1.  Shells can be defined as
curved structures capable
of transmitting loads in
more than two directions to
supports.
 Loads applied to shell
surfaces are carried to the
ground by the development
of compressive, tensile, and
shear stresses acting in the
in-plane direction of the
surface.

4.  Constructions of spherical domes
by using inflated membranes as
forms have proven to be a viable
solution to many problems.
 The largest shells constructed are
now less than 300 feet in diameter.
 For very large spans, a grid
constructed with pans is necessary
so that the dome will be stiff enough
and still weigh less than a uniform
depth.

5.  A vault may be defined as a single barrel shell,
supported on its side by walls or columns.

6.  Shells and folded plates are different than
stacked units and frames.
 The thin diaphragm forming the shell is
created uniformly rather than being
assembled in discrete pieces.
 Most shell and plate building enclosures are
constructed from reinforced concrete

7.  A shell arch has a
longitudinal cross
section of a barrel shell
or a folded plate, but is
a circular arch or other
shape in profile.
 There is less concrete in
the roof than in the floor
system, and the
reinforcing will be
minimum.

8.  Dome shells have emerged due
to a new concept in building
design.
 These structures have the
potential for significant markets
in commercial and many other
small residential and industrial
applications.
 The structures utilize superior
material technology

9.  Curved shell roofs can provide
large uninterrupted space in
many building types.

10. The arrangement consists of :
 external and internal layers of
glass reinforced cement (GRC)
 the strong stiff layers
 with a lightweight polyurethane
core forming the separation
medium required to develop the
sandwich action.

11. Construction of the domes involves a
three stage processes:
)a) Completed Slab, (b) Inflatable former, (c) Completed domeshell

12. As the diameter of the domes increases, the
stresses rise

13.  Barrel shells of
materials such as
wood, steel and
plastics are often
found.
 Reinforced concrete
is by far the most
common material

14. Edge beams serve
to:
 to stiffen the
shell edge
 to act together
with the shell in
carrying stresses

15.  The design for king
Abdullah Stadium
in Jeddah. The
shell design is
remarkable. The
building of this
giant stadium will
begin by the end of
this year.