Fifty years with uncle sam - american period

FIFTY YEARS WITH
UNCLE SAM
THE AMERICAN PERIOD

The American Take-Over and the
Policy of "Benevolent
Assimilation"
 Cuban revolution - Americans sided with the
rebels
 strained Spanish-American relation
 sinking of the warship Maine
 triggered the war
 Commodore Dewey - sail from Hongkong to
Manila
 Spanish fleet was destroyed and that event
signalled the rise of America as a colonial power.
 Americans arranged the return of General

"Benevolent Assimilation"
 Aguinaldo – government & independence was
declared - June 12, 1898.at Cavite el Viejo
 convoked the revolutionary congressbasilica of
Barasoain, Malolos (September 15)
 Malolos Constitution Philippine Republic
inaugurated.
 Aguinaldo as president.
 Treaty of Paris Philippines  ceded to the United
States  20M. US dollars.
 President William McKinley issued the so-called
"Benevolent Assimilation" proclamation
first official indication of American policy in the

DANIEL H. BURNHAM
Planner and Architect
 American architect
 visit the Philippines
to give advice
 urban problems of
the city of Manila &
Baguio
 gave his
 architectural
signature to the
newly Americanized
Philippines

Burnham's Architectural Design
Principles
 believed that the the big
cities where most of them
would have to work and to
live.
 The urban design principles
American "City Beautiful"
movement
superimposed a system
of diagonals and rotundas
over the basic rectangular
grid street patterns of
American cities
"City Beautiful" planning
concentrated on public
buildings as focal points of

Burnham's Architectural Design
Principles
 The city  showcase of the ruling class
 sense of pride and achievement.
 architectural thought and planning
 focused on monumental architecture
little concern for the planning of the vernacular or
ordinary buildings
 the emphasis was on architecture as "work" and
not on architecture as "labour"

Burnham's Recommendations
and Design for Manila
 Manila on October 13, 1904
 stayed for about six weeks
 began with what was already there
historical value of some portions of the walls of
lntramuros
fortified medieval town.
should not be preserved - moat surrounding
lntramuros
 for sanitary reasons.
 should be drained and filled
 planted with trees and grass

 admired the Spanish-Filipino house
 The dull red tile added to the charm.
 The well-shaded narrow streets in the
older sections of the town  as
"picturesque“
 impressed by the old Spanish
churches and government buildings
 He suggested that they could serve as
examples for future structures

 "imperial" manner of "City Beautiful."
 Diagonals as broad thoroughfares are superimposed
over partially existing street patterns of a rectangular
grid iron pattern
 superimposed diagonal arteries, radiating from the
government center in various directions
 Reasons:
 Practical = center of governmental activity readily
accessible from all sides
 Sentimental = every section of the capital city should
look with deference toward the symbol of the nation's

 Next to the diagonal arteries
feature are the parks and open spaces for sports and
other recreational activities.
The Luneta was to be preserved unchanged "without
planting of any sort on its westward side so as to give
an unobstructed view of the sea."
Later planners putting up the Quirino grandstand
between the Sunday strollers and the Manila Bay
sunset.
Burnham recommended many parks throughout and
outside the city and the planting of If the plan had had
a chance to be fully executed, Manila would have
become the most beautiful city in the East. -Lachica

necessity for the modern city
breathing places for the people
 playfields of moderate sizes in the heart of
the city
 large sylvan stretches located in the outskirts
 development and maintenance of the
waterfronts
Pasig River

 amenities were especially necessary for Manila
with its periods of intense heat
 recommended fountains throughout the city.
 for aesthetic
 psychological relief from the long summer heat

 laid out Dewey Boulevard (now Roxas
Boulevard).
 "The bay front, from the present Luneta southward
should have a continuous parkway extending all the
way to Cavite
 This Boulevard two hundred and fifty feet in width
with roadways, bridle path, rich plantations and
broad sidewalks
 so well shaded with palms. bamboo, and mangoes
as to furnish protection from the elements at all
times.
 same shaded drives be provided along the Pasig

 indicated the building sites for
 important government buildings
 other public and semi-public buildings

Plans for Baguio and Their
Implementation
 Americans were convinced that they
needed
health resort
Summer capital in the mountains
 large portions of all surrounding hills
public property and maintained as
informal parks
 the tops of hills
public reservations

Implementation
 opposed dense settlement
 strict laws to enforce this policy
 proposed a few monumental public buildings
 be placed on hilltops to give them the required
dignity

Implementation
This should not be the general practice. The
placing of formal architectural silhouettes
upon the summits of the surrounding hills
would make a hard sky-line and go far
toward destroying the charm of this beautiful
landscape. On the other hand, to place
buildings on the sloping hillsides where they
would be seen against a solid background of
green foliage is to give the in the best
possible setting without mutilating their

Implementation
 The conclusion of Burnham's report on Baguio
reveals him to be a realistic and down-to-earth
planner
 Burnham ptan was officially adopted
 William E. Parsons implementation
 Parsons kept the principal northwest to southeast
axis which connected the municipal to the
government center. A significant change was the
establishment of a large park in the center of the
"meadow.“  Burnham Park
 shifted the market from the southwest to the
southeast corner of the "meadow" where it still is
today.

Historical Evaluation of the
Burnham Plans
"Burnham formulated a master plan for
the capitol government buildings in
Manila and Baguio
grouped around a square or plaza
American neo-baroque principle of
solids and connecting axes
part of an axis and not of a square
Open spaces "breathing spaces“
legislative, postal and other
governmental buildings

William E. Parsons
Architect and Planner
 Burnham was eventually
able to persuade young
William E. Parsons to
accept the job to
implement his plan.
 graduate of Yale,
Columbia
French Ecole des Beaux
Arts.
"quiet creativity" and

William E. Parsons
 Burnham suggested that costly structures "with
granite, marble or other building stones in the
manner of public buildings in Europe America"
not Philippines which had a tropical climate.
 Flat walls
 simply built of reinforced concrete
 possible earthquake proof
 depended for their effect upon beautiful proportion
 Parsons also followed Burnham's advice to learn
from the better Spanish and Philippine examples

William E. Parsons
 "Regionalism" in architecture.
made use of broad plain surfaces of
solid pastel colors
topped by tile roofs
deep archways
shaded porches
covered loggias  keep the heat
away from the interior of buildings.

William E. Parsons
 Philippine Normal
College(PNC)
- on Taft Avenue was one
of the first buildings
designed by Parsons
 Glazed tile - wall
ornamentation
 long tile roof was
interrupted by three
"California" gables
- marked the entrances of
the three-story building.
 reinforced concrete

William E. Parsons
 Philippine General
Hospital (PGH)
 Taft Avenue
 three-story building was
designed along the lines
of a sprawling pavilion
type plan
 main entrance featured
a high portico with
triangular pediment and
double pilasters on
either side
 deep porches carried on

William E. Parsons
 Army and Navy Club (ANC)
 Luneta Park near the seashore
 two-storied middle portion
 simple entrance portico
 flanked by protruding three-
story wings on either side
 lower story - undecorated
archways
 second story - open loggia
carried on pairs of columns.
 loggia was later closed with
windows which did not
improve the appearance.
 destroyed during World War II
but was soon rebuilt.

William E. Parsons
 Manila Hotel
 Parsons' finest work
 Doric columns and
arches were once
again bared and
 the lobby restored to
its original splendor.
 restored by the
nation's most
prominent architect,
Leandro V. Locsin

Implementation of the Burnham
Plans
 4 regional parks envisioned did not fully
materialize
 9 playfields proposed are now the sites of
schools, government offices commercial
establishments streets and residences
 Pasig River was not developed as an effective
artery of transportation
 The proposed shaded drives along the Pasig
River leading to Fort McKinley (now Fort
Bonifacio) and beyond were also not realized.

Early Filipino Architects
 ARCADIA ARELLANO
 first Filipino, employed in
1901 by Governor Taft
 architectural advisors
 EscueLa de Artes y Oficios
 maestro de obras

 CARLOS A. BARRETTO
 one of the first to be
employed by the Division.
 As a government
pensionado he had been
sent to study architecture at
the Drexel Institute in
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
 He was the first Filipino
architect with an academic
title from an American
institute of learning.

 TOMAS MAPUA
 1st registered architect
 entered public service with
Carlos Barretto
 graduate from Cornell
University
 Mapua Institute of
Technology
 De La Salle University
 Philippine General Hospital
Nurses Home

 JUAN M.
ARELLANO
Architect and Painter
 Legislative Building
or the Old Congress
Building
 Beaux Arts tradition

• massing of the building, siting and handling of the approach,
and above all the exterior detailing - Beaux Arts
-damaged at the end of World War II by the shelling of
American troops advancing to liberate Manila.
-later faithfully rebuilt with financial aid from the United States
Legislative Building

 MANILA POST OFFICE
BUILDING
 Arellano's masterpiece
 formal open court.
 Plaza Lawton (now Liwasang
Bonifacio) in front of the
building
 visual breathing spaces
 splendid and tall Ionic
colonnade
 plan of the first two floors
consists =rectangle with two
semicircles added at either
end
 middle

 METROPOLITAN
THEATER OF MANILA
 principal facade was in the
form of a segmented arch
with mosaic
ornamentations between
grilled openings
 a great rectangular window
of translucent glass,
corresponding in size and
shape to the theater
proscenium
 grill work at the entrances
featured Art Deco birds of
paradise.

 exterior of the stage loft a
vertical prism with
decorated sides
 visually very prominent.
 Filipino motifs for
decoration by employing
stylized forms of Philippine
plants.
 staircases of marble while
marveling at two mural
paintings, entitled "The
Dance" and "History of
Music"
METROPOLITAN THEATER OF
MANILA

 Auditorium
 no viewing boxes on the
sides
 proscenium
 bas-relief figures
emblematic of music,
tragedy, comedy and
poetry.
 Lamps on the sidewalks
were in the shape of
bamboo stalks.
METROPOLITAN THEATER
OF MANILA

 1 ,670 people
 846 in the orchestra
 116 in the lodge
 700 in the balcony
 Arellano used the same flat arch in his
design he had envisioned for the main
entrance facade of the Metropolitan Theater.
 Art Deco motifs, which included pieces of
sculpture on the bases of the pillars and at
the apse of the arches . were employed .
METROPOLITAN THEATER OF
MANILA

Arellano's Designs for U.P. and
Other Buildings
MALCOLM HALL VILLAMOR HALL

MANILA CITY HALL
-Antonio Toledo

Quiz/Activity
Plate/Esquisse

Quiz 02 – American Period
1. What planning principle did Burnham use to
design the City of Manila and Baguio?
2. One of the first building designed by Parson,
which wall ornamentation are Glazed tile the
roof was interrupted by three "California" gables?
3. Considered as one of the finest work of Parson
which later on renovated by the prominent
architect Leandro Locsin?
4. In Burnham Proposal of Manila Master Plan,
thoroughfares were radiating from the
government center in various directions. What
are the 2 primary reasons of Burnham?

 6. Arellano’s Masterpiece, it is designed with
splendid and tall Ionic colonnade and planned first
two floors with rectangle with two semicircles
added at either end and middle portion are lighted
and ventilated by a rectangular court. What is the
name of this building?
 7. Who was the first Filipino architect with
academic title from an American Institute?
 8. What architectural style that the Metropolitan
Theater in Manila was influenced?
 9.Why Burnham wanted to eliminate moat that
surrounding Intramuros?
 10. What is the First School offered the course
Master Builder?

Answers:
1. What planning principle did Burnham use to design
the City of Manila and Baguio? City Beautiful
Movement
2. One of the first building designed by Parson, which
wall ornamentation are Glazed tile the roof was
interrupted by three "California" gables? Philippine
Normal College
3. Considered as one of the finest work of Parson
which later on renovated by the prominent architect
Leandro Locsin? Manila Hotel
4. In Burnham Proposal of Manila Master Plan,
thoroughfares were radiating from the government
center in various directions. What are the 2 primary
reasons of Burnham? Practical = center of
governmental activity, readily accessible from all
sides

 6. Arellano’s Masterpiece, it is designed with splendid
and tall Ionic colonnade and planned first two floors
with rectangle with two semicircles added at either
end and middle portion are lighted and ventilated by a
rectangular court. What is the name of this building?
Manila Post Office Building
 7. Who was the first Filipino architect with academic
title from an American Institute? Carlos Barretto
 8. What architectural style that the Metropolitan
Theater in Manila was influenced? Art Deco
 9. Why Burnham wanted to eliminate moat that
surrounding Intramuros. For sanitary reason
 10. What is the First School offered the course Master
Builder? Escuela Practica y Professional de Artes
y Oficios de Manila

The Second Generation of
Filipino Architects (Post-War
Period)

Fifty years with uncle sam - american period

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