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Chopra Meindl Chapter 1
1.
Copyright © 2013
Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Chapter 1 Understanding the Supply Chain Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra
2.
Copyright © 2013
Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Learning Objectives • Discuss the goal of a supply chain, and explain the impact of supply chain decisions on the success of a firm. • Identify the three key supply chain decision phases, and explain the significance of each one. • Describe the cycle and push/pull views of a supply chain. • Classify the supply chain macro processes in a firm. Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra
3.
Copyright © 2013
Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. What is a Supply Chain? • All stages involved, directly or indirectly, in fulfilling a customer request. • Includes manufacturers, suppliers, transporters, warehouses, retailers, and customers. • Within each company, the supply chain includes all functions involved in fulfilling a customer request (product development, marketing, operations, distribution, finance, customer service). Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra Contd…
4.
Copyright © 2013
Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. What is a Supply Chain? • Customer is an integral part of the supply chain • Includes movement of products from suppliers to manufacturers to distributors, and information, funds, and products in both directions. • May be more accurate to use the term “supply network” or “supply web”. • Typical supply chain stages: customers, retailers, distributors, manufacturers, suppliers. • All stages may not be present in all supply chains (e.g., no retailer or distributor for Dell). Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra
5.
Copyright © 2013
Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. What is a Supply Chain? Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra Figure 1-1
6.
Copyright © 2013
Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Flows in a Supply Chain Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra Figure 1-2
7.
Copyright © 2013
Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. The Objective of a Supply Chain • Maximize overall value created Supply chain surplus = Customer value – Supply chain cost Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra
8.
Copyright © 2013
Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. The Objective of a Supply Chain • Example: A customer purchases a wireless router from Best Buy for $60 (revenue). • Supply chain incurs costs (information, storage, transportation, components, assembly, etc.). • Difference between $60 and the sum of all of these costs is the supply chain profit. • Supply chain profitability is total profit to be shared across all stages of the supply chain. Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra Contd…
9.
Copyright © 2013
Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. The Objective of a Supply Chain • Success should be measured by total supply chain profitability, not by profits at an individual stage. • Customer is the only source of revenue. • Sources of cost includes flows of information, products, or funds between stages of the supply chain. • Effective supply chain management is the management of flows between and among supply chain stages to maximize total supply chain surplus. Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra
10.
Copyright © 2013
Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Importance of Supply Chain Decisions • Wal-Mart, $1 billion sales in 1980 to $408 billion in 2010 • Seven-Eleven Japan, ¥1 billion sales in 1974 to ¥3 trillion in 2009 • Webvan folded in two years • Borders, $4 billion in 2004 to $2.8 billion in 2009 • Dell, $56 billion in 2006, adopted new supply chain strategies Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra
11.
Copyright © 2013
Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Decision Phases of a Supply Chain • Supply chain strategy or design How to structure the supply chain over the next several years • Supply chain planning Decisions over the next quarter or year • Supply chain operation Daily or weekly operational decisions Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra
12.
Copyright © 2013
Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Supply Chain Strategy or Design • Decisions about the structure of the supply chain and what processes each stage will perform. • Strategic supply chain decisions Locations and capacities of facilities Products to be made or stored at various locations Modes of transportation Information systems. • Supply chain design must support strategic objectives. • Supply chain design decisions are long-term and expensive to reverse—must take into account market uncertainty. Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra
13.
Copyright © 2013
Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Supply Chain Planning • Definition of a set of policies that govern short-term operations. • Fixed by the supply configuration from previous phase. • Starts with a forecast of demand in the coming year Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra
14.
Copyright © 2013
Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Supply Chain Planning • Planning decisions: Which markets will be supplied from which locations Planned buildup of inventories Subcontracting, backup locations Inventory policies Timing and size of market promotions • Must consider in planning decisions—demand uncertainty, exchange rates, competition over the time horizon Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra
15.
Copyright © 2013
Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Supply Chain Operation • Time horizon is weekly or daily. • Decisions regarding individual customer orders. • Supply chain configuration is fixed and operating policies are determined. • Goal is to implement the operating policies as effectively as possible. • Allocate orders to inventory or production, set order due dates, generate pick lists at a warehouse, allocate an order to a particular shipment, set delivery schedules, place replenishment orders. • Much less uncertainty (short time horizon). Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra
16.
Copyright © 2013
Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Process View of a Supply Chain • Cycle view: processes in a supply chain are divided into a series of cycles, each performed at the interfaces between two successive supply chain stages. • Push/Pull view: processes in a supply chain are divided into two categories depending on whether they are executed in response to a customer order (pull) or in anticipation of a customer order (push). Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra
17.
Copyright © 2013
Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Cycle View of Supply Chain Processes Figure 1-3 Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra
18.
Copyright © 2013
Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Cycle View of Supply Chain Processes Figure 1-4 Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra
19.
Copyright © 2013
Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Push/Pull View of Supply Chains Figure 1-5 Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra
20.
Push/Pull View of
Supply Chain Processes Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. • Supply chain processes fall into one of two categories depending on the timing of their execution relative to customer demand. • Pull: Here execution is initiated in response to a customer order (reactive). • Push: Here execution is initiated in anticipation of customer orders (speculative). • Push/pull boundary separates push processes from pull processes. Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra Contd…
21.
Copyright © 2013
Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Push/Pull View of Supply Chain Processes • Useful in considering strategic decisions relating to supply chain design – more global view of how supply chain processes relate to customer orders. • Can combine the push/pull and cycle views L.L. Bean Dell • The relative proportion of push and pull processes can have an impact on supply chain performance. Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra
22.
Copyright © 2013
Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Push/Pull View—L.L. Bean Figure 1-6 Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra
23.
Copyright © 2013
Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Push/Pull View—Dell Figure 1-7 Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra
24.
Copyright © 2013
Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Supply Chain Macro Processes • Supply chain processes discussed in the two views can be classified into: Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Internal Supply Chain Management (ISCM) Supplier Relationship Management (SRM) • Integration among the above three macro processes is critical for effective and successful supply chain management. Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra
25.
Copyright © 2013
Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Supply Chain Macro Processes Figure 1-8 Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra
26.
Copyright © 2013
Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Examples of Supply Chains • Gateway and Apple • Zara • W.W. Grainger and McMaster-Carr • Toyota • Amazon Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra
27.
Copyright © 2013
Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Gateway and Apple • Why did Gateway choose not to carry any finished-product inventory at its retail stores? Why did Apple choose to carry inventory at its stores? • Should a firm with an investment in retail stores carry any finished-goods inventory? What are the characteristics of products that are most suitable to be carried in finished-goods inventory? What characterizes products that are best manufactured to order? • How does product variety affect the level of inventory that a retail store must carry? • Is a direct selling supply chain without retail stores always less expensive than a supply chain with retail stores? • What factors explain the success of Apple retail and the failure of Gateway country stores? Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra
28.
Copyright © 2013
Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Zara • What advantage does Zara gain against the competition by having a very responsive supply chain? • Why has Inditex chosen to have both in-house manufacturing and outsourced manufacturing? Why has Inditex maintained manufacturing capacity in Europe even though manufacturing in Asia is much cheaper? • Why does Zara source products with uncertain demand from local manufacturers and products with predictable demand from Asian manufacturers? • What advantage does Zara gain from replenishing its stores multiple times a week compared to a less frequent schedule? How does the frequency of replenishment affect the design of its distribution system? • Do you think Zara’s responsive replenishment infrastructure is better suited for online sales or retail sales? Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra
29.
Copyright © 2013
Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. W.W. Grainger and McMaster-Carr • How many DCs should be built and where should they be located? • How should product stocking be managed at the DCs? Should all DCs carry all products? • What products should be carried in inventory and what products should be left with the supplier to be shipped directly in response to a customer order? • What products should W.W. Grainger carry at a store? • How should markets be allocated to DCs in terms of order fulfillment? What should be done if an order cannot be completely filled from a DC? Should there be specified backup locations? How should they be selected? Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra Contd…
30.
Copyright © 2013
Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. W.W. Grainger and McMaster-Carr • How should replenishment of inventory be managed at the various stocking locations? • How should Web orders be handled relative to the existing business? Is it better to integrate the Web business with the existing business or to set up separate distribution? • What transportation modes should be used for order fulfillment and stock replenishment? Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra
31.
Copyright © 2013
Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Toyota • Where should plants be located, what degree of flexibility and what capacity should each have? • Should plants be able to produce for all markets? • How should markets be allocated to plants? • What kind of flexibility should be built into the distribution system? • How should this flexible investment be valued? • What actions may be taken during product design to facilitate this flexibility? Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra
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Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Amazon.com • Why is Amazon building more warehouses as it grows? How many warehouses should it have and where should they be located? • What advantages does selling books via the Internet provide over a traditional bookstore? Are there any disadvantages to selling via the Internet? • Should Amazon stock every product it sells? • What advantage can bricks-and-mortar players derive from setting up an online channel? How should they use the two channels to gain maximum advantage? • What advantages/disadvantages does the online channel enjoy in the sale of shoes (diapers) relative to a retail store? • For what products does the online channel offer the greater advantage relative to retail stores? What characterizes these products? Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra
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Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Gopaljee • How can Gopaljee’s supply and distribution model be extended to other business lines in the Indian and South Asian context? • What all socio-economic features of South Asian societies can be identified as the foundations for building sustainable supply chains? • How can the existing distribution channels in the South Asian region be transformed to maximize the value delivered to the customer? • How can such indigenously developed SCM models integrate with and expand into global supply chains? Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra
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Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Summary of Learning Objectives • Discuss the goal of a supply chain and explain the impact of supply chain decisions on the success of a firm. • Identify the three key supply chain decision phases and explain the significance of each one. • Describe the cycle and push/pull views of a supply chain. • Classify the supply chain macro processes in a firm. Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 5/e Authors: Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl and D. V. Kalra
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