Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Poverty
1. Dr. N. Sai Bhaskar Reddy, GEO
Dr. MCR HRD IAP, Hyderabad
2. Source:
http://www.worldbank.org.in/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/INDIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:21880725~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSiteP
K:295584,00.html
The developing world is poorer than we thought but no
less successful in the fight against poverty - indicates
that the number of poor people in the world is higher
than previously estimated but the pace of poverty
reduction remains the same. - Martin Ravallion and
Shaohua Chen
Based on this new data, the old international poverty line
of $1.08 a day in 1993 Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)
prices has been updated to a new international poverty
line of $1.25 a day in 2005 PPP prices. the number of
poor people living under $1.25 a day has increased from
421 million in 1981 to 456 million in 2005.
3. Indian poverty
• Poverty is widespread in India, with the nation
estimated to have a third of the world's poor.
According to a 2005 World Bank estimate, 41.6%
of the total Indian population falls below
the international poverty line of US$ 1.25 a day
• A recent report by the Oxford Poverty and
Human Development Initiative states that 8
Indian states have more poor than 26 poorest
African nations combined which totals to more
than 410 million poor in the poorest African
countries.
4. According to a recent Indian government
committee constituted to estimate
poverty, nearly 38% of India’s
population (380 million) is poor. This
report is based on new methodology and
the figure is 10% higher than the present
poverty estimate of 28.5%.
Note: The committee was headed by SD Tendulkar has used a
different methodology to reach at the current figure. It has
taken into consideration indicators for
heath, education, sanitation, nutrition and income as per
National Sample Survey Organization survey of 2004-05.
6. • Andhra Pradesh, Madhya
Pradesh, Orissa, West Bengal and Bihar
together account for 40% of India’s rural
poor.
• 16% of India’s population is classified as
scheduled caste, and 8% as scheduled tribe.
These groups are dominantly poor and rural
and face particular socio-cultural barriers to
development.
– Source: Compiled from various sources including National
Census (2001), National Sample Survey, 61st round (2004/05);
National Family Health Survey 3 (2005/06); Mahendra Dev and
Ravi ‘Poverty and Inequality: All India and States, 1983-2005’.
Economic and PoliticalWeekly. (2007). pp 509-521.
7. URBAN POVERTY PROFILE
• As per the Census of India estimates, the urban poverty in
Hyderabad is measured at 23% of total population. This
level is comparatively high as against Delhi (8%), Kolkata
(6%) and Chennai (20%) but slightly better than that of
Mumbai (27%). However, as per the data available from
urban development/ planning authorities, the number of
people living below the poverty line (BPL) is 5.40 lakhs,
• Hyderabad is characterized by a very significant presence of
the slum population, with a growing number of them. Slum
settlements have multiplied over decades and the living
conditions of the poor have not improved. Slums are
scattered across the city and surrounding
municipalities, with high population densities and the
number of people inhabiting them estimated to be around
two million.
8. Government departments (AP)
• Agriculture and Co-Operation
• Animal Husbandry and Fisheries
• Backward Classes Welfare
• Consumer Affairs Food & Civil Supplies
• Energy
• Environment, Forests, Science and
Technology
• FinanceFinance (PMU)Finance (Project Wing)
• General Administration
• Health, Medical and Family Welfare
• Higher Education
• Home
• Housing
• Industries and Commerce
• Information Technology and Communications
• Infrastructure and Investment
• Irrigation
• Labour, Employment Training and Factories
• Law
• Minorities Welfare
• Municipal Administration and Urban
Development
• Panchayat Raj and Rural Development
• Planning
• Public Enterprises
• Rain Shadow Areas Development
• Revenue
• School Education (SE Wing)
• School Education (SSA Wing)
• Social Welfare
• Transport, Roads and Buildings
• Women Development, Child Welfare and
Disabled Welfare
• Youth Advancement, Tourism and Culture
http://www.aponline.gov.in/apportal/departments/portallistoforgsbydepts.aspx?i=3
17. 20 km0 10
DPAP
APRLP Mandals
5
Railway
183
20
Other Mandals
50
National highway
State highway
Number of SHGs
per habitation
N
Number of SHGs per habitation
Dec 2001
Spatial distribution of SHGs
PIP AND POVERTY DENSITY TO BE MAPPED AND SUPERIMPOSED ON
ACUTE POVERTY AREAS ON SIMILAR LINES
18. POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY:THE APPROACH
• COMPREHENSIVE UNDERSTANDING OF POVERTY AND
DETERMINANTS
– POVERTY MEASUREMENT, ANALYSIS AND TOOLS
• CHOOSING PUBLIC ACTIONS HAVING HIGHEST
POVERTY IMPACT
– DEVELOPMENT TASKS AND LOGFRAME
– CREATION OF STAKES OF POOR IN POLICY
– CAPACITY BUILDING
– PRIORITIZATION OF INTERVENTIONS
– ACTIONS FACILITATING EXPANSION OF INCOME OF
POOR
• OUTCOME INDICATORS SET AND MONITORED USING
PARTICIPATORY PROCESSES
19. The Guiding Principles
• State driven and owned
• Results oriented – Sets medium and long term
goals for Poverty Reduction and
eradication, including key outcomes and
intermediate indicators
• Comprehensive – Multidimensional nature of
Poverty to cover areas like rapid economic
growth, macro economic stability, structural
reforms and social stability-leading to cohesive
government policy and to enable poor to share
the benefits of growth
20. Ingredients for the Approach
• Need for evidence based policy making : The
Stages
– Establish Poverty Baseline *
– Set Poverty Reduction Targets
– Define Pro Poor Development Strategy
– Monitor Progress (Annual)
– Feedback to Policy
– Evaluate Impact (once three years)
* Improve timeline, increase reliability, reduce
costs, improve dissemination, develop new
products e.g.maps, graphics etc.,
21. Current Situation of A.P.,
• A.P. has a very Vibrant Poverty Reduction
approach and number of programmes have
incorporated steps required to implement and
monitor, but:
• HOW DOES THE BIGGER PICTURE LOOK
LIKE?
• Do the Missions have a comprehensive agenda
and professionals tools for way forward?
• If yes,do they have review mechanism for annual
plans and mid course correction?
• Do they have disaggregated poverty analysis and
sub project based approach for extreme poverty?
• How externalities are being addressed?
22. DEVELOP DRAFT ACTIONPLAN
• Develop Draft action plan for implementation of
PRS in coordination with sectors
• Finalize action plan for implementation of PRS
based on consultation with key stakeholders,and
begin implementation(?)
• Identify key Poverty Monitoring Indicators, and
mechanisms for their regular updating and
monitoring
23. Monitoring and Review
• AP has Mission Based Approach
– Literacy
– Water
– Employment
– Poverty
– Health& Family welfare?
24. Missions to facilitate achievement of Goal
• Bring in convergence with other departments
• Facilitate annual review, M&E, Leading to
next plan
• How logframe and sectoral plans linked and
lead to planning
• End of year review to plan for next year and
lacunae to be addressed through new inputs
like - research, policy,training, process
monitoring, new practices,bilateral support
etc.
25. Reduce extreme poverty by half by 2015
Halve proportion of people suffering from hunger by 2015
Universal primary education by 2015
Promote Gender Equality and empower Women
Reduce under 5 mortality by 2/3rd in 2015
Reduce maternal mortality ratio by 3/4th by 2015
Half by 2015 and begin to reverse the spread of HIV / AIDS
Half and begin to reverse malaria and other diseases
Integrate priniciple of sustainability development and
reverse the loss of environmental resource
Halve the proportion of people without access to safe
drinking water by 2015
A significant improvement in lives of at least X million slum
dwellers
26. Poverty Alleviation Programmes
• Income enhancement programmes – self
employment and wage employment
(SHGs, NREGA, etc)
• Programmes providing food and nutritional
security (PDS, ICDS)
• Minimum services –
housing, sanitation, health, education and
income maintenance (pension, maternity, etc)
• Natural resource management and livelihoods
27. • Accelerated Irrigation
Benefit Programme (AIBP)
• Jawaharlal Nehru National
Urban Renewal
Mission (JnNURM)
• National Social Assistance
Scheme (NSAS) or National
Social Assistance
Programme (NSAP)
• National Programme for
Adolescent Girls (NPAG)
• Thrift savings plan (TSP)
• Rashtriya Krishi Vikas
Yojana (RKVY)
• Backward Regions Grant
Fund rogramme (BRGF)
• National E-
Governance Action Plan
(NEGAP)
• Additional Central
Assistance (ACA)
28. The Concept of Rural Devt.
• Has changed in the past three decades
• Until 70’s RD was synonymous with agri. devt.
• 80’s – ‘a strategy designed to improve the eco. and soc. life
of a specific group of people – the rural poor’ World Bank
– Concerns were deepening rural poverty
– Changing concept of devt.
– Emergence of diversified rural economy
– Non-income dimensions of poverty recognised
• Today – Inclusive RD.
• Goes beyond growth , income and output
• Quality of life – health, edn, nutrition, living conditions
• Reduction in gender equalities
29. Challenges in Rural Development
• 71% of India’s popn. is rural
• 29% of rural popn. (>200 million people) is below the
national poverty line.
• Rural poverty declined at 0.73% per year over the
period 1993-2005, down from 0.81% in 1983-94.
• 46% of rural children under five, 40% of adult
women and 38% of adult men are underweight
(compared to 33%, 25% and 26% for urban).
• 59% are small and marginal farmers and landless
labourers who depend on agriculture.
30. Agriculture
• India ‘s population is 1.21 billion in 2011. 67% are rural.
Majority are in agriculture.
• Importance of agriculture in Indian economy. Although it
contributes only 15% of GDP, the share of workers is about
55%.
• Marginal and small farmers dominate
• Major crops are rice, wheat, maize, coarse
cereals, groundnut, cotton, sugarcane, fruits and vegetables
• 60% of cultivated area is rainfed as only 40% of area is
under irrigation.
• Rural poverty is 41%in 2004-05.
• Agriculture is a ‘State Subject’. In other words, the policies
of provinces are also important
31. Community Development Programme
•Gandhian notion of CD
– Rural upliftment and reconstruction
– 19 Point programme – Khadi &
Village, Industries, Sanitation, Health
care, Economic equity, Communal
Harmony, Education, Women Empowerment
CD assumed high propriety after independence
– 1952 GOI launched 55 CD projects each covering
300 villages / popn.of 30,000
– 1953 National Extension Service project – similar
objective, to cover larger areas
– Began as a comprehensive development effort to
rebuild rural life and livelihood.
32. Panchayti Raj Institutions
• 1957 Balwant Rai Mehta Commitee appointed to
suggest measures to remove obstacles from CDP
• Three tier system of local Govt. –
– Gram Panchayat (Village level),
– Panchayat Samiti (Block level),
– Zilla Parishad (District level)
• The three-tier system aimed to link Govt. and
elected representative.
• To decenterlise decision making
• To shift decision making closer to people and
encourage their participation
• To place Bureaucracy under people’s control
33. • PRIs only partially able to meet these expections
• Elite capture of PRIs
• Welfare of weaker sections ignored
• Mid 60s
• Focus shifted to agriculture production
• Technological orientation to agriculture
• Central Govt. brings special Program's bypassing PRIs
– SFDA (Small Farmers Devt Agency),
34. – IAAP (Intensive Agricultural Programmes)
– IADP (Intensive Agricultural District Programme)
– TDA (Tribal Development Agency)
– MFAL (Marginal, Small Farmers and Agricultural Labourers
Development Agency )
– Command Area Development,
– Drought Prone Area and Hill Area
• All these were financed and operated directly by the
Central Govt.
• Agri initiative of late 60s increase food production
• Benefits reaped by rich, non-poor farmers in irrigated
areas.
• Small and Marginal Farmers trailed
• Productivity increase from the Green Revolution in
1970s- 80s, however, did reduce rural poverty
35. Integrated Rural Devt. Programme
• IRDP introduced in 1979 for rural poor and
weaker sections of society
• Earlier Programmes relied on delivery systems
which supressed self-reliance
• Shift from community devt. to schematised
planning
36. • Linkage between infrastructure and employment
scheme drawn
• Programme design has credit based self- employment
activity and not as subsidy distribution exercise
• Decentralization of programme implementation
through DRDA and Block Authority
• Sub schemes –
– Devt. Of women and children (DWCRA),
– Traning of Rural Youth for Self -employment (TRYSEM),
– National Rural Employment Programme (NREP),
– Jawahar Rojar Yojana (JRY)
37. • By Mid 80s – there are improvements in meeting the
minimum needs of poor .
• Progress in Elementary education, Health, Water
supply, Roads
• Still around 1993-94, was 32% of population was
poor
• In SC & ST this was higher by 17-22%
• Small land holding , Landlessness, Illiteracy were key
factors
38. Decentralized Planning For Rural Devt.
• Based on Sivaraman Committee report, Planning
Comn. urged states in 1987 to consider Block as unit
of Planning
• At Dist. level District Planning and Development
council / District planning Board – has elected and
nominated reps headed by a minister or district
collector or a non official
• It planned, coordinated, monitored, reviewed, and
finalized plan at block level
39. • However people’s participation were still limited
• Gap between Bureaucracy and people
Panchayati Raj Reforms
– 73rd amendment in 1992
• Empowered PRIs to participate in devt. and
decentralized planning
• Dependency of villagers on Govt. officials and
machinery reduced
40. • 29 items of Devt. Transferred to PRIs –
– Agriculture
– Forestry and Envt.
– Industry infrastructure,
– Minimum needs
– Social welfare
– Poverty alleviation
– Maint. of community assets
• More than 34 lakh elected reps of Panchayats
• Broadest rep. base in any country in world
• Reservation for weaker section & women
• Gram sabha – Forum for discussion and annual
planning
• Self help groups 9th five year plan(1997-2002)
41. Between 1990 and present Phase
• Liberal economic policies and reforms
introduced in the early 1990s
• Driven by rapid growth in the manufacturing
and service sectors
• Growth rate in agriculture has declined since
1997 and remains low.
• The share of agriculture in GDP has declined
from 43% in 1970 to 22% in 2004.
• Public investment in irrigation has fallen
42. Thrust areas
• Economy growing at around 8%
• Paradigm policy shift in rural development - rural poor treated
as resource, an integral part of the devt. strategy, and not as a
burden
• Objectives are to
– Bridging the rural-urban divide.
– Guaranteeing wage employment and ensuring food security
– Making rural people the arbiters of their own destiny and to provide
for their economic uplift by self employment
– Creating rural infrastructure for better economic opportunities and
growth
– Ensuring dignified living – shelter,water, clean envt.
– Restoring lost or depleted productivity of the land for better
livelihood opportunities
Approved outlay
1st 2 yrs of 11th Plan (2007- 2012)
Rs 36560 crores and 42400 crores
43. Bharat Nirman
• Under Bharat Nirman, developmental works are
undertaken in the areas of irrigation, road, rural
housing, rural water supply, rural electrification and rural
telecommunication connectivity.
• Three of the goals of Bharat Nirman fall within the
mandate of the Min. of Rural Development:
– rural connectivity
– rural housing
– rural water supply
• Specific targets so that there is accountability in the
progress of this initiative.
• Bharat Nirman an effort to unlock rural India's growth
potential and key for ushering a new era
• 'National Common Minimum Programme' (NCMP)
44. Key Programmes
• 'National Rural Employment Guarantee Act'2005 (NREGA)
• Act guarantees 100 days of employment in a financial year to
every household
• a social safety net for the vulnerable groups and an
opportunity to combine growth with equity
• Structured towards harnessing the rural work-force, not as
recipients of doles, but as productive partners in our
economic process
• assets created result in sustained employment for the area for
future growth employment and self-sufficiency
• Operationalised from 2nd February, 2006 in 200 selected
districts, extended to 130 more districts in 2007-08.
• The remaining districts (around 275) of the country under the
ambit of NREGA from 1st of April, 2008
45. Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
• launched on 25th September 2001
• objectives of providing additional wage
employment ensuring food security while
creating durable community, social &
economic infrastructure and assets in the rural
areas
• SGRY along with National Food for Work
Programme (NFFWP) have been subsumed in
the NREGA districts
46. Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana
(SGSY):
• Self employment programme for the rural poor.
• The assisted families (Swarozgaris) may be individuals or
groups (Self-Help Groups).
• Emphasis is on the group approach
• To bring the assisted poor families above the poverty line by
providing them income generating assets through a mix of
bank credits and government subsidy
• Organization of poor into Self-Help Groups and taking care of
training, credit, technology infrastructure and marketing
• Implemented by the District Rural Development Agencies
(DRDAs) with the active participation of PRI’s the Banks, the
line Departments, and NGO’s
47. Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana
(PMGSY)
• Launched December, 2000
• 100% centrally sponsored scheme to provide
connectivity to unconnected habitations
• Road connectivity to all habitations with a population
of thousand (500 in case of hilly or tribal areas) with
all weather roads by 2009
• Will lead to rural employment opportunities, better
access to regulated and fair market, better access to
health, education and other public services
• Bridge the rural-urban divide and pave the path of
economic growth.
48. Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)
• Since 1985-86 to help build or upgrade homes to
householdsbelow the poverty line
• Ceiling on construction assistance under the IAY
currently is Rs. 25,000/- per unit for the plain areas
and Rs.27,500/- for the hilly terrains/difficult areas
• To impart transparency to the selection process of
beneficiaries, a 'permanent waitlist' is being
prepared under IAY.
• 60 lakh houses are to be constructed in a period of 4
year from 2005-06
• Against this overall target, 15.52 lakh were built in
2005-06 and 14.98 lakh homes in 2006-07
49. National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)
• To provide public assistance to its citizens in case of
unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement
within the limit of the economic capacity of the State
• Launched for fulfillment of this obligation in 1995-96.
– National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS)
• -Rs.200 per month from1st April 2006,
– National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS)
– National Maternity Benefit Scheme (NMBS).
– (IGNOAPS) launched on 19.11.2007
• citizens above the age of 65 years and living below the poverty line
• Annapurna Scheme for providing free good grains to
the elderly
50. Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme
ARWSP
• Central government supplements States’ efforts for
providing safe drinking water and sanitation by
providing financial and technical assistance under
two centrally sponsored programmes
– 'Accelerated Rural Water Supply' (ARWSP)
– 'Central Rural Sanitation Programme' (CRSP).
– By 2009, 55,067 uncovered, 3.31 lakh slipped back and
2.17 lakh quality affected habitations are to be addressed
– approximately 6 lakhs habitations where water supply is a
problem to be covered
51. 'Total Sanitation Campaign' (TSC)
• 'Central Rural Sanitation Programme‘ (CRSP)
launched in 1986 aims at improving the quality of life
of the rural poor and to provide privacy and dignity
to women in rural areas.
• In 1999, 'Total Sanitation Campaign' (TSC) under
restructured CRSP was launched to promote
sanitation in rural areas.
• Follows participatory demand-responsive
approach, educating the rural households about the
benefits of proper sanitation and hygiene
52. Selected Institutions
National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD)
More than 50 years of existence is an apex
body for undertaking.
• Training
• Research
• Action research
• Consultancy functions
53. Council for Advancement of People’s Action and Rural
Technology (CAPART) Founded in 1986
For improving the quality of life in the rural areas, particularly the
poor and socially disadvantaged . People below the poverty
line, scheduled castes and tribes, bonded labour, women and
people with disabilities are priority focus groups for CAPART.
The major goals of CAPART are:
To support voluntary organisations in implementing projects for
sustainable development in rural areas.
• To act as a national nodal point for development and promotion of
appropriate rural technologies.
• To promote and support voluntary action and people's participation
for rural development, through capacity-building for voluntary
organisations and rural communities.
54. • To act as a data bank and clearing house for information on
the voluntary sector, rural technologies and rural
development.
• Facilitating community action for development.
• Building awareness on critical development issues.
• Building and strengthening village-level people and
organisations.
• Promoting the development and dissemination of
appropriate rural technologies.
• Strengthening the capacities of voluntary organisations in
rural areas.
• Creating employment opportunities and economic self-
reliance.
• Creation of community assets and fulfilment of basic needs.
• Conservation and regeneration of the environment and
natural resources.
• Enabling women, persons with disabilities and other
disadvantaged groups to participate in development