and how to structure out­of­school time
for children, impacts children’s development in ways that are meaningful for later success
in the world of work (Abiola, 2014:231).
Obiyo and Eze (2015:26) disputed the fact that parental education influenced Nigerian
children’s choice of careers. The current study sought to investigate whether parental
education had an influence on children’s career choices. Careers of parents may have an
influence on children’s career choices. (Omar et al., 2015) also evidenced a significant
Role of financial terms namely salary on choosing Accounting career path among
undergraduate students. Not only this, financial benefits also has an effect on Individual’s
decision to relocate and build an expatriate Career (Presbitero & Quita, 2017). (Wen et
al., 2018) Studied a sample of 163 undergraduate students and Witnessed that
compensation is the most significant Influencing factor behind career path.In addition
students in African developing countries like Ghana are also facing family pressure to do
jobs and take Responsibilities of the families basic needs and generate Future
opportunities for their siblings, may impacts Students accounting career path in
developing countries (Yusheng et al., 2020). Previously, scholars have Evidenced that
accounting students are significantly Influenced by the guidance of teachers, friends,
relatives nd family members, when they have to take decision Regarding the career path
(Porter & Woolley, 2014; Tang & Seng, 2016). Financial benefits also has an effect on
individual's decision to relocate and build an expatriate career (Presbitero & Quita, 2017).

18. Related Studies
Eremie, (2014) study on comparative analysis of factors Influencing career choices
among senior secondary school Students in Rivers State, Nigeria. The result showed that
there Were significant differences in the career preferences when Grouped according to
their sex, parity, and parental influence. In Addition, socio­economic background were
influential in Participants’ decisions to pursue a postsecondary degree. Cultural factors,
especially English fluency, were also relevant. Previously, there are several studies who
put Efforts to explore factors influencing careers choice in General. For example,
familial, situational, and societal (Fenu et al., 2021), demographic variables (i.e., gender,
Peer group, parental pressure, parents educational Background and income, media and
grades) (Kazi & Akhlaq, 2017), intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, Career
exposure and influence of third parties (Ng et al., 2017).
Globally, selecting a course of specialization is most crucial and future­oriented decision
among students. In general, students have to choose a subject of their Interest at a
particular time in their academic life. Generally, academic institutes (universities,
schools, Colleges) offer a variety of career paths and specialization Areas’ such as
marketing, management, entrepreneurship, Finance, and accounting as traditional
business discipline To their student. However, previous studies highlighted That there is
constant decline in number of students to Looking for accounting as their career path
(Wen et al., 2018; Yusheng et al., 2020). Accordingly, (Wen et al., 2018), identified that a

19. difficulty in attracting students is the prime factor behind the shortage of accounting
professionals. In addition, students negative perception, misinformation about the
workload and low salary have also been recognized to be a mean of this concern
(Suryani, 2018). In adequate financial benefits/rewards such as low salary, bonus, and
incentives are prone to demotivation among students in choosing accounting career path
among Indonesian students (Suryani, 2018). Likewise (Omar et al., 2015) also evidenced
a significant role of financial terms namely salary on choosing accounting career path
among undergraduate students. Not only this, financial benefits also has an effect on
Individual’s decision to relocate and build an expatriate Career (Presbitero & Quita,
2017). (Wen et al., 2018) Studied a sample of 163 undergraduate students and Witnessed
that compensation is the most significant Influencing factor behind career path.
According to the research article of Dayao and Almario (2017) some important elements
of the learning process of the Grade 12 student graduates lies on the courses they are
going to choose and the choice of the school to enter in college. It is state that the number
of unemployment increases due to the mismatch in course and the need in the current
economy, or the graduates do not possess the necessary skills and qualifications required
by the industries needed. According to Japitan (2019) in their study entitled Factors
Influencing on Grade 12 students’ chosen courses in Jagobiao National High School­
Senior High School Department, Education is universally recognized as the answer to
socio­ economic problems of the world. Thus, making a career choice is a defining phase
in every student’s life. This study sought to determine the factors influencing on Grade 12
students in choosing a course in college in doing a survey through questionnaires.

20. Finding revealed that Grade 12 students encountered different factors that gave an impact
towards the graduating learners in selecting a course in college that includes decision
making and interest, peer influence, consideration about institutions and future job
opportunities.According to Hernandez A., Reyes B., & De Roca J.M. (2017) in their
study defined the factors that serve as preference of students in choosing a career in
college includes childhood aspirations, family/relatives, peers/friends, interest and
specialization, values, in­demand jobs, school guidance counselor, and anticipated
problems encountered are presumed to affect the students preferences of their career.
According to Jayson S. Penedilla and Lilibeth B. Rosaldo, the senior high school
students’ choice of career and college degree although mostly are personal choice, is not
free from any influence. Their choices, personal or advised or coerced, are affected by
multiple factors from Academic Qualifications to social and economic factors. Therefore,
students are motivated in making decision. Motivation is basically the determinant of
anyone’s decision. It can be intrinsic, extrinsic motivation or both. According to Douglas
S. Finlayson, A number of educational studies have. Reflected the view that parental
aspirations tend to be derived from the socio­economic status of the family. Their
influence on children’s achievement is regarded as causal. In this paper, such aspirations,
it is maintained, are the product of a highly complex dynamic social process and attention
is drawn to the neglected importance of the feedback of information about children’s
progress from schools to parents. By considering the social and informational
components of the problem simultaneously, new research areas involving inter­
disciplinary studies are indicated. According to Cleo Bernadette Vallente et al, the factors
influencing student’s decision in choosing a course appears to be significant to students

21. as their bases in picking what course to take. Academic experience and education
aspiration appear to have a greater impact in choosing a course. Thus, the academic
ability may account for differences in assessment of the importance of choosing a course.
Furthermore, Pascual (2014) associated underemployment in the Philippines to the misfit
of the needs of the workforce needed in different companies to the graduates of the
different colleges and universities.