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JUNIPERUS SPECIES PRESENTATION
- 3. Wood properties Regeneration Uses Table of contents Silvicultural characteristics
- 5. Junipers are coniferous trees and shrubs in the genus Juniperus of the cypress family Cupressaceae. Junipers vary in size and shape from tall trees, 20–40 meters tall, to columnar or low-spreading shrubs with long, trailing branches. They are aromatic and evergreen with needle-like and/or scale- like leaves. Junipers are gymnosperms thus they have no flowers or fruit but bear seeds. Junipers are widely distributed throughout the northern hemisphere depending upon the taxonomy. The highest-known juniper forest occurs at an altitude of 4,900 meters (16,100 ft) in southeastern Tibet and the northern Himalayas, creating one of the highest tree lines on earth.
- 7. Kingdom : Plantae Clade : Tracheophytes Clade : Gymnosperms Division : Pinophyta Class : Pinopsida Order : Cupressales Family : Cupressaceae Subfamily : Cupressoideae Genus : Juniperus
- 9. Juniper species are widely distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere, from the Arctic, south to tropical Africa, throughout parts of western, central and southern Asia, east to eastern Tibet in the Old World, and in the mountains of Central America. The junipers are found in between 2,700m to 4,000m in Nepal. Common juniper(Juniperus communis) is possibly the most widely distributed tree in the world . This circumboreal species occurs across North America, Europe, northern Asia and Japan. Additionally, the western juniper(Juniperus occidentalis) plants, a particular species in the juniper genus, are found in woodlands where there are large, open spaces.
- 10. Fig :Distribution of Juniperus communis
- 13. Junipers have two different types of leaves which, depending on the species, range from dark-green to a light shade of blue-gray. Some leaves are needle-like, similar to other conifers. The other type are scales that are pressed close to the twigs. Most species have a combination of the two types of leaves; young branches typically have needles, while the more mature branches have scales. Leaves
- 14. Male plants have tiny, yellow cones that shed wind-dispersed pollen. Female plants have berry-like, fleshy seed cones that become purple-black, with a waxy bloom, on maturity. Each seed cone comprises about three fused scales, each with an associated seed. Male and female cones
- 15. The fruit are berry-like cones known as juniper berries. They are initially green, ripening in 18 months to purple- black with a blue waxy coating; they are spherical, 4– 12 mm diameter, and usually have three (occasionally six) fleshy fused scales, each scale with a single seed. The seeds are dispersed when birds eat the cones, digesting the fleshy scales and passing the hard, unwinged seeds in their droppings. Fruit/seed
- 17. Light Moderate light demander Frost Frost hardy Drought Most drought tolerant species once planted
- 18. Soil Junipers prefer well-drained soils. They will tolerate a wide range of pH levels. They are very tolerant of dry, clay soils and many varieties will grow in sand. Some types, such as Sargent juniper and Shore juniper have shown good salt tolerance. Fire Most fire prone species Coppice Coppices
- 19. Wind Wind resistant and often planted in rows, as "windbreaks." Pruning Tolerates pruning well, thus often used in topiary.
- 20. Regeneration 06
- 21. Natural Regeneration Seed production •September to December •Berries ripen for 2-3 years depending upon species. Seed dispersal •Wind dispersal •Avian dispersal Seed establishment •Berries and seed palatable to small rodents. So, direct sowing unsuccessful •Juniper seedling vulnerable to grazing
- 22. Artificial Regeneration Preferred propagation Entire planting: from seedling From cuttings : cutting from main shoot is taken(done in late summer)planted in soil and sand mixture at high humidity around 20 degrees and by spring roots appear. Seed collection September- December Seed treatment Scarification and Hot and cold stratification Duration of germination Up to 2 years
- 24. Wood color Juniper heartwood has pale pinkish orange or dark reddish color Hardness Juniper is a soft wood. Its wood is dense and tough wood compared to other softwoods. Working quality Because of being a softwood, Juniper wood is so easy to work with. Screwing, nailing, gluing and finishing is so much easier than with many other kinds of wood. Also it is easy to split. Durability Wood is very durable. Resistance Excellent rot resistance Excellent decay resistance Other Distinct odor and produces fragrance when burned. Has resin.
- 25. Uses 08
- 26. Edible food The berry like cones of common juniper are used to flavor foods and alcoholic beverages, particularly gin. Juniper “berries” have a fragrant spicy aroma and a slightly bittersweet flavor. Used with venison, they remove the gamey taste. They are also used to season sauces and stuffings, in pickling meats, and to flavor liqueurs and bitters. Gamey taste=stronger, wilder flavor Venison=meat of deer
- 27. Firewood Juniper is a good choice for firewood because it burns hot and slow. This makes it ideal for wood-burning stoves and fireplaces because it produces a long-lasting fire. Juniper also has a strong, pleasant aroma when burned, making it a good choice for people who enjoy the smell of wood smoke. Juniper is a very dense wood, and as such, it is highly resistant to rot and insect infestation. This makes it an ideal choice for firewood, as it will last for a long time when properly seasoned. Juniper is easy to split.
- 28. Timber Timber is used for fencing, veneering, turnery, and also used for making lead pencils. Red Cedar is wonderfully aromatic, and it is this aroma that repels insects and makes the timber useful in closets and cupboards to protect clothing. Juniper produces chemicals as it grows to prevent the wood from rotting. So, it is ideal for outside furniture. It is one of the harder softwoods and, together with the ability to resist rotting, makes it an ideal timber for fence posts and fencing.
- 29. Medicinal uses Juniper berries or extract of the plant has traditionally been used as diuretic, anti- arthritis, anti-diabetes, antiseptic as well as for the treatment of gastrointestinal and autoimmune disorders. Other uses include treating snakebite, diabetes, and cancer.
- 30. Cosmetics • Juniper extract and juniper oil are used in cosmetics including lipstick, foundation, hair conditioners, bath oils, bubble bath, eye shadow, and many other products. • In manufacturing, the juniper oil is used as a fragrance in soaps and cosmetics.
- 31. Ecological value • It is planted as ornamental tree (Bonsai Plant). • This small evergreen shrub is of immense ornamental value and is cheered among gardeners due to its undemanding, low- maintenance cultivation. Juniper bonsai
- 33. Pests and Diseases Phomophis blight (Phomopsis juniperivora): Also known as conifers dieback, this disease results in brown discoloured needles and small black fruiting bodies of the veru fungus that causes the disease. To treat, cut all affected parts of the plant back extensively. Juniper ermine moth (Argyresthia trifasciata): If the shoots turn brown from the tips, you may have an ermine moth infestation on your hands. You should seek advice from a plant protection service on how to best combat this for your individual plant.
- 34. Pests and Diseases Rust fungi (Gymnosporangium): Hawthorn rust, pear rust or juniper rust are caused by various rust fungi. You can recognize them from their yellow, tongue-shaped fruiting bodies and swollen shoots. Cut off any infested parts of the plant and dispose of them in your household waste. These fungi can spread to other plants, such as pear trees.
- 36. Thank you!