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History of computer  - Shivms Jaiswal
What is a computer ?
      Monitor     CD-ROM /
                  DVD-ROM
                    Drive


                  System
                   Unit



Keyboard



                Mouse
Generation     Dates     Characteristic


   1st        1944-59    Use Valves
                         (Vacuum tubes)

   2nd        1959-64    Use transistors


   3rd        1964-75    Large Scale
                         Integrated
                         Circuits

   4th         1975-     Very Large Scale
                         Integrated
                         Circuits


   5th         Under     “Artificial
                         Intelligence”
             developme   based computers
                 nt
I- Ancient Counting Machines

    The Abacus (base 5)
    (in ancient Babylon,
       China, Europe)




o            The Roman Numerals
o            The Arabic Numerals (base 10)
II- Mechanical Counting Machines



                                                         1642




                      The Pascaline

It is a mechanical calculating device invented by the French
    philosopher and mathematician Blaise Pascal in 1642. (+)
II- Mechanical Counting Machines



                                                         1673




                 The Leibniz Wheel
It was invented by the famous mathematician Leibniz in 1673.
                         (+,-,*,/)
II- Mechanical Counting Machines



                                                              1810




                      Punched Cards

It were used by the French weaver Joseph Jacquard in 1810. The
  cards carried weaving instructions for the looms, later this idea
                offered a great use for storing info.
II- Mechanical Counting Machines

  Babbage’s Difference
       Engines

   It were calculating                              1832
   machines made by
  Charles Babbage to
    produce tables of
 numbers that would be                              1852
      used by ship’s
       navigators.

This device had mechanical
problems similar to those that plagued Pascal and
Leibniz.
The Invention of the Vacuum Tube

 Initially
         discovered by
  Thomas Edison, the vacuum
                                  1883
  tube formed the building
  block for the entire
  electronics industry.

 Vacuum     tubes were later
  used as electron valves in
  the 20th century to build the
  first electronic computers.
III- Electrical Counting Machines

    The US census of the 1880      1888
      took 9 years to compile
       and led to inaccurate
        figures. To solve the
     problem, Herman Hollerith
      invented a calculating
        machine that used
    along with punched
    cards instead of mechanical
     gears.
III- Electrical Counting Machines

  Hollerith’s machine was immensely successful.
    The general count of the population, then
                                                1888
    63 million, took only 6 weeks to calculate!

  Based on the success of his invention, Herman
Hollerith and some friends formed a company that
sold his invention all over the world. The company
           eventually became known as:

      International Business Machines   IBM
II- Mechanical Counting Machines


A partial working model
       of Babbage’s
  Analytical Engine was       1910
  completed in 1910 by
       his son… used
    punched cards to
    store numbers. The
   design was no more
     successful than its
       predecessors.
III- Electrical Counting Machines




                                                      1943



                         MARK I
It was built by a team from IBM and Harvard University.
  Mark I used mechanical telephone switches to store
   information. It accepted data on punched cards,
      processed it and then output the new data.
IV- Electrical Counting Machines




                                                               1946




                         The ENIAC
It was the first US-built all-electronic computer built to perform
                  ballistics calculations. (Away from IBM)
IV- Electrical Counting Machines

o    It was 1000X faster than Mark I, but it drew a lot
     of power that dimmed the lights of Philadelphia
     when it was switched on due to the use of
     Vacuum Tubes.                                      1946
o    Mark I: 5 Additions / sec.
o    ENIAC: 5,000 Additions / sec.
o    ENIAC was made of 18,000 vacuum tubes.
IV- Electrical Counting Machines

                     ENIAC’s Problems:
1- short life of vacuum tubes
2- It runs a single program, which means rewiring by a
   group of technicians is needed to change the
   program!!!

Solution: the same group of researchers worked on
  another version of ENIAC that can store programs
  on punched cards that are much easier to manage
  and they came up with: 

                                                    
IV- Electrical Counting Machines

EDVAC (electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) (was never
 completed)
UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Calculator) forty of these
 computers were sold to businesses. General                        1951
 Electric was the first company to acquire a
 UNIVAC.

  The first UNIVACs were used in the US Army, Air
  Force, Navy, and Atomic Energy Commission.
The Effect of World War II
Back in time to the days of
  war…
                              1938
During WWII, the German
     Navy developed a
 cipher machine named
    Enigma. The Enigma
      machine could
  automatically encode
   a message in such a
  way that only another
 Enigma machine could
      read decode it.
The Effect of World War II

* In 1938 the Polish Secret Service managed to steal
   an Enigma machine that was smuggled to England.

* Secretly the British developed a computer         1938
   named Colossus that could decipher as many
   as 2,000 messages per day. That computer used
   Vacuum tubes and was the world’s first entirely
   digital computer. Surprisingly, though Colossus
   presented a similar technology to that of ENIAC, it
   had only 2,400 compared to 18,000 in ENIAC!!!
Two Inventions that changed
    the way computers are built!!
                            The Transistor

The most significant single invention of the
modern era. It was invented by3 scientists at
At&T’s Bell Labs.
                                                          1946

One of the first overseas companies was a
Japanese company called Tokyo Telecommunications
Laboratory. The company had troubles paying the license
fee ($25,000) that company became in 1956 what’s
called now Sony! it replaced the Vacuum tube.

* Transistors are smaller (sometimes microscopic)
* Fast and don’t need to warm up
Transistors on a circuit board
             Resistors
 Capacitor



                         Transistors
Two Inventions that changed
  the way computers are built!!
             The (IC) Integrated Circuit

The IC revolutionized the entire
electronic technology.
                                           1961
Ex: The Pentium Processor contains
3.1 Million Transistors in 1.5 inch
square!
How the processor (CPU) is placed
      on the Motherboard
                          RAM




   Intel 486 CPU
1975 - 1981




The Altair   The Apple I   The Floppy   The Hard   MS-DOS
                             Disk         Disk
1981 - 1993




  The    The Compaq   The Apple   MS-Windows     The
IBM PC     portable   Macintosh       3.0      Pentium
          Computer                               Chip
Intel Pentium Processors

         PENTIUM




              PENTIUM Pro




         PENTIUM II
Now......
Thanx
  …

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History of computer - Shivms Jaiswal

  • 2. What is a computer ? Monitor CD-ROM / DVD-ROM Drive System Unit Keyboard Mouse
  • 3. Generation Dates Characteristic 1st 1944-59 Use Valves (Vacuum tubes) 2nd 1959-64 Use transistors 3rd 1964-75 Large Scale Integrated Circuits 4th 1975- Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits 5th Under “Artificial Intelligence” developme based computers nt
  • 4. I- Ancient Counting Machines The Abacus (base 5) (in ancient Babylon, China, Europe) o The Roman Numerals o The Arabic Numerals (base 10)
  • 5. II- Mechanical Counting Machines 1642 The Pascaline It is a mechanical calculating device invented by the French philosopher and mathematician Blaise Pascal in 1642. (+)
  • 6. II- Mechanical Counting Machines 1673 The Leibniz Wheel It was invented by the famous mathematician Leibniz in 1673. (+,-,*,/)
  • 7. II- Mechanical Counting Machines 1810 Punched Cards It were used by the French weaver Joseph Jacquard in 1810. The cards carried weaving instructions for the looms, later this idea offered a great use for storing info.
  • 8. II- Mechanical Counting Machines Babbage’s Difference Engines It were calculating 1832 machines made by Charles Babbage to produce tables of numbers that would be 1852 used by ship’s navigators. This device had mechanical problems similar to those that plagued Pascal and Leibniz.
  • 9. The Invention of the Vacuum Tube  Initially discovered by Thomas Edison, the vacuum 1883 tube formed the building block for the entire electronics industry.  Vacuum tubes were later used as electron valves in the 20th century to build the first electronic computers.
  • 10. III- Electrical Counting Machines The US census of the 1880 1888 took 9 years to compile and led to inaccurate figures. To solve the problem, Herman Hollerith invented a calculating machine that used  along with punched  cards instead of mechanical gears.
  • 11. III- Electrical Counting Machines Hollerith’s machine was immensely successful. The general count of the population, then 1888 63 million, took only 6 weeks to calculate! Based on the success of his invention, Herman Hollerith and some friends formed a company that sold his invention all over the world. The company eventually became known as: International Business Machines IBM
  • 12. II- Mechanical Counting Machines A partial working model of Babbage’s Analytical Engine was 1910 completed in 1910 by his son… used punched cards to store numbers. The design was no more successful than its predecessors.
  • 13. III- Electrical Counting Machines 1943 MARK I It was built by a team from IBM and Harvard University. Mark I used mechanical telephone switches to store information. It accepted data on punched cards, processed it and then output the new data.
  • 14. IV- Electrical Counting Machines 1946 The ENIAC It was the first US-built all-electronic computer built to perform ballistics calculations. (Away from IBM)
  • 15. IV- Electrical Counting Machines o It was 1000X faster than Mark I, but it drew a lot of power that dimmed the lights of Philadelphia when it was switched on due to the use of Vacuum Tubes. 1946 o Mark I: 5 Additions / sec. o ENIAC: 5,000 Additions / sec. o ENIAC was made of 18,000 vacuum tubes.
  • 16. IV- Electrical Counting Machines ENIAC’s Problems: 1- short life of vacuum tubes 2- It runs a single program, which means rewiring by a group of technicians is needed to change the program!!! Solution: the same group of researchers worked on another version of ENIAC that can store programs on punched cards that are much easier to manage and they came up with:  
  • 17. IV- Electrical Counting Machines EDVAC (electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) (was never completed) UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Calculator) forty of these computers were sold to businesses. General 1951 Electric was the first company to acquire a UNIVAC. The first UNIVACs were used in the US Army, Air Force, Navy, and Atomic Energy Commission.
  • 18. The Effect of World War II Back in time to the days of war… 1938 During WWII, the German Navy developed a cipher machine named Enigma. The Enigma machine could automatically encode a message in such a way that only another Enigma machine could read decode it.
  • 19. The Effect of World War II * In 1938 the Polish Secret Service managed to steal an Enigma machine that was smuggled to England. * Secretly the British developed a computer 1938 named Colossus that could decipher as many as 2,000 messages per day. That computer used Vacuum tubes and was the world’s first entirely digital computer. Surprisingly, though Colossus presented a similar technology to that of ENIAC, it had only 2,400 compared to 18,000 in ENIAC!!!
  • 20. Two Inventions that changed the way computers are built!! The Transistor The most significant single invention of the modern era. It was invented by3 scientists at At&T’s Bell Labs. 1946 One of the first overseas companies was a Japanese company called Tokyo Telecommunications Laboratory. The company had troubles paying the license fee ($25,000) that company became in 1956 what’s called now Sony! it replaced the Vacuum tube. * Transistors are smaller (sometimes microscopic) * Fast and don’t need to warm up
  • 21. Transistors on a circuit board Resistors Capacitor Transistors
  • 22. Two Inventions that changed the way computers are built!! The (IC) Integrated Circuit The IC revolutionized the entire electronic technology. 1961 Ex: The Pentium Processor contains 3.1 Million Transistors in 1.5 inch square!
  • 23. How the processor (CPU) is placed on the Motherboard RAM Intel 486 CPU
  • 24. 1975 - 1981 The Altair The Apple I The Floppy The Hard MS-DOS Disk Disk
  • 25. 1981 - 1993 The The Compaq The Apple MS-Windows The IBM PC portable Macintosh 3.0 Pentium Computer Chip
  • 26. Intel Pentium Processors PENTIUM PENTIUM Pro PENTIUM II