The document provides background information on American imperialism between 1877-1914. It discusses the various reasons the US began to expand overseas including commercial interests in new markets and resources, military strategic interests, beliefs in social Darwinism and white supremacy, and religious missionary goals. Specific territories acquired by the US through conquest or purchase are examined, including Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. Conflicts that contributed to expansion like the Spanish-American War and Boxer Rebellion are summarized. The document also notes both pro-imperialist and anti-imperialist perspectives in the US at the time.

2. Starter QuestionsStarter Questions
• What does a bully do?What does a bully do?
• What is a colony?What is a colony?
• Why would one country want to make aWhy would one country want to make a
colony out of another country?colony out of another country?

3. Foreign TerritoriesForeign Territories
• Who owns/controls these places then andWho owns/controls these places then and
now?now?
– HawaiiHawaii
– AlaskaAlaska
– PhilippinesPhilippines
– CubaCuba
– Puerto RicoPuerto Rico

4. Foreign TerritoriesForeign Territories
• Hawaii- Independent island; now US stateHawaii- Independent island; now US state
• Alaska- Russian, now US StateAlaska- Russian, now US State
• Philippines- Spanish rule, nowPhilippines- Spanish rule, now
independentindependent
• Cuba- Spanish rule, now independentCuba- Spanish rule, now independent
• Puerto Rico- Spanish rule, independence,Puerto Rico- Spanish rule, independence,
now commonwealth of US (some rights asnow commonwealth of US (some rights as
US citizens but still has their ownUS citizens but still has their own
constitution)constitution)

5. Natural ResourcesNatural Resources
• Hawaii:Hawaii:
• Alaska:Alaska:

7. American Imperialism (1877-1914)

9.  1) 1880U.S. population was 50 million and it
was the 2nd
leading industrial nation in the world
 2) While the CivilWar put the U.S. in opposition
to France and England, during the Gilded Age,
the U.S. became inward-focused and isolationist
 3) The U.S. purchased Alaska from Russia in
1867, though it was nicknamed "Seward's Folly"
at the time

10.  By the 188os many American leaders thought
the US should create colonies overseas
 This idea is called “Imperialism”

11.  The policy in which stronger nations extend
economic, political or military control over
weaker territories.
 Europe had competed for territory all over
the world
 Most Americans gradually accepted the idea
of overseas expansion

12. 3 “ISM’s”3 “ISM’s”
• Imperialism= building an empire byImperialism= building an empire by
building countries overseas (taking overbuilding countries overseas (taking over
other countries)other countries)
• Expansionism= expanding the economyExpansionism= expanding the economy
and territory of a countryand territory of a country
• Isolationism= avoiding involvement inIsolationism= avoiding involvement in
other countries (separating)other countries (separating)
• What is right for U.S.???What is right for U.S.???

14. 1) Desire for military strength
2) Search for new markets
3) Belief in the superiority of American
culture

15. 1. Commercial/Business1. Commercial/Business
InterestsInterests
U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908

16. Industrial GrowthIndustrial Growth
• U.S. needed raw materials- copper,U.S. needed raw materials- copper,
rubber, tinrubber, tin
• New markets for goodsNew markets for goods
• Source of powerSource of power

17.  1) As America's economy surged, companies
began building factories overseas
 2) Need to export goods to balance foreign
debt
 3) While most goods went to Europe and
Canada, non-western markets were seen as
important for future growth

18. American Foreign Trade:
1870-1914
1. Commercial/Business1. Commercial/Business
InterestsInterests

19. 2. Military/Strategic Interests2. Military/Strategic Interests
Alfred T. Mahan  The Influence of Sea
Power on History: 1660-1783

20. 3. Social Darwinist Thinking3. Social Darwinist Thinking
The White Man’s
BurdenThe Hierarchy
of Race

21. Missionary WorkMissionary Work
• MissionaryMissionary:: a person sent by a churchsent by a church
into an area to carry oninto an area to carry on evangelism
(spread religion) or other activities, as(spread religion) or other activities, as
educational or hospital work.educational or hospital work.
• Missionary work in China, PhilippinesMissionary work in China, Philippines
• Was this right?? Does one person haveWas this right?? Does one person have
the right to tell another person whatthe right to tell another person what
religion to practice?religion to practice?

22. 4. Religious/Missionary Interests4. Religious/Missionary Interests
American
Missionaries
in China, 1905

23. 5. Closing the American Frontier5. Closing the American Frontier

24. America as a Pacific PowerAmerica as a Pacific Power

28. Seward’s Folly…or not?Seward’s Folly…or not?
• Natural resources found:Natural resources found:
Fur, timber, minerals, gold, oilFur, timber, minerals, gold, oil

29. ““Seward’s Folly”: 1867Seward’s Folly”: 1867
$7.2 million

30. ““Seward’s Icebox”: 1867Seward’s Icebox”: 1867

32. Queen Liliuokalani
was the last reigning
monarch of the
Hawaiian islands. She
felt her mission was to
preserve the islands
for their native
residents. In 1898,
Hawaii was annexed
to the United States
and Queen
Liliuokalani was forced

33. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XpsmUCtsd2o
http://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=WuKLYVLJya4&feature=related

34. U. S. Missionaries in HawaiiU. S. Missionaries in Hawaii
Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820s

35. • Protectorate = An area protectedProtectorate = An area protected
diplomatically or militarily by anotherdiplomatically or militarily by another
countrycountry

36. Natural ResourcesNatural Resources
• Sugar became main export in HawaiiSugar became main export in Hawaii
• American planters had interest in cropAmerican planters had interest in crop

37. U. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of Hawaiians
Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849
by virtue of economic treaties.

38. Hawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen Liliuokalani
Hawaii for the
Hawaiians!

39. Queen LilioukalaniQueen Lilioukalani
• Spoke out on behalf of native-bornSpoke out on behalf of native-born
Hawaiians and preservation of traditionsHawaiians and preservation of traditions
• Why would people in Hawaii not want aWhy would people in Hawaii not want a
U.S. take over?U.S. take over?

40. U. S. Business Interests In HawaiiU. S. Business Interests In Hawaii
1875 –1875 – ReciprocityReciprocity
TreatyTreaty
1890 –1890 – McKinley TariffMcKinley Tariff
1893 – AmericanAmerican
businessmen backed anbusinessmen backed an
uprising against Queenuprising against Queen
Liliuokalani.Liliuokalani.
Sanford Ballard DoleSanford Ballard Dole
proclaims the Republicproclaims the Republic
of Hawaii in 1894.of Hawaii in 1894.

41. To The Victor Belongs the SpoilsTo The Victor Belongs the Spoils
Hawaiian
Annexation
Ceremony, 1898

43. Japan becomes a world powerJapan becomes a world power
- U.S. trading partner with JapanU.S. trading partner with Japan
- Japan gained control of China and KoreaJapan gained control of China and Korea
in Asia after Russo-Japanese warin Asia after Russo-Japanese war

44. Commodore Matthew PerryCommodore Matthew Perry
Opens Up Japan: 1853Opens Up Japan: 1853
The Japanese View
of Commodore
Perry

45. Treaty of Kanagawa: 1854Treaty of Kanagawa: 1854

46. Gentleman’s Agreement: 1908Gentleman’s Agreement: 1908
A Japanese note agreeingA Japanese note agreeing
to deny passports toto deny passports to
laborers entering the U.S.laborers entering the U.S.
Japan recognized the U.S.Japan recognized the U.S.
right to exclude Japaneseright to exclude Japanese
immigrants holding passportsimmigrants holding passports
issued by other countries.issued by other countries.
The U.S. government got theThe U.S. government got the
school board of San Franciscoschool board of San Francisco
to rescind their order toto rescind their order to
segregate Asians in separatesegregate Asians in separate
schools.schools.19081908  Root-Takahira AgreementRoot-Takahira Agreement..

47. Root-Takahira Agreement: 1908Root-Takahira Agreement: 1908
A pledge to maintain the status quo in theA pledge to maintain the status quo in the
Far East.Far East.
Recognition of China’s independence andRecognition of China’s independence and
territorial integrity, and support forterritorial integrity, and support for
continuation of the Open-Door Policy.continuation of the Open-Door Policy.
An agreement to mutual consultation in theAn agreement to mutual consultation in the
event of future Far Eastern crises.event of future Far Eastern crises.

48. Lodge Corollary to the MonroeLodge Corollary to the Monroe
Doctrine: 1912Doctrine: 1912
Senator Henry CabotSenator Henry Cabot
Lodge, Sr. (R-MA)Lodge, Sr. (R-MA)
Non-European powers,Non-European powers,
like Japan, would belike Japan, would be
excluded from owningexcluded from owning
territory in theterritory in the
WesternWestern
Hemisphere.Hemisphere.

50. Stereotypes of the ChineseStereotypes of the Chinese
ImmigrantImmigrant
Oriental [Chinese]
Exclusion Act,
1887

51. Spheres of InfluenceSpheres of Influence
• Foreign countries controlled resources-Foreign countries controlled resources-
Germany, France, Great Britain, Japan,Germany, France, Great Britain, Japan,
Russia- controlled parts of ChinaRussia- controlled parts of China
• US sent Secretary of State John Hay toUS sent Secretary of State John Hay to
keep Chinese markets open to U.S.keep Chinese markets open to U.S.

52. The Open Door PolicyThe Open Door Policy
SecretarySecretary John HayJohn Hay..
Give all nations equalGive all nations equal
access to trade in China.access to trade in China.
Guaranteed that China would NOT be takenGuaranteed that China would NOT be taken
over by any one foreign power.over by any one foreign power.

53. TheThe
Open DoorOpen Door
PolicyPolicy

54. Boxer RebellionBoxer Rebellion
• Chinese resented foreign powers andChinese resented foreign powers and
controlcontrol
• ““Boxers”- Chinese nationalists who wereBoxers”- Chinese nationalists who were
against foreign countries in China,against foreign countries in China,
supported by Chinese governmentsupported by Chinese government
• Boxers killed more than 200 in Beijing,Boxers killed more than 200 in Beijing,
capital of Chinacapital of China

55. The Boxer Rebellion: 1900The Boxer Rebellion: 1900
The Peaceful Harmonious Fists.The Peaceful Harmonious Fists.
““55 Days at Peking.”55 Days at Peking.”

57. The Imperialist TailorThe Imperialist Tailor

58. Spanish Misrule in CubaSpanish Misrule in Cuba

59. Valeriano Weyler’sValeriano Weyler’s
“Reconcentration” Policy“Reconcentration” Policy

60. ““Yellow Journalism” & JingoismYellow Journalism” & Jingoism
Joseph Pulitzer
William Randolph Hearst
Hearst to Frederick Remington:Hearst to Frederick Remington:
You furnish the pictures,You furnish the pictures,
and I’ll furnish the war!and I’ll furnish the war!

61. De Lôme LetterDe Lôme Letter
Dupuy de Lôme, SpanishDupuy de Lôme, Spanish
Ambassador to the U.S.Ambassador to the U.S.
Criticized PresidentCriticized President
McKinley asMcKinley as weak and aweak and a
bidder for the admirationbidder for the admiration
of the crowd, besidesof the crowd, besides
being a would-be politicianbeing a would-be politician
who tries to leave a doorwho tries to leave a door
open behind himself whileopen behind himself while
keeping on good termskeeping on good terms
with the jingoes of hiswith the jingoes of his
party.party.

62. Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt
Assistant SecretaryAssistant Secretary
of the Navy in theof the Navy in the
McKinleyMcKinley
administration.administration.
Imperialist andImperialist and
American nationalist.American nationalist.
Criticized PresidentCriticized President
McKinley asMcKinley as havinghaving
the backbone of athe backbone of a
chocolate éclair!chocolate éclair!
Resigns his position toResigns his position to
fight in Cuba.fight in Cuba.

63. TheThe
“Rough“Rough
Riders”Riders”

64. Remember the MaineRemember the Maine
and to Hell with Spain!and to Hell with Spain!
Funeral for Maine
victims in Havana

65. What is the message of this cartoon?________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
Name two symbols and what they represent:__________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________

66. The Spanish-American War (1898):The Spanish-American War (1898):
“That Splendid Little War”“That Splendid Little War”
How prepared was the US for war?

68. The Spanish-American War (1898):The Spanish-American War (1898):
“That Splendid Little War”“That Splendid Little War”

69. Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!

70. Is He To Be a Despot?Is He To Be a Despot?
Commodore George
Dewey
-Sends warships and
gunboats to
Philippines
-Dewey defeated
Spanish to occupy
Philippines

71. Emilio AguinaldoEmilio Aguinaldo
LLeader of the Filipinoeader of the Filipino
Uprising.Uprising.
July 4, 1946:July 4, 1946:
Philippine independencePhilippine independence

72. William H. Taft, 1stWilliam H. Taft, 1st
Gov.-General of the PhilippinesGov.-General of the Philippines
Great administrator.Great administrator.

73. Our “Sphere of Influence”Our “Sphere of Influence”

74. The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898
Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.
Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island ofSpain gave up Puerto Rico and the island of
Guam.Guam.
The U. S. paid SpainThe U. S. paid Spain
$20 mil. for the$20 mil. for the
Philippines.Philippines.
The U. S. becomesThe U. S. becomes
an imperial power!an imperial power!

75. The American Anti-ImperialistThe American Anti-Imperialist
LeagueLeagueFounded in 1899.Founded in 1899.
Mark Twain, AndrewMark Twain, Andrew
Carnegie, WilliamCarnegie, William
James, and WilliamJames, and William
Jennings Bryan amongJennings Bryan among
the leaders.the leaders.
Campaigned againstCampaigned against
the annexation of thethe annexation of the
Philippines and otherPhilippines and other
acts of imperialism.acts of imperialism.

76. Teller AmendmentTeller Amendment (1898)(1898)
Platt AmendmentPlatt Amendment (1903)(1903)
1.1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreignCuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign
powers that would endanger its independence.powers that would endanger its independence.
2.2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessaryThe U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary
to maintain an efficient, independent govt.to maintain an efficient, independent govt.
3.3. Cuba must leaseCuba must lease Guantanamo BayGuantanamo Bay to the U.S. for navalto the U.S. for naval
and coaling station.and coaling station.
4.4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.
Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?
Senator
Orville Platt

79. Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 1898
1900 - Foraker ActForaker Act..
 PR became an “unincorporated territory.”PR became an “unincorporated territory.”
 Citizens of PR, not of the US.Citizens of PR, not of the US.
 Import duties on PR goodsImport duties on PR goods
1901-19031901-1903  thethe Insular CasesInsular Cases..
 Constitutional rights were not automaticallyConstitutional rights were not automatically
extended to territorial possessions.extended to territorial possessions.
 Congress had the power to decide these rights.Congress had the power to decide these rights.
 Import duties laid down by the Foraker ActImport duties laid down by the Foraker Act
were legal!were legal!

80. Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 1898
1917 –1917 – Jones ActJones Act..
 Gave full territorial status to PR.Gave full territorial status to PR.
 Removed tariff duties on PR goods comingRemoved tariff duties on PR goods coming
into the US.into the US.
 PRs elected theirPRs elected their
own legislators &own legislators &
governor to enforcegovernor to enforce
local laws.local laws.
 PRs could NOT votePRs could NOT vote
in US presidentialin US presidential
elections.elections.
 A resident commissioner was sent toA resident commissioner was sent to
Washington to vote for PR in the House.Washington to vote for PR in the House.

82. Panama: The King’s CrownPanama: The King’s Crown
18501850  Clayton-BulwerClayton-Bulwer
TreatyTreaty..
19011901  Hay-PaunceforteHay-Paunceforte
TreatyTreaty..
Philippe Bunau-Varilla,Philippe Bunau-Varilla,
agent provocateur.agent provocateur.
Dr. Walter Reed.Dr. Walter Reed.
Colonel W. Goethals.Colonel W. Goethals.
19031903  Hay-Bunau-Hay-Bunau-
Varilla TreatyVarilla Treaty..

83. Panama CanalPanama Canal
TR in Panama
(Construction begins in
1904)

84. The Roosevelt Corollary to theThe Roosevelt Corollary to the
Monroe Doctrine: 1905Monroe Doctrine: 1905
Chronic wrongdoing… mayChronic wrongdoing… may
in America, as elsewhere,in America, as elsewhere,
ultimately requireultimately require
intervention by someintervention by some
civilized nation, and in thecivilized nation, and in the
Western Hemisphere theWestern Hemisphere the
adherence of the Unitedadherence of the United
States to the MonroeStates to the Monroe
Doctrine may force theDoctrine may force the
United States, howeverUnited States, however
reluctantly, in flagrantreluctantly, in flagrant
cases of suchcases of such wrongdoingwrongdoing
or impotence, to theor impotence, to the
exercise of anexercise of an
international police powerinternational police power .

85. Speak Softly,Speak Softly,
But Carry a Big Stick!But Carry a Big Stick!

87. 1. What is the cartoon’s
message?
______________________
______________________
____________________
____________________
____
2. What does it say about
Imperialism?
______________________
____________________
____________________
____________________
____________________

88. The Cares of a Growing FamilyThe Cares of a Growing Family

89. Constable of the WorldConstable of the World

90. Treaty of Portsmouth: 1905Treaty of Portsmouth: 1905
Nobel Peace Prize for Teddy

91. The Great White Fleet: 1907The Great White Fleet: 1907

92. Taft’s “DollarTaft’s “Dollar
Diplomacy”Diplomacy”
Improve financialImprove financial
opportunities foropportunities for
American businesses.American businesses.
Use private capital toUse private capital to
further U. S. interestsfurther U. S. interests
overseas.overseas.
Therefore, the U.S.Therefore, the U.S.
should create stabilityshould create stability
and order abroad thatand order abroad that
would best promotewould best promote
America’s commercialAmerica’s commercial
interests.interests.

94. The Mexican Revolution: 1910sThe Mexican Revolution: 1910s
Victoriano Huerta seizes control of MexicoVictoriano Huerta seizes control of Mexico
and puts Madero in prison where he wasand puts Madero in prison where he was
murdered.murdered.
Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, EmilianoVenustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Emiliano
Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon foughtZapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought
against Huerta.against Huerta.
The U.S. also got involved by occupyingThe U.S. also got involved by occupying
Veracruz and Huerta fled the country.Veracruz and Huerta fled the country.
Eventually Carranza would gain power inEventually Carranza would gain power in

95. The Mexican Revolution: 1910sThe Mexican Revolution: 1910s
Emiliano Zapata
Francisco I
Madero
Venustiano Carranza
Porfirio
Diaz
Pancho Villa

96. Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”
The U. S. shouldThe U. S. should
be the consciencebe the conscience
of the world.of the world.
Spread democracy.Spread democracy.
Promote peace.Promote peace.
Condemn colonialism.Condemn colonialism.

97. Searching forSearching for BanditosBanditos
General John J. PershingGeneral John J. Pershing withwith PanchoPancho
VillaVilla in 1914.in 1914.

98. U. S. Global Investments &U. S. Global Investments &
Investments in Latin America, 1914Investments in Latin America, 1914

99. U. S. Interventions inU. S. Interventions in
Latin America: 1898-1920sLatin America: 1898-1920s

100. Uncle Sam: One of the “Boys?”Uncle Sam: One of the “Boys?”