Learn about all the psychological disorders along with different types of personality disorders. Many people have been known and diagnosed with these disorders so learn about how these types of psychological issues affect how a person lives and how they have to suffer.
2. Feeding and Eating Disorders
• primary symptoms involve serious
disturbances in eating behavior and
distress or concern about body shape or
weight
Bulimia
Nervosa
Pica
Disorder
Anorexia
Nervosa
3. • characterized by an appetite for
substances that are non-nutritive, such
as paper, clay, metal, chalk, soil, glass, or
sand
Pica Disorder (pronounced pai-ka)
– For diagnosis, disorder must
persist for at least one month
at an age where eating such
objects would be considered
developmentally inappropriate
– Pica is more commonly seen in
pregnant women, small children,
and those with development
disabilities such as autism
Feeding and Eating Disorders
4. • an eating disorder characterized by food
intake restriction, distorted body self-
perception, and possible excessive
exercise
Anorexia Nervosa
– People with anorexia often view themselves as
“big” or “overweight” even when they are already
underweight
– Diagnosed 9x more often in females than in males
– Contributes to 600 deaths annually in the world
– 50-75% of eating disorder sufferers also
experience depression
– BMIs below 18 typically indicate mild anorexia
Feeding and Eating Disorders
5. • an eating disorder characterized by
binge eating and purging (vomiting or
taking a laxative) and possible excessive
exercise
Bulimia Nervosa
– Adolescent girls are most at risk for
bulimia nervosa and it is diagnosed 9x
more often in females than in males
– Twin studies suggest a genetic
component exists
– About 50% of sufferers eventually fully
recover from the disorder
– Genetics, abnormal hormone levels, and
media advertising are causal contributors
Feeding and Eating Disorders
6. • primary symptoms are characterized by
the impairments of the growth and
development of the brain and central
nervous system
Tourette’s
Disorder
Intellectual
Disability
Autism
Spectrum
Disorder
Specific
Learning
Disorder
Attention Deficit
Hyperactivity
Disorder
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
7. • characterized by significantly impaired
intellectual and adaptive functioning
defined at an IQ score below 70
Intellectual Disability
– For diagnosis, deficits must be present in two or
more adaptive behaviors relating to (1) daily
living skills, (2) communication skills, and (3)
social skills
– Terms used for this condition are subject to a
process called the “euphemism treadmill” which
means that whatever term is chosen for the
condition eventually becomes perceived as an
insult; was formerly called “mental retardation”
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
8. • characterized by social deficits and
communication difficulties, repetitive
behaviors and interests, sensory issues,
and in some cases, cognitive delays
Autism Spectrum Disorder
– Can range from mild to moderate to severe
– Genetics, prenatal and perinatal complications,
are all potential risk factors for autism
– Affects about 1 in 68 children, with boys 4-5x
more likely to be diagnosed
– Asperger Syndrome was formerly a type of
“high-functioning” autism without the usual
cognitive and language delays; it no longer exists
as a stand-alone diagnosis
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
9.
10.
11. • characterized by significant problems
with attention and inhibition control,
hyperactivity, or impulsiveness
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
– Must begin between the ages of 6 and 12 and
persist for more than 6 months for a diagnosis
– Affects about 6-7% of children and is diagnosed 3x
more often in boys than girls
– About 30-50% of people diagnosed as children
continue to experience symptoms in adulthood
– Very controversial for increasing diagnosis rates
– Some evidence links ADHD to TV and video games
as well as genetics but overall cause is unknown
– Often treated medically with stimulants
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
12. • the impediment of ability to learn or
use specific academic skills (such as
reading, writing, or arithmetic) which are
the foundation of other academic
learning
Specific Learning Disorder
– Typical deficits can include areas such as word
reading accuracy, reading rate or fluency, reading
comprehension, spelling or grammar accuracy,
clarity of written expression, memorization of
arithmetic facts, fluent calculation, etc.
– Suffering students may be placed on “response to
intervention (RtI)” programs where they received
additional tutelage in their area of deficit
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
13. • characterized by multiple physical
(motor) tics and at least one vocal
(phonic) tic
Tourette’s Disorder
– Tics are sudden, repetitive, nonrhythmic
movements or utterances (video)
– Despite the stereotype, cases where an individual
shouts vulgar obscenities or socially inappropriate
remarks is present in only a small minority of
people with Tourette’s
– Between 0.4% and 3.8% of children have
Tourette’s
– Explanation and reassurance are sometimes
sufficient for treatment, but medication and
therapy can be utilized
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
14. Obsessive-Compulsive and Related
Disorders
• primary symptoms include impulsivity
(inability to inhibit repetitive behavior) or
compulsivity (inability to recognize
completion of tasks)
Hoarding
Disorder
Obsessive-
Compulsive
Disorder
Body
Dysmorphic
Disorder Trichotillomania Excoriation
15. • characterized by persistent, unwanted
thoughts (obsessions) causing the
feeling of needing to engage in a
particular action (compulsion) to make
the obsession stop
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
– Examples include excessive washing of the
hands to reduce feelings of uncleanliness or
locking of doors to reduce feelings of danger
– Sufferers sometimes have a “magic
number” of compulsions they must perform
– Affects about 2% of the population and
is diagnosed evenly among males and females
Obsessive-Compulsive and Related
Disorders
16. • a person is excessively concerned about
and preoccupied by one or more
imagined or minor defects in their
physical features
– Skin (73%), hair (56%), nose (37%), weight
(22%), and breasts (21%) are the most
commonly identified “defective” features
– An increasing number of men are being
diagnosed with BDD because of their
preoccupation with muscularity (bigorexia)
– Half of those diagnosed spend 3 hours of
more per day concealing/correcting flaws
– Diagnosed in 1-2% of the population
Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)
Obsessive-Compulsive and Related
Disorders
17. • characterized by excessive acquisition
of large quantities of objects and an
unwillingness or inability to discard
them
Hoarding Disorder
– For diagnosis, the hoarding must cover
living areas and cause significant stress
or impairment in daily functioning such
as inability to sleep, cook, shower, etc.
– Affects 2-5% of adults
– One theory is that hoarders “create a
problem” for themselves in order to
avoid their real anxiety or trauma
Obsessive-Compulsive and Related
Disorders
18. • characterized by the compulsive urge to
pull out one’s hair, leading to
noticeable hair loss and balding, distress,
and social or functional impairment
– Common areas for hair-pulling include the scalp,
eyelashes, eyebrows, legs, arms, hands, nose, and
pubic area
– Peak of onset is ages 9-13
– Often triggered by depression or stress
– Prevalence is 0.6% - 4% of the population
– Some sufferers compare it to OCD; others only pull
their hair unwillingly in “trance-like” states
Trichotillomania
Obsessive-Compulsive and Related
Disorders
19. • an impulse control disorder
characterized by the repeated urge to
pick at one’s own skin, often to the
extent that damage is caused
Excoriation
– Controversy about whether it should be classified
as an obsessive disorder or a substance abuse
disorder, since 79% of sufferers report a
pleasurable feeling when picking their skin
– Most commonly picked region is the face
– Two main treatment strategies involve medication
and behavioral intervention
Obsessive-Compulsive and Related
Disorders
20. Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other
Psychotic Disorders
• a mental disorder characterized by
abnormal social behavior and a failure
to recognize what is real
Schizophrenia
– The word schizophrenia literally means “split
mind”, but don’t confuse it with dissociative
identity disorders (no multiple personalities)
– Considered to be the worst disorder; affects
about 1% of the population
– Males are 60% of sufferers; typically strikes
during early adulthood
– Contains both positive and negative symptoms
(explained on next slide)
21. Positive Symptoms
DELUSIONS: false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur
HALLUCINATIONS: sensory experiences without sensory
stimulation (typically auditory insults or giving of orders)
• Schizophrenia Simulator Video
EXCESSIVE/PURPOSELESS MOVEMENT
WORD SALAD: confused and often repetitious language
• “systematic, sympathetic, apologetic, quite pathetic…”
• sufferers can experience any or multiple of the following
• positive symptoms: presence of inappropriate behaviors
• negative symptoms: absence of appropriate behaviors
Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other
Psychotic Disorders
Negative Symptoms
FLAT AFFECT: apathetic state involving lack of emotion
CATATONIA: motionless for extended periods of time
LOSS OF INTEREST IN EVERYDAY ACTIVITIES AND
INABILITY TO EXPERIENCE PLEASURE
FEELING OUT OF TOUCH WITH PEOPLE, FAMILY,
FRIENDS
22. • dopamine overactivity (creates
positive symptoms)
• low frontal lobe brain activity
• overactive thalamus and amygdala
• pregnancy viral infections and
other birth complications
• genetic influence (if one identical
twin has schizophrenia, other has a
50% chance)
• breakdown in selective attention
(unable to filter out information)
Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other
Psychotic Disorders
Explanations for Schizophrenia
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