1. Learned Optimism By Dr. Seligman

2. Two ways of life Optimism Pessimism

3. The Optimism Test

4. Permanance

5. How do you react to bad events?

7. PmB: Permanance Bad 0-1 very optimistic 4 average 7-8 very pessimistic PmG: Permanance Good 7-8 very optimistic 4-5 average 0-1 very pessimistic Permanance Score

8. Pervasiveness Pessimist Optimist Universal Specific Good event Bad event Michelle Joyce is unfair. All teachers are unfair.

9. PvB: Pervasiveness Bad 0-1 very optimistic 4 average 7-8 very pessimistic PvG: Pervasiveness Good 7-8 very optimistic 4-5 average 0-1 very pessimistic Pervasiveness

10. PvB + PmB 0-2 very hopeful 12-16 severely hopeless Hope

11. People who make permanent and universal explanations for their troubles tend to collapse under pressure for a long time and across situations The Hopeless

12. Personalisation When bad things happen, do we blame ourselves? If so, do we lose self-esteem when bad events strike?

13. Responsibility for our actions “I’m stupid” vs “You’re stupid”

14. Responsibility for our actions Depressives Realistic High Low Depressives tend to take way more responsibility for bad events than is realistic

15. PsB = Personalisation Bad 0-1 very high self esteem 4 average 7-8 very low self esteem

16. PsG = Personalisation Good 7-8 very high self esteem 4-5 average 0-1 very low self esteem

17. Total Score G-B Above 8 very optimistic. 6 – 7 optimistic 3-5 average 0 or below very pessimistic prone to depression

18. Benefits of Pessimism Pessimists see reality !

19. Reality Non-depressed people Believe they have more control than they do Overestimated their performance

20. Pessimism works Companies need pessimists to survive Finance Compliance Pessimism keeps you alive airlines

21. But... if you are pessimistic….

22. May be depressed

23. May be achieving less Your talent Effort Achievement

24. Your health May have weakened physical health and it gets worse with age.

25. Life may not be as pleasurable

26. Bad life events Children may suffering bad life events (divorce, family deaths, etc) will do worst

27. Pessimism in children’s life But also children who see bad events as permanent, pervasive and personal Will over time get depressed and do badly

28. At School Explanatory style is as much of a predictor of success as SAT’s or IQ tests

29. At Work: Met Life study Group A: Regular force Pass Career Profile, insurance industry test Group B: Special Force Failed Career Profile Would not usually be hired anywhere else But scored top half of the optimism test.

30. Special force At Work 1st year Outsold the pessimists in the regular force by 21% 2nd year Outsold the pessimists by 57%

31. Health: Nursing home study The First Floor Extra control and choice in their lives Have to choose omeletes or scrambled eggs for breakfast the night before Have to choose the film to watch before Pick plants if you want and you have to water it.

32. Health: Nursing home study The Second Floor The same added extra good things but… Omelettes on Mon, Wed, and Fri. Scrambled eggs on the other days Residents from left corridor go Wednesday for the film. Those from right corridor Thursday. Nurse waters plants in the room

33. Eighteen months later… The First Floor With choice and control More active and happier Lived longer

34. I am pessimistic. And I think I’m born with it. Really?

35. Children are … From 9 to 12 years old boys and girls Total average is 13.5

36. But they are open to Adults’ criticism Teacher and parents Life crises

37. And mother’s explanatory style Mummy, there’s a dent on my side of the car. Damn, Bob will kill me. Daddy told you to always park his new car far away from the other cars Damn, things like this always happen to me. I’m so lazy, I just want to carry groceries a few feet, not a hundred yards. I’m so stupid.

38. How to become more optimistic

39. ABC Adversity Beliefs Consequences

40. Identify ABC A: Someone cuts you off while you are driving B: You think “______________” C: You get pissed off and honk your horn

41. Record your ABC A: I broke the build. Int. server is not working this morning. B: Why didn’t I notice it yesterday. I am careless and stupid. I have fix it now, and We lost half-day. C: I feel stupid and unprofessional. I’m depressed

42. Dispute your beliefs Argue with yourself Look for alternative explanations,de-catastrophize

43. Change your Belifes A: I broke the build. Int. server is not working this morning. B: I was working very hard and got exhausted in the afternoon. I learned that maintanable pace is important. I know what’s broken, so I can fix it very quickly. C: I feel relieved. I learn a lesson and am a better developer now.

44. Homework Record your ABC Evaluate your ABC and dispute it