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 Why are plants so important?

 Why are plants green?

 Which are the main pigments in a plant?

 What plants produce?

 Which materials are used to poduce organic materials?

 What do they release during this process?

 What is the name of this process?
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
Aim: to introduce the students to the process
of photosynthesis
Objectives:
 Recognize the importance of photosynthesis for our
  survival;
 Identify the reactants and products of photosynthesis;

To draw the absorption and action spectrum of

photosynthesis

Explain and illustrate the two phases of photosynthesis.
Light Energy Harvested by Plants & Other
       Photosynthetic Autotrophs
What is photosynthesis?
   Photosynthesis is the process by which autotrophic
organisms use light energy to make sugar and oxygen gas
            from carbon dioxide and water
Photosynthesis in Overview
 In this process plants and other autotrophs store the
 energy of sunlight into sugars.

 Requires sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide.

 Overall equation:




      6 CO2 + 6 H20  C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Where does photosynthesis take place?



 Occurs in the
leaves of plants
  in organelles
      called
 chloroplasts.
Leaf
The location and structure of chloroplasts
                                             Chloroplast
                      LEAF CROSS SECTION                   MESOPHYLL CELL
          LEAF


                                               Mesophyll




                       CHLOROPLAST           Intermembrane space

                                                                      Outer
                                                                      membrane



                           Granum                                     Inner
                                                                      membrane
  Grana      Stroma                                             Thylakoid
                                    Stroma        Thylakoid     compartment
Chloroplast Structure
 Have 2 membranes
    A “bi-bilayer!”


 The inner membrane is
  called the thylakoid.

 The thylakoid is folded
  and looks like stacks of
  coins called granum
  (grana singular).

 The stroma is the space
  surrounding the
  granum
Why are plants green?
Why are plants green?
Different wavelengths of visible light are seen by
        the human eye as different colors.


       Gamma                                  Micro-   Radio
               X-rays   UV         Infrared
        rays                                  waves    waves




                             Visible light




                         Wavelength (nm)
The feathers of male cardinals
are loaded with carotenoid
pigments. These pigments
absorb some wavelengths of
light and reflect others.




                                 Sunlight minus absorbed
                                 wavelengths or colors
                                 equals the apparent color of
                                 an object.
Why are plants green?


                        Transmitted light
Why are plants green?
                        Plant Cells
                        have Green
                        Chloroplasts


     The thylakoid
     membrane of the
     chloroplast is
     impregnated with
     photosynthetic
     pigments (i.e.,
     chlorophylls,
     carotenoids).
THE COLOR OF LIGHT SEEN IS THE COLOR
           NOT ABSORBED

 Chloroplasts absorb
 light energy and
 convert it to chemical              Light
                                               Reflected
                                                 light
 energy




                          Absorbed
                          light


                                 Transmitted   Chloroplast
                                 light
During fall what causes pigments
       to change colour?
Fall Colours
 In addition to the chlorophyll pigments, there are
 other pigments present.


 During the fall, the green chlorophyll pigments
 are greatly reduced revealing the other pigments
 (carotenoids and xantophylls)
Pigments
 Chlorophyll A is the most important photosynthetic
 pigment.
 Other pigments called antenna or accessory pigments
 are also present in the leaf.
   Chlorophyll B

   Carotenoids (orange / red)

   Xanthophylls (yellow / brown)

 These pigments are embedded in the membranes of
 the chloroplast in groups called photosystems.
Different pigments absorb light
           differently
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
Chlorophyll in the chloroplasts

 Chlorophyll molecules
  are embedded in the
  thylakoid membrane

 Act like a light
  “antenna”

 These molecules can
  absorb sunlight
  energy.
Photosystem

• Reaction centre
  (chlorophyll a & electron
  acceptor)

• Light-harvesting complex
  (pigment molecules
  bounded to proteins)
Harvesting light
There are two types of
reaction centre:

    Photosystem I is
     arranged around a
     chlorophyll a
     molecule with
     absorption peak of
     700 nm.

    Photosystem II is
     arranged around a
     chlorophyll a
     molecule with
     absorption peak of
     680 nm.
Photosynthesis occurs in 2 phases:
 The light reactions
  convert solar energy        Light               Chloroplast

  to chemical energy                              NADP
    Produce ATP &                                 ADP
    NADPH                                          +P
                                                                Calvin
                                      Light                      cycle
                                      reactions

• The Calvin cycle makes
  sugar from carbon
  dioxide
  – The ATP and NADPH are
    used to assemble sugars
    and other organic
    compounds
Excitation of chlorophyll
in a chloroplast                                               Loss of energy due to heat
                                                               causes the photons of light to be
                                                               less energetic.
                        e                Excited
                                   2      state                Less energy translates into
                                                               longer wavelength.
Fluorescene                                         Heat       Transition toward the red end of
                                                               the visible spectrum.
  Light
                                       Light
                                       (fluorescence)
          Photon

                                       Ground
                                       state
                     Chlorophyll
                      molecule




     (a) Absorption of a photon




                                                           (b) fluorescence of isolated chlorophyll in solution
1. Light Reaction (Electron Flow)

  Occurs in the Thylakoid membranes

  During the light reaction, there are two possible
   routes for electron flow.

  A. Noncyclic Electron Flow
  B. Cyclic Electron Flow
B. Noncyclic Electron Flow
 Occurs in the thylakoid membrane

 Uses PS II and PS I

 P680 rxn center (PSII) - chlorophyll a

 P700 rxn center (PS I) - chlorophyll a

 Uses Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

 Generates O2, ATP and NADPH
Noncyclic Photophosphorylation
 Photosystem II regains electrons by splitting water,
  leaving O2 gas as a by-product
                                                   Primary
                                              electron acceptor

           Primary
      electron acceptor




                                                                  Photons




                           Energy for
                          synthesis of

                                               PHOTOSYSTEM I


       PHOTOSYSTEM II       by chemiosmosis
 Two types of photosystems
 cooperate in the light
 reactions



                                            ATP
                                            mill




                          Water-splitting          NADPH-producing
                           photosystem               photosystem
In the light reactions, electron transport chains
    generate ATP, NADPH, & O2
 Two connected photosystems collect photons of light
  and transfer the energy to chlorophyll electrons


 The excited electrons are passed from the primary
  electron acceptor to electron transport chains
   Their energy ends up in ATP and NADPH
B. Noncyclic Electron Flow
 ADP +    P           ATP (photophosphorylation)

 NADP+ + H            NADPH (source of energized
                                         electrons)



 Oxygen comes from the splitting of H2O, not CO2

            H 2O       1/2 O2 + 2H+
A. Cyclic Electron Flow
 Occurs in the thylakoid membrane.

 Uses Photosystem I only

 P700 reaction center- chlorophyll a

 Uses Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

 Generates ATP only

      ADP + P               ATP
A. Cyclic Electron Flow
Reaction Center => 700 nm


                            2e-


             2e-
                        2e-

                                  2e-
The Hill reaction
 Hill placed cells of the green alga Chlorella into water
  containing the heavy isotope 18O
 He was able to show that the Oxigen given off in
  photosynthesis was na isotope 18O which must have
  come from water.
When Hill repeated the experiment with CO2 containing the heavy
18O   instead, the oxygen given off was normal 16O




                          Photolysis

              H2O + Energy  ½ O2 + 2H+ + 2e-
The production of ATP by chemiosmosis in photosynthesis



Thylakoid
compartment
(high H+)     Light                      Light




Thylakoid
membrane




               Antenna
               molecules



Stroma                      ELECTRON TRANSPORT
(low H+)                          CHAIN


                  PHOTOSYSTEM II             PHOTOSYSTEM I   ATP SYNTHASE
Chemiosmosis powers ATP synthesis in the
                light reactions
 The electron transport chains are arranged with the
  photosystems in the thylakoid membranes and pump H+ into
  the thylakoid space

   The flow of H+ back through the membrane is harnessed

    by ATP synthase to make ATP

   In the stroma, the H+ ions combine with NADP+ to form

    NADPH
                                       Video
Calvin Cycle
 Calvin Cycle (light-independent) occur in the stroma:


   Carbon fixation

   Carbon dioxide is “fixed” into the sugar glucose.

   ATP and NADPH molecules created during the light

    reactions power the production of this glucose.
The Calvin Cycle
Carbon Fixation:
 (3) CO2 molecules enter
 Rubisco attaches the Co2 to RuBP
 The 6C product immediately splits into 2x glycerate 3-
  phosphate
Reduction
 6 ATP and 6 NADPH used
 Some of the triose phosphate
molecule are linked to form
Glucose phosphate
Regenerate RuBP
 Use 3 more ATP

Video
The light-independent stage
 CO2 combines with a five-carbon compound, ribulose
 biphospate (RuBP)

 The unstablr 6-carbon compound breaks down to form 2
 molecules of 3-carbon glycerate 3-phosphate

 ATP is used to phosphorylate the 2 molecules of GP
 forming 2 molecules of glycerate biphosphate
The light-independent stage
 NADPH reduces each molecule of glycerate
 biphosphate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GALP)

 For every six molecules of GALP formed, five are used
 in a series of reactions to regerate RuBP.

 One of six GALP molecules is converted to glucose and
 other carbohydrates, aminoa cids and lipids
 A Photosynthesis Road Map


                                Chloroplast

            Light
                                                       Stroma

   Stack of                       NADP
   thylakoids                       ADP
                                    +P
                      Light                   Calvin
                    reactions                  cycle




                                                           Sugar used for
                                                            Cellular respiration
                                                            Cellulose
                                                            Starch
                                                            Other organic compounds
Video
Video       Video
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-
    37Rrw1vEsw&feature=related
   http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ixpNw6mx3lk&fea
    ture=related
   http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yGYUnDFmJdM&f
    eature=related
   http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kzLz2EcSPnQ&fea
    ture=related
   http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=isyksgQPnVY&feat
    ure=related
     http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mYbMP
     wmwx88&feature=related

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Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
 

Photosynthesis

  • 1.  Why are plants so important?  Why are plants green?  Which are the main pigments in a plant?  What plants produce?  Which materials are used to poduce organic materials?  What do they release during this process?  What is the name of this process?
  • 4. Aim: to introduce the students to the process of photosynthesis Objectives:  Recognize the importance of photosynthesis for our survival;  Identify the reactants and products of photosynthesis; To draw the absorption and action spectrum of photosynthesis Explain and illustrate the two phases of photosynthesis.
  • 5. Light Energy Harvested by Plants & Other Photosynthetic Autotrophs
  • 6. What is photosynthesis? Photosynthesis is the process by which autotrophic organisms use light energy to make sugar and oxygen gas from carbon dioxide and water
  • 7. Photosynthesis in Overview  In this process plants and other autotrophs store the energy of sunlight into sugars.  Requires sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide.  Overall equation: 6 CO2 + 6 H20  C6H12O6 + 6 O2
  • 8. Where does photosynthesis take place? Occurs in the leaves of plants in organelles called chloroplasts.
  • 10. The location and structure of chloroplasts Chloroplast LEAF CROSS SECTION MESOPHYLL CELL LEAF Mesophyll CHLOROPLAST Intermembrane space Outer membrane Granum Inner membrane Grana Stroma Thylakoid Stroma Thylakoid compartment
  • 11. Chloroplast Structure  Have 2 membranes  A “bi-bilayer!”  The inner membrane is called the thylakoid.  The thylakoid is folded and looks like stacks of coins called granum (grana singular).  The stroma is the space surrounding the granum
  • 12. Why are plants green?
  • 13. Why are plants green? Different wavelengths of visible light are seen by the human eye as different colors. Gamma Micro- Radio X-rays UV Infrared rays waves waves Visible light Wavelength (nm)
  • 14. The feathers of male cardinals are loaded with carotenoid pigments. These pigments absorb some wavelengths of light and reflect others. Sunlight minus absorbed wavelengths or colors equals the apparent color of an object.
  • 15. Why are plants green? Transmitted light
  • 16. Why are plants green? Plant Cells have Green Chloroplasts The thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast is impregnated with photosynthetic pigments (i.e., chlorophylls, carotenoids).
  • 17. THE COLOR OF LIGHT SEEN IS THE COLOR NOT ABSORBED  Chloroplasts absorb light energy and convert it to chemical Light Reflected light energy Absorbed light Transmitted Chloroplast light
  • 18. During fall what causes pigments to change colour?
  • 19. Fall Colours  In addition to the chlorophyll pigments, there are other pigments present.  During the fall, the green chlorophyll pigments are greatly reduced revealing the other pigments (carotenoids and xantophylls)
  • 20. Pigments  Chlorophyll A is the most important photosynthetic pigment.  Other pigments called antenna or accessory pigments are also present in the leaf.  Chlorophyll B  Carotenoids (orange / red)  Xanthophylls (yellow / brown)  These pigments are embedded in the membranes of the chloroplast in groups called photosystems.
  • 21. Different pigments absorb light differently
  • 24. Chlorophyll in the chloroplasts  Chlorophyll molecules are embedded in the thylakoid membrane  Act like a light “antenna”  These molecules can absorb sunlight energy.
  • 25. Photosystem • Reaction centre (chlorophyll a & electron acceptor) • Light-harvesting complex (pigment molecules bounded to proteins)
  • 26. Harvesting light There are two types of reaction centre:  Photosystem I is arranged around a chlorophyll a molecule with absorption peak of 700 nm.  Photosystem II is arranged around a chlorophyll a molecule with absorption peak of 680 nm.
  • 27. Photosynthesis occurs in 2 phases:  The light reactions convert solar energy Light Chloroplast to chemical energy NADP  Produce ATP & ADP NADPH +P Calvin Light cycle reactions • The Calvin cycle makes sugar from carbon dioxide – The ATP and NADPH are used to assemble sugars and other organic compounds
  • 28. Excitation of chlorophyll in a chloroplast Loss of energy due to heat causes the photons of light to be less energetic. e Excited 2 state Less energy translates into longer wavelength. Fluorescene Heat Transition toward the red end of the visible spectrum. Light Light (fluorescence) Photon Ground state Chlorophyll molecule (a) Absorption of a photon (b) fluorescence of isolated chlorophyll in solution
  • 29. 1. Light Reaction (Electron Flow)  Occurs in the Thylakoid membranes  During the light reaction, there are two possible routes for electron flow. A. Noncyclic Electron Flow B. Cyclic Electron Flow
  • 30. B. Noncyclic Electron Flow  Occurs in the thylakoid membrane  Uses PS II and PS I  P680 rxn center (PSII) - chlorophyll a  P700 rxn center (PS I) - chlorophyll a  Uses Electron Transport Chain (ETC)  Generates O2, ATP and NADPH
  • 31. Noncyclic Photophosphorylation  Photosystem II regains electrons by splitting water, leaving O2 gas as a by-product Primary electron acceptor Primary electron acceptor Photons Energy for synthesis of PHOTOSYSTEM I PHOTOSYSTEM II by chemiosmosis
  • 32.  Two types of photosystems cooperate in the light reactions ATP mill Water-splitting NADPH-producing photosystem photosystem
  • 33. In the light reactions, electron transport chains generate ATP, NADPH, & O2  Two connected photosystems collect photons of light and transfer the energy to chlorophyll electrons  The excited electrons are passed from the primary electron acceptor to electron transport chains  Their energy ends up in ATP and NADPH
  • 34. B. Noncyclic Electron Flow  ADP + P  ATP (photophosphorylation)  NADP+ + H  NADPH (source of energized electrons)  Oxygen comes from the splitting of H2O, not CO2 H 2O  1/2 O2 + 2H+
  • 35. A. Cyclic Electron Flow  Occurs in the thylakoid membrane.  Uses Photosystem I only  P700 reaction center- chlorophyll a  Uses Electron Transport Chain (ETC)  Generates ATP only ADP + P ATP
  • 36. A. Cyclic Electron Flow Reaction Center => 700 nm 2e- 2e- 2e- 2e-
  • 37. The Hill reaction  Hill placed cells of the green alga Chlorella into water containing the heavy isotope 18O  He was able to show that the Oxigen given off in photosynthesis was na isotope 18O which must have come from water.
  • 38. When Hill repeated the experiment with CO2 containing the heavy 18O instead, the oxygen given off was normal 16O Photolysis H2O + Energy  ½ O2 + 2H+ + 2e-
  • 39. The production of ATP by chemiosmosis in photosynthesis Thylakoid compartment (high H+) Light Light Thylakoid membrane Antenna molecules Stroma ELECTRON TRANSPORT (low H+) CHAIN PHOTOSYSTEM II PHOTOSYSTEM I ATP SYNTHASE
  • 40. Chemiosmosis powers ATP synthesis in the light reactions  The electron transport chains are arranged with the photosystems in the thylakoid membranes and pump H+ into the thylakoid space  The flow of H+ back through the membrane is harnessed by ATP synthase to make ATP  In the stroma, the H+ ions combine with NADP+ to form NADPH Video
  • 41. Calvin Cycle  Calvin Cycle (light-independent) occur in the stroma:  Carbon fixation  Carbon dioxide is “fixed” into the sugar glucose.  ATP and NADPH molecules created during the light reactions power the production of this glucose.
  • 43. Carbon Fixation:  (3) CO2 molecules enter  Rubisco attaches the Co2 to RuBP  The 6C product immediately splits into 2x glycerate 3- phosphate
  • 44. Reduction  6 ATP and 6 NADPH used  Some of the triose phosphate molecule are linked to form Glucose phosphate
  • 45. Regenerate RuBP Use 3 more ATP Video
  • 46. The light-independent stage  CO2 combines with a five-carbon compound, ribulose biphospate (RuBP)  The unstablr 6-carbon compound breaks down to form 2 molecules of 3-carbon glycerate 3-phosphate  ATP is used to phosphorylate the 2 molecules of GP forming 2 molecules of glycerate biphosphate
  • 47. The light-independent stage  NADPH reduces each molecule of glycerate biphosphate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GALP)  For every six molecules of GALP formed, five are used in a series of reactions to regerate RuBP.  One of six GALP molecules is converted to glucose and other carbohydrates, aminoa cids and lipids
  • 48.  A Photosynthesis Road Map Chloroplast Light Stroma Stack of NADP thylakoids ADP +P Light Calvin reactions cycle Sugar used for  Cellular respiration  Cellulose  Starch  Other organic compounds Video Video Video
  • 49.  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- 37Rrw1vEsw&feature=related  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ixpNw6mx3lk&fea ture=related  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yGYUnDFmJdM&f eature=related  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kzLz2EcSPnQ&fea ture=related  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=isyksgQPnVY&feat ure=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mYbMP wmwx88&feature=related

Hinweis der Redaktion

  1. Action spectrum of photosynthesis shows wavelengths used for light dependent reactions. Different colours are different wavlengths. The green region is not used, so green light is reflected and seen.