NATIONAL MEDICAL COMMISSION (N.M.C.) M.B.B.S. UNDERGRADUATE CURRICULUM Vol. I PHARMACOLOGY (CODE: PH) NUMBER -PH4.2 COMPETENCY- The student should be able to: Demonstrate the effects of drugs on blood pressure (vasopressor and vasodepressors with appropriate blockers) using computer aided learning

1. EFFECT OF DRUGS ON DOG'S
BLOOD PRESSURE - COMPUTER
AIDED LEARNING (CAL) METHOD
Dr. Shivankan Kakkar, MD

2. COMPETENCY- The student should be able to:
Demonstrate the effects of drugs on blood pressure (vasopressor
and vasodepressors with appropriate blockers) using computer
aided learning
NATIONAL MEDICAL COMMISSION
(N.M.C.)
M.B.B.S. UNDERGRADUATE
CURRICULUM Vol. I
PHARMACOLOGY (CODE: PH)
NUMBER -PH4.2

3. Specific Learning Objectives
At the end of the practical class, the student shall be able to:
1. Explain the effect of drugs acting on the autonomic nervous
system on blood pressure and heart rate.
2. Identify an unknown drug using these two parameters and
its interaction with other known drugs
Note: This experiment is demonstrated using ExPharm - a
computer simulation software programme designed and
produced by Dr. R. Raveendran.
Experimental Pharmacology by DrShivMD 3

4. Exercise I:
Vasopressor & Vasodepressor Agents
Experimental Pharmacology by DrShivMD 4

5. Experimental Pharmacology by DrShivMD 5

6. Introduction to Program
• The animal (mongrel dog) has been anesthetized
and set up.
• Left side carotid artery is cannulated and
connected to a blood pressure recorder. Heart
rate is monitored and recorded.
• Drugs are injected into the femoral vein through
a cannula and washed in with a small volume of
saline.
• The recordings of blood pressure and heart rate
are indicated in black and red respectively.
Experimental Pharmacology by DrShivMD 6

7. • Task I: Administer the following drugs one by
one and observe the effects:-
1. Epinephrine (Epi) 0.1 mcg/kg {Low Dose}
2. Epinephrine (Epi) 3 mcg/kg {High Dose}
3. Norepinephrine (Nepi) 3 mcg/kg
4. Isoprenaline (Iso) 3 mcg/kg
5. Acetylcholine (Ach) 5 mcg/kg
6. Histamine (Hist) 4 mcg/kg
Experimental Pharmacology by DrShivMD 7

8. Experimental Pharmacology by DrShivMD 8
1. Inject Epi 0.1 mcg/kg
(Low Dose)
STEP 1

9. Observation Table
Experimental Pharmacology by DrShivMD 9
S.No. Drug Effect Inference
1. Epinephrine
(Low Dose)
Decrease in Blood
Pressure (BP)
Epinephrine in low doses
stimulates beta receptors
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

10. Experimental Pharmacology by DrShivMD 10
2. Inject Epi 3 mcg/kg
(High Dose)
STEP 2

11. Observation Table
S.No. Drug Effect Inference
1. Epinephrine
(Low Dose)
Decrease in Blood
Pressure (BP)
Epinephrine in low doses
stimulates beta receptors
2. Epinephrine
(High Dose)
Biphasic Response- Initial
rise in BP…. followed
by….. fall in BP
Epinephrine in high doses
stimulates both alpha and
beta receptors
3.
4.
5.
6.
Experimental Pharmacology by DrShivMD 11

12. Experimental Pharmacology by DrShivMD 12
3. Inject
Nepi 3 mcg/kg
STEP 3

13. Observation Table
S.No. Drug Effect Inference
1. Epinephrine
(Low Dose)
Decrease in Blood
Pressure (BP)
Epinephrine in low doses
stimulates beta receptors
2. Epinephrine
(High Dose)
Biphasic Response- Initial
rise in BP…. followed
by….. fall in BP
Epinephrine in high doses
stimulates both alpha and beta
receptors
3. Norepinephrine Increase in BP Norepinephrine is a
Vasopressor Agent
4.
5.
6.
Experimental Pharmacology by DrShivMD 13

14. Experimental Pharmacology by DrShivMD 14
4. Inject
Iso 3 mcg/kg
STEP 4

15. Observation Table
S.No. Drug Effect Inference
1. Epinephrine
(Low Dose)
Decrease in Blood
Pressure (BP)
Epinephrine in low doses
stimulates beta receptors
2. Epinephrine
(High Dose)
Biphasic Response- Initial
rise in BP…. followed by…..
fall in BP
Epinephrine in high doses
stimulates both alpha and beta
receptors
3. Norepinephrine Increase in BP Norepinephrine is a
Vasopressor Agent
4. Isoprenaline Decrease in BP (Gradual
fall and gradual rise)
Isoprenaline is a
Vasodepressor Agent
5.
6.
Experimental Pharmacology by DrShivMD 15

16. Experimental Pharmacology by DrShivMD 16
4. Inject
ACh 5 mcg/kg
STEP 5

17. Observation Table
S.No. Drug Effect Inference
1. Epinephrine
(Low Dose)
Decrease in Blood
Pressure (BP)
Epinephrine in low doses
stimulates beta receptors
2. Epinephrine
(High Dose)
Biphasic Response- Initial
rise in BP…. followed by…..
fall in BP
Epinephrine in high doses
stimulates both alpha and beta
receptors
3. Norepinephrine Increase in BP Norepinephrine is a
Vasopressor Agent
4. Isoprenaline Decrease in BP (Gradual
fall and gradual rise)
Isoprenaline is a Vasodepressor
Agent
5. Acetylcholine Decrease in BP (Rapid fall
and rapid rise)
Muscarinic action of ACh
6.
Experimental Pharmacology by DrShivMD 17

18. Experimental Pharmacology by DrShivMD 18
6. Inject
Hist 4 mcg/kg
STEP 6

19. Observation Table
S.No. Drug Effect Inference
1. Epinephrine
(Low Dose)
Decrease in Blood
Pressure (BP)
Epinephrine in low doses
stimulates beta receptors
2. Epinephrine
(High Dose)
Biphasic Response- Initial
rise in BP…. followed by…..
fall in BP
Epinephrine in high doses
stimulates both alpha and beta
receptors
3. Norepinephrine Increase in BP Norepinephrine is a
Vasopressor Agent
4. Isoprenaline Decrease in BP (Gradual
fall and gradual rise)
Isoprenaline is a Vasodepressor
Agent
5. Acetylcholine Decrease in BP (Rapid fall
and rapid rise)
Muscarinic action of ACh
6. Histamine Decrease in BP (Rapid fall
but gradual rise)
Histamine H1 receptor
activation causes vasodialation
Experimental Pharmacology by DrShivMD 19

20. Experimental Pharmacology by DrShivMD 20
Exercise I: Vasopressor & Vasodepressor Agents

21. Clinical Uses
• Epinephrine:
Anaphylaxis, Cardiac Arrest, Bronchial Asthma
• Norepinephrine:
Shock, Caridac Arrest
• Isoprenaline:
Bronchospasm, Bradycardia
Experimental Pharmacology by DrShivMD 21

22. Exercise II:
Vasomotor Reversal of Dale
Experimental Pharmacology by DrShivMD 22

23. Experimental Pharmacology by DrShivMD 23

24. Introduction to Program
• The animal (mongrel dog) has been anesthetized
and set up.
• Left side carotid artery is cannulated and
connected to a blood pressure recorder. Heart
rate is monitored and recorded.
• Drugs are injected into the femoral vein through
a cannula and washed in with a small volume of
saline.
• The recordings of blood pressure and heart rate
are indicated in black and red respectively.
Experimental Pharmacology by DrShivMD 24

25. • Task II: Administer the following drugs one by
one and observe the effects:-
1. Epinephrine (Epi) 3 mcg/kg
2. Phentolamine (Phen) 1000 mcg/kg
3. Epinephrine (Epi) 3 mcg/kg
Experimental Pharmacology by DrShivMD 25

26. Experimental Pharmacology by DrShivMD 26
STEP 1
1. Inject
Epi 3 mcg/kg

27. Experimental Pharmacology by DrShivMD 27
STEP 2
2. Inject
Phen 1000 mcg/kg

28. Experimental Pharmacology by DrShivMD 28
STEP 3
3. Inject
Epi 3 mcg/kg

29. Experimental Pharmacology by DrShivMD 29
Exercise II: Vasomotor Reversal of Dale

30. Tachyphylaxis
Experimental Pharmacology by DrShivMD 30

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33. Experimental Pharmacology by DrShivMD 33
STEP 1
1. Inject
Ephe 200 mcg/kg

34. Experimental Pharmacology by DrShivMD 34
STEP 2
2. Inject
Ephe 200 mcg/kg

35. Experimental Pharmacology by DrShivMD 35
STEP 3
3. Inject
Ephe 200 mcg/kg

36. Experimental Pharmacology by DrShivMD 36
STEP 4
4. Inject
Ephe 200 mcg/kg

37. Experimental Pharmacology by DrShivMD 37

38. Nicotinic Effects of ACh
Experimental Pharmacology by DrShivMD 38

39. Experimental Pharmacology by DrShivMD 39

40. Experimental Pharmacology by DrShivMD 40

41. Experimental Pharmacology by DrShivMD 41
STEP 1
1. Inject
ACh 5 mcg/kg

42. Experimental Pharmacology by DrShivMD 42
STEP 2
2. Inject
Atropine 2000 mcg/kg

43. Experimental Pharmacology by DrShivMD 43
STEP 3
3. Inject
ACh 200 mcg/kg

44. Experimental Pharmacology by DrShivMD 44

45. 45

46. TEST YOURSELF
Experimental Pharmacology by DrShivMD 46

47. KEY
Experimental Pharmacology by DrShivMD 47