1. A Report on
Education in India
Status and Opportunities
2. Contents:
Status of Education in INDIA
• Play School and Pre School Education
• Elementary Education
• Secondary Education
• Higher Education
• Vocational Education
Opportunities and Role for Private Players
• Opportunities for Service Providers
• Public Private Partnership (PPP)
• Support Services in Education Sector
• Indian Education Sector: A Snapshot
4. Play School and Pre School Education
Present Status
1
• Lack of any regulatory mechanism for Play School – Pre School Segment
2
• Population under the age group of 2-6 years is 10-11 Cr ( 9 -10 %)
• Gross Enrolment Rate (GER) in pre-school segment is as low as 18% @
Current Trends
• Rising awareness about the significance of early education for child development
and maintaining high enrolment and retention rates in primary education
• Majority of the Play School and Pre School market is concentrated in Urban Areas
Market Size and Players
• Organised pre school market is dominated by private players a few of them are
Kidzee, Eurokids, Treehouse
• The current urban market size is estimated to be Rs 6000 Cr
@ at government pre schools` Source : Fortress Team Research
5. Elementary Education (Std I-VIII)
Present Status
The Positives ……
• Participation: Rapid improvement in enrollment
2
rates, at least in primary schools
• Equity: Social disparity which was very high till
90’s has been reduced significantly.
3
Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) gets most of the credit
for the improvements in Elementary Education
The Problem Areas ……..
4
• Drop out rates : 48 % in elementary Education
(std I- VIII) mainly because of socio-economic reasons
• Regional disparity: States like Bihar, UP are way behind
in terms of GER, Drop outs..
( Cont..)
6. The Problem Areas …….
( Cont..)
• Infrastructure:
5
5
o Low PTR and teacher absenteeism
o 24% Schools in India do not have
proper school building 6
o 8 % schools Lack drinking water
facilities
• Quality of Education:
o Pratham’s ASER survey: 60% of
children aged 7 to 12 cannot read
a simple Para
(Pratham is a reputed NGO working
towards education in India)
Source: DISE, MHRD
7. Overall Performance
Aspects Better Performing States Slow Performing States
Rajasthan, Delhi , Maharashtra, Bihar, Punjab, Haryana,
Gross enrolment ratio (GER)
Uttarakhand Nagaland
Assam, Bihar, Mizoram,
Drop out rates Kerala , Goa, Haryana, Himachal,
Meghalaya
Teacher appointments Andhra Pradesh, J&K, Orissa, UP W.Bengal, MP
Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Assam, Bihar, Maharashtra, Arunachal
Teacher training
Tamil Nadu Pradesh
Construction of school
Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan W. Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand
buildings
Construction of additional
Gujarat, Karnataka, Assam, AP Chattisgarh, UP, Manipur
classrooms
% of Expenditure on
Education & Training of total Assam, Maharashtra, Bihar Delhi J&K, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh
Budget
Source : Fortress Team Research, DISE, MHRD and Presentation by Mr. Amit Kaushik
UNDP Workshop on MDGs And Human Development Lucknow 2006
8. Secondary Education (Std IX-XII)
Success of SSA has resulted in a pull effect on Secondary Education System
Secondary Education is an important foundation for vocational / higher education
Hence expansion of Secondary Education is important for the development of any Nation
8
The problem areas ….. Financing: While India has pursued the drive
Participation: At the lower secondary level towards universal elementary education, since
2000 the share of investment financing for
(grades 9 and 10), the gross enrollment rate (GER)
secondary education has declined significantly.
is 52 %, while at the senior secondary level (grade
11 and 12) it is just 28 % (2005-06).
Access: Number of secondary Schools are almost
half the number of Upper primary schools available
7
in the country
Equity: Most secondary students are
boys, and disproportionately from urban areas
and wealthier segments of the population.
Quality : Assessments of student achievement in
mathematics by at the secondary and senior
secondary level suggest that the quality of
instruction and learning is very low. (Source ASER
report)
Source: Fortress Team Research
9. Current Trends Actual and ProjectedActual and Projected Demand Education
Demand for Secondary for
Secondary Education
• Enrolment in Government schools has 70 Total Demand
decreased in last decades. There is a 60 Lower Secondary
trend in Urban as well as rural areas to
Millions of Students
50 Senior Secondary
opt for private education LS
40
• Sharp increase is expected in the 30
SS
Co
demand for secondary education in
20
coming decade. (Actual And Projected
Demand is shown in Graph) 10
0
0
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4
6
8
0
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4
6
8
0
-0
-0
-0
-0
-0
-1
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-1
-1
-2
99
01
03
05
07
09
11
13
15
17
19
19
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
Market Size and Players
Source: Presentation by Sam Carlson Education consultant (World Bank)
• Share of Private Institutions in Indian School Education is,
Primary 7%, Upper Primary 21%, Secondary 32%
• Annual private market size for the segment I to XII is estimated at Rs 22-26k Cr
• With growth being expected in private unaided institutions the market should witness
encouraging growth
Source: Fortress Team Research
10. What needs to be done…
Policy Level Initiatives
• Public classroom and school construction, especially in rural areas where private suppliers are
unlikely to venture;
• Training and hiring of more teachers, and rationalizing their deployment, so that supply better
matches demand;
• Investments in curriculum revision, progressive pedagogy, technology and examination
reforms, to make schooling more relevant
• Provide financial and in-kind assistance for poor and disadvantaged students, to offset direct
and indirect costs of schooling, and overcome household reluctance to send their children
(especially girls) to school;
• Public information campaigns to change attitudes about the benefits of schooling and delayed
marriages
Government Initiatives
• Programs to improve the internal efficiency and quality of Secondary education, so as to
increase the number and quality of graduates; example programs like SSA
• Promoting ICTs, so that students can take greater control of their learning and skills acquisition
from sources other than the teacher and textbook.
Source: Fortress Team Research
11. Higher Education (beyond XII)
Present Status
The positives……
9
• 348 universities, 17625 colleges, >500,000 teachers; 10.5 million students;
• Third largest number of graduates after US & China.
• Professional education in English medium
• Growing rapidly; Covers all major disciplines;
Weakness…..
• Low enrolment (13% -2006 )
• Regulatory system 10 over centralized;
is
• Lack of institutional autonomy and accountability still it fails to maintain standards.
• Unplanned expansion
• Variable quality; market mismatch;
• Little knowledge creation– little interaction with economy, society and other academic/ research
institutions
• Limited access and regional disparity (80% of technical educational institutions are concentrated in
4 states of MH, AP, TN, KR)
• Diminishing and skewed public funding (0.6 % of GDP in 2006)
Source: Fortress Team Research
12. What needs to be done…
Increasing Access and Reducing Regional Imbalances
Empowerment and Accountability of Institutions
Academic, Administrative, Financial, Managerial
Improving Quality and Effectiveness
Quality and effectiveness of teaching learning processes
Faculty development
Curriculum reforms
Networking to Enhance Capacity, Improve Quality and Produce Excellence
Networking of institutions with each other, with R&D labs, industry and service
sector
Resource sharing of expertise, facilities
Mobilization of Additional Financial Resources
Encourage private funding
Need for making Indian higher education globally competitive not only for seizing
opportunity for global trade in higher education services ($30 billion last year), but to
corner a larger share of fast growing international trade in professional services ($270
billion last year) – higher education feeds into growth of professional services
Source: Research Paper by Shashi Shrivastava, Education Consultant , World Bank
13. Vocational Education
Conventional Vocational Education
• Vocational education is very important for building skilled workforce to meet growing demand
of a developing country.
• Percentage of students applying for vocational education in India is less than 20% compared to
developed countries where it is more than 50 % .
• Gov ITIs and private ICTs offer 1 1 0 courses under conventional vocational education
including engineering and non engineering courses
Role of private players in Embedding with Formal
ISSUE Up-gradation of courses
ITI Education
State: Option Available
Action taken Scheme for up-gradation No specific action
Central : scheme in progress
Low awareness, Not updated as per the
Bottlenecks Scheme Structuring,
Non Up-gradation industry requirements
Invite views of private players, Inputs from industry
Suggestions Review of schemes
Appoint PMC professionals
Source: Fortress Team Research
14. New Trends in Vocational Education & Market Size
After economic liberalization the contribution of service sector as a percentage of GDP has
increased from 34 % in early 90’s to 56% in 2008.
This has triggered the need for trained manpower leading to flourishing of various private
vocational institutes.
In the recent times it has expanded into fields like Finance, Retail, Animation, Hospitality, Media,
Aviation etc.
The current market size of private vocational training is estimated as Rs 5k-6k Cr
Comparing Govt. run conventional training and private vocational training
Conventional Training Private Training
Gov Intervention Government controlled /run Lesser/No Gov intervention
Profit Motive Not for profit For profit
Penetration Deep but highly under utilized Urban Areas, optimum utilization
Streams Offered Welding, turning (total 110) IT, Finance, Retail, Media, Animation
Up gradation of courses Less/ no up gradation Frequent up gradation
Quality Infrastructure Basic and inadequate Advanced and adequate
Linkage with industry Lesser tuning with the industry Designed as per industry requirement
Job Orientation Yes, low key jobs Yes, medium-top end jobs
Source: Fortress Team Research
16. Opportunities for Service Providers
• Teachers training Institutes
India has a shortage of around 10-12 Lac teachers in all forms of education.
Which means the demand for teachers training and retraining is going to increase
in coming years
• Setting up Play schools
With increasing awareness & no regulatory mechanism in place play schools is
one of the most lucrative business
• Setting up Universities & Private Colleges .
As per the National Knowledge Commission report to raise the GER in Higher
education to 15 % by 2020 India will need 1500 Universities and cluster of
colleges affiliated to them.
• Private Open Universities and Distance education
Popular among young workers / professionals who want to pursue further
education. The trend is growing in India
Case Study : Manipal Universal Learning
(Cont…)
17. Case Study: Manipal Universal Learning
Revenues FY 09
Background
It is the corporate entity of the Manipal Education Group. Domestic Operations International Operations:
Manipal University is a Deemed university in Karnataka, India since Rs395 crore Rs419 crore
1993
Sikkim Manipal University, an open university under the Sikkim Govt. Distance
Antigua university:
Education: Rs281
Rs156 crore
Courses Offered crore
Various programmes in the areas of
medicine, engineering, information sciences, allied health
Meritrac: Rs53 Dubai Campus:
sciences, biotechnology, dental, etc crore (88%) Rs52 crore
Online MBA programmes.
Potential for industry-academia collaborations by establishing ICICI- Corporate Training:
Nepal Campus:
Manipal Academy ICICI Manipal:
Rs50 crore
Rs35 crore
Offers distance education courses through 550 Learning Centers
Revenue Professional Skills: Malaysia campus:
Rs7 crore 38 crore
Gross revenues of Rs814 Cr . Sponsor-funding $30m from IDFC
Private Equity and $40m from Capital International. 70% of the
domestic revenues from services to SMU International
Center for applied
U21: Rs27 crore
Has acquired a stake in U21 Global (revenues of $4.2m) science: Rs12
crore
Program for engineering through its International Centre for Applied
Sciences (ICAS)
Treasury Income:
Others: Rs94 crore
Rs8 crore
Source: SSKI report, Fortress Team Research
18. Sikkim Manipal Manipal Universal: Fund Flow
• Defines Eligibility
Payments UGC • Defines Curriculum
• Approves programmes with appropriate Certification
Service • Admits Students
• Conducts Exams
• Award Degrees
SMU
MUL • Creates Awareness
STUDENT
• Appoints LCs
• Develops Content
• Supports admission process
• Mails course material
• Supports in hiring faculty
• Supports student placement
LC
• Provides infrastructure at local level
• Local faculty support for counseling & tutoring
• Supports placements
Source: SSKI report, Fortress Team Research
19. Opportunities for Service Providers
• ICT and E- learning in Education
It is a sunrise Industry in India. Increase in Computer Infrastructure , internet
users and broadband penetration in last decade means ICT & e learning industry
is expected to grow in near future.
Products
Case Study : Educomp Ltd
Pre-schools
Largest provider of technology education products and services for K-12 Private Schools
students. Reaches out to over 21,000 schools Smart Class
It leverages its strong understanding of the technology and education needs ICT Solutions
of schools(Public & Private) to deliver high quality, cost effective products. Retail & Counseling 6%
Business Model Prof. Development
10%
• Smart Class: Smart
Class
Builds IT infrastructure for private schools and licenses the digital ICT 49%
35%
curriculum content
Incurs the initial expenditure in return of which it receives revenues for300 Sales (Rs Crore) 276.
the next 5 years 9
200 112.
• ICT Segment
2
Builds IT infrastructure for government schools on BOOT model 100 53.7
Incurs the upfront expenditure and receives quarterly payment for
0
services rendered
FY06 FY07 FY08
Source: Annual Reports
20. Opportunities for Service Providers
• Vocational Training Institutes
As Discussed there is a huge scope for private Vocational Training Institutes in
areas like IT, Media, Hospitality, Aviation etc
Case Study: NIIT Ltd
Started as an IT training Sales (Rs Crore) Finance
3%
provider, expanded to
Finance, school (ICT), corporate 1006.
Corporate
8 IT
training etc 795.1 35%
54%
Works on a franchise model 450.7
Setting up university in the current Schools
8%
year
FY06 FY07 FY08
Courses School Learning Solutions Individual Solutions Corporate solutions
Target Customer School children Young adults Working professionals
Value Preposition Academics Employability Productivity
Customer School Individual Corporate
Coverage Multimedia Learning IT/BFSI/Spoken English, Learning products
Teacher Training Management education Training delivery & Admin
Geographical India India + emerging India + USA + Europe
Coverage economies`
Source: www.niit.com
21. Opportunities for Service Providers
• Coaching Classes and Competitive Test Preparation
Private coaching for curriculum and for competitive exam centre is a booming
business expected to be worth Rs 8k – 9k Cr
• Franchise Investor
Franchise Model and Role of Franchise Investor
Franchise owner
Right to operate
business
Franchisee Franchisee Fee
Profit/Loss in the
Franchisee investor
business
22. Public Private Partnership (PPP) Opportunities in Education
( Innovative public-private partnership models take advantage of existing underutilized capacity in
the public sector and induce a supply response to expand that capacity. Some of the models
could be… )
Contracting out (failing) state schools
Case Study : Schools run by BMC in Mumbai
BMC runs 1171 Primary and 49 Secondary Schools in Mumbai Region
Over the years enrolment is BMC schools is declining (for primary schools 4,85,000 in 20005-06
to 4,25,000 in 08-09and for secondary schools 55000 in 2005-06 to 43000 in 08-09)
Decrease in enrolment of BMC schools has resulted in Shutting down of around 17 primary
schools in last three years.
The Major reason being lack of facilities and quality in BMC run Schools
PPP model can be developed whereby the underutilized School Infrastructure can be used in a
better way BMC
Low Enrollment
Schools on the verge There are 1171
of closure Good
Primary and 49
Infrastructure Pays Rent to BMC
Secondary Schools
Facilities
High Spending on run by BMC in
Salaries & Mumbai Leased Out
Infrastructure
Trends of High Private
Enrollment in High Student Fees
Schools
Private Schools
Source: Fortress Team Research
23. Public Private Partnership (PPP) Opportunities in Education
Building School Infrastructure in rural areas through PPP
Lack of Secondary Schools in Rural Areas
Private players Government
PPP model can be developed are reluctant does not have
to increase Primary / because of low the funds to
Secondary school Return on build the
Infrastructure in Rural Areas Investments infrastructure
where Private Players are
reluctant to go because of
low rate of Return Private Player builds the
infrastructure
Gov. gives tax benefits, Commercial FSI to Private Players
24. Public Private Partnership (PPP) Opportunities in Education
Open Schooling
Why Open Schooling? 600 Boys Girls
400 282
• Improvement in enrolment at Up
134 191
primary and Secondary level 200
• Drop out rate: 25% (I-V), 49% 202 281 201
(I-VIII), 62% (I-X) 0
• Laborers migrate along with TOTAL - I - TOTAL - VI TOTAL - IX-
families, for their children V - VIII X
attending schools is difficult Promotion Actual Drop outs in India (12 Cr Appox)
Present Status From
Government as
• NIOS , the central body formed in alternative
‘79 schools Open
Schooling
• Lower Enrolments (3.4 lac 06-07) Funding
• Lower passing rates
• No specific funding towards OS
Role of Private
• No major focus at state level as Players, NGOs Bridge Schools: Sakhar
well Concept Shala, Bhatti Shala
Development and
Project Management
Source: Fortress Team Research
25. Scope for support services in Education Sector
Concept to commissioning of Private / Gov educational projects like education cities
and theme schools
Education City
Marketing to
Implementing Marketing to the
Concept Invite Expression
Authority Players in
Development of Interest
(HUDA, MIDC, C Education
IDCO)
Planning,
Handling of the
Allocation of land, Commissioning of Project
procedures
Landscaping project Management
(Pre/Post Bid)
Design
Rajiv Gandhi Education City Gujarat Vittal Innovation City (Valsad, Gujarat)
(Sonipat, Haryana) Implementing Authority: HUDA Implementing Authority: GIDC + EMPI Centre
INNOPOLIS Consortia
HUDA has allocated 700 acres at Sonipat for the University to be located in the GVIC SEZ
proposed Education City IT companies also invited to set up their campus in
1 institute of international repute (60-180 acres) + 10 GVIC
other institutions (3-25 acre) Executives of the company can also participate as
Lease hold/ Free hold land based on area, faculty
Payment terms to be decided accordingly As located in SEZ, university will be free to modify
curriculum to meet industry needs
Source: Fortress Team Research
26. Scope for support services in Education Sector
• Project development and management consultants for PPP
• Capacity building
• Investment Banking
• Project Management of supporting implementing various government schemes
(some government schemes are as under)
Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan Model Schools
(RMSA) Scheme
Targets of RMSA Genesis of the Schemes
• Access to quality and affordable education • 2500 schools to be set up in EBBs under
available to all in the age group of 14-18 government (state + center) and 2500
• A secondary school at every 5 km and a higher schools on PPP model
secondary school at every 7-10 km • State government to contribute land at
• Universal access to secondary education (USE) free of cost
by 2017 (GER of 100%) • Emphasis on English language
• Universal retention to secondary education by • Classes VI-XII or IX-XII
2020 (0 dropouts)
• Special attention towards economically and
socially backward sections
Source: Fortress Team Research
27. Case Studies: Support Service Providers in Education Sector
EdCIL India Limited
A government of India enterprise offering consultancy services in all areas of education and
human resource development in India and overseas
Undertakes education projects on turnkey basis from concept to commissioning
18 16.84
Services for Institutional EdCIL Sales 07/08
16
development
14
•Feasibility Studies 8.35 14.74
12
•Preparation of Master Plan 9.52 9.73
10
•Conceptualization of Schemes 8 6.84
4.67
•Engineering Designs 6
•Bid Preparation 4 0.56
•Techno Commercial Evaluation 2.1
2 0.74
•Award of Work 0
•Implementation and Monitoring
assistance
Institution
Placement
activities
Secondme
developm
Technical
Testing
services
•Quality Assurance and Inspection
ent
nt
•Construction Management
Technical Support to Govt schemes •Institutional Planning •Training Needs &
•DPR & Feasibility report •Sector Studies Assessment
•Educational Planning and •Curriculum Development •Capacity Development
Administration •Developing Computer Infra •Impact Assessment Studies
•Manpower Planning • •Evaluation of Projects
Source: www.edcil.co.in
28. Case Studies: Scope for support services in Education Sector
IL & FS IDC (Infrastructure Development Corporation)
It is the infrastructure development arm of IL&FS
Roles played by IL&FS IDC
• Creation of commercial prototypes, suggest and evolve requisite policy/legislative framework
• As a Project Developer & Sponsor, creation of structures and achieve techno commercial
closure
• As an Advisor, it assists govt, local bodies and sponsors to undertake projects
Services to Govt / Govt Agencies
• Project conceptualisation
• Project Structuring & Development
Services to Sponsors
• Contractual Documentation
• Project Costing
• Bid Process management
• Bid Structuring
• Project Implementation and facilitation
• Assistance in financial closure
• Quality Assurance and oversight
• Merchant banking and fund mobilisation
Current Projects
Nursing Training Institutes in NE states
Sports Academy in Jharkhand
ITI in Jharkhand
Source: www. iidcindia.co.in
29. Indian Education Market : A Snapshot
Market
Segment Size (Rs Regulation Key features Growth Drivers Business Potential
Cr)
Pre + play 6000- No • Urban driven •Peer pressure • Capital intensive
school 7000 • Unorganized • Free pricing • Scalability is an issue
• Franchise based • Low penetration •Lucrative investment
School 20000- High • Largest market • Pref to Pvt. Schools • Newer business models
Education 25000 •Low Quality • Aspiration of parents •Large scope for PPP
• Structuring issue • High stickiness • Structure: A dampener
Higher 15000- Very High •Variety of courses •Growing Economy •Large scope for pvt.
education 20000 •Regional disparity •Government Policy technical institutes
• Well organized •High Population •Scope in semi urban areas
•Scope for Distance edu.
Vocational 5000- No • Unregulated pvt • Job/placement •Scope for PPP
Education 6000 mkt. • Newer sectors •Capital intensive
• Number of streams • Affordable fees •Lucrative Investment
• Franchise Based
Test Prep 600-800 No • No regulations • Growing enrolments •Niche focused market
• High fees • Use of technology • Low stickiness
• Trends/Cycles • Free pricing •Scope for new areas like e-
learning
Coaching 7500- No • No regulations • Quality Education • Scalability Issue
Classes 7800 • Highly unorganized • Free pricing • Capital Intensive
• Urban driven •Peer pressure
Source: Fortress Team Research
31. 1. In 2002 86th constitutional amendment made right to education elevated to a
fundamental right for age 6-14 only . So constitutionally there is no compulsion
for the pre school education and no regulatory mechanism has been devised by
the government.
2. The gross enrolment ratio (GER) is a statistical measure used in the education
sector. The GER gives a rough indication of the level of education from
kindergarten to postgraduate education. In the UN, the GER is calculated by
expressing the number of students enrolled in primary, secondary and tertiary
levels of education, regardless of age, as a percentage of the population of
official school age for the three levels
GROSS ENROLMENT RATIOS (GER) OF ALL CATEGORIES OF STUDENTS
Primary (I-V) Upper Primary (VI-VIII) Elementary (I-VIII)
Year Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total
1995-
97.1 79.4 88.6 67.8 49.8 59.3 86.9 69.4 78.5
96
2000-
104.9 85.9 95.7 66.7 49.9 58.6 90.3 72.4 81.6
01
2005-
112.8 105.8 109.4 75.2 66.4 71 98.5 91 94.9
06
Source: DISE, MHRD
32. 3. Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) is a comprehensive and integrated flagship
programme of Government of India to attain Universal Elementary Education
(UEE), covering the entire country in a mission mode. SSA has been launched in 2001-
2002 in partnership with the State Governments and Local Self Governments.
The programme aims to provide useful and relevant, elementary education to all
children in the 6 to 14 age group by 2010. It is an initiative to universalize and
improve quality of education through decentralized and context specific planning and
a process based, time bound implementation strategy.
GER (%): Significant improvement DOR (%): Significant reduction from
from 2001-02 onwards 2001-02 onwards
120 60
108 109 54 55 53 52
110 55 51 49
96 96 95 98 95 50
100 94
85 45 41 39
90 82 82 83 40 35
80
70 71 35 31 29
70 61 62 30 26
59 60 25
60
20
50
I-V VI-VIII I-VIII I-V I-VIII Source: DISE, MHRD
33. 4. Dropout rate is defined as the proportion of children that cease to remain enrolled in the
schooling system. There are a number of methods for estimating dropout rate. One of
them, followed in the Selected Education Statistics (SES) of the Ministry of Human Resource
Development, is as follows:
·Gross dropout rates for classes (I-V) = {1-(Enrolment in Class V during the reference year
divided by the enrolment in Class I four years ago)}*100.
·Gross dropout rates for classes (I-VIII) = {1-(Enrolment in Class VIII during the reference year
divided by the enrolment in Class I seven years ago)}*100.
5.Pupil Teacher ratio refers to the number of teachers in a school or university with respect to the
number of students who attend the institution. For example, a student teacher ratio of 10:1
indicates that there are 10 students for every one teacher.
A low student-teacher ratio is often used as a selling point to those choosing schools for tertiary
education. On the other hand, high student-teacher ratio is often cited for criticizing
proportionately underfunded schools or school systems, or as evidence of the need for legislative
change or more funding for education.
Source: DISE, MHRD
34. 6. SCHOOLS WITH NO BUILDING
A & N Islands 17 Karnataka 883
Andhra Kerala 161
Pradesh 16808 Lakshadweep 2
Arunachal Madhya
Pradesh 564 Pradesh 16181
Assam 3227 Maharashtra 1410
Bihar 3444 Manipur 98
Chandigarh 3 Meghalaya 816
Chhattisgarh 11305 Mizoram 70
D & N Haveli 43 Nagaland 52
Daman & Diu 3 Orissa 501
Delhi Puducherry 20
Goa 19 Punjab 334
Gujarat 730 Rajasthan 5911
Haryana 795 Sikkim 17
Himachal Tamil Nadu 341
Pradesh 154 Tripura 14
Jammu & Uttar Pradesh 1619
Kashmir 2248 Uttarakhand 351
Jharkhand 13640 West Bengal 8152
Source: DISE, MHRD
35. 7.Growth of Educational Institutions
Year Primary Upper Primary Sec/ Sr. Secondary
1995-96 593410 174145 99274
2000-01 638738 206269 126047
2005-06 772568 288493 159667
Number of primary institutions have considerably increased since (90-91) to
(05-06) as compared to upper primary and secondary schools. There is an
urgent need to boost the number of secondary institutions so as to support
the increasing number of enrollments in elementary section
8. Public Expenditure on Education
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10
Elementary Education 11219 15952 16934 19777 19682
Secondary Education 1591 1837 3793 5140 6170
Adult Education 263 408 363 408 410
Language Development 152 194 152 180 200
University & higher Education 2108 2774 3892 5235 6637
Technical Education 1600 1718 3870 3963 4749
General Education 3908 2286 4665 6084 7594
Distance Learning 0 0 0 160 187
Information & Technology 0 0 0 452 497
Total Expenditure 20841 25169 33669 41442 46126
Government of India promised to allocate at least 6% of national income to education , a goal set for
realization by the end of ninth five year plan i.e. by 2002
SOURCE: indiabudget.nic.in UNESCO WORLD STATS
37. 10. Existing Regulatory System : Structure & Process
• Centre, UGC and 14 statutory central professional councils (as examples AICTE, MCI) govern the
entire system
• Regulatory bodies are under direct control of the government
• UGC controls the entire university system including curriculums, degrees, fees, faculty
qualifications and approval to new universities.
Setting up Universities in India
• Central universities established by Acts of Parliament and State universities established by Acts of
State Legislative Assemblies;
• Private universities also require central or state legislation;
• Institutions “deemed” to be universities by the UGC and, thus, given university status under the
UGC Act 1956
• Degree-awarding institutions of national importance, such as the Indian Institutes of Technology
(IIT), established by Acts of Parliament and outside the purview of the UGC.
Setting Up Private Colleges
• Approval from UGC and respective governing council
• Must be affiliated to a central or state university (private and deemed universities are unitary and
not allowed to affiliate colleges)
Whereas, most nations in the World are working towards loosening of statutory control over higher
education, India is moving in reverse direction (The Economist, 2005).
Source: Fortress Team Research