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Counterculture
In sociology, counterculture is a term used
to describe a cultural group whose values
and norms are at odds with those of the
social mainstream, a cultural equivalent of
a political opposition. In casual practice,
the term came to prominence in the
general press as it was used to refer to
the youth rebellion that swept North
America and Western Europe in the 1960s
and early 1970s
Counter culture
Counter Culture
  in the 60th
This movement was a reaction against the
conservative social norms of the 1950s, the
political conservatism (and perceived social
repression) of the Cold War period, and the
US government's extensive military
intervention in Vietnam. It is sometimes
discussed as the inheritor of the "Beat
Generation" sensibility of the late 1940s
and 1950s. Opposition to the war was
exacerbated in the US by the compulsory
military draft.
In one view, the 1960s youth rebellion
largely originated on college campuses. The
Free Speech Movement at the University of
California, Berkeley was one early
example. However, other rebellious-youth
formats also contributed, some involving
people who had never been college
students.
The beatnik café and bar scene was a
tributary stream.
Beat Generation

The Beat Generation was a group of American
writers who came to prominence in the late
1950s and early 1960s. Their most important
works are Jack Kerouac's On the Road (1957),
Allen Ginsberg's Howl (1956), and William S.
Burroughs' Naked Lunch (1959).
By either definition, the members of the Beat
Generation were new bohemian ecstatic
epicureans, who often engaged in a spontaneous
creativity.
Beat Generation

The style of their work may seem chaotic, but the
chaos was purposeful; it highlighted the primacy
of such Beat Generation essentials as spontaneity,
open emotion, visceral engagement in often gritty
worldly experiences.
Kerouac introduced the phrase Beat Generation
sometime around 1948 to describe his friends and
as a general term describing the underground,
anti-conformist youth gathering in New York at
that time.
Beat Generation


The adjective beat (introduced to the group by
Herbert Huncke) had the connotations of "tired"
or "down and out", but Kerouac added the
paradoxical connotations of upbeat, beatific, and
the musical association of being "on the beat".
Jack Kerouac
(March 12, 1922 – October 21, 1969)


American novelist, writer, poet,
artist, and part of the Beat
Generation. While enjoying
popular but little critical success
during his own lifetime, Kerouac
is now considered one of
America's most important
authors. The spontaneous,
confessional prose style inspired
other writers, including Tom
Robbins, Lester Bangs, Ken
Kesey, Tom Waits and Bob Dylan.
Kerouac's best known work is
On the Road.
Jack Kerouac

Kerouac wrote On the Road in
April, 1951. Fueled by Benzedrine
and coffee, he completed the
first version of the novel during
a three week extended session
of spontaneous confessional
prose. This session produced the
now famous scroll. His technique
was heavily influenced by Jazz.
Publishers rejected the book due
to its experimental writing style
and its sympathetic tone towards
marginalized social groups of the
US in the 50ths. In 1957, Viking
Press purchased the novel,
demanding major revisions
ON the Road “Scroll”

The scroll is the physical
embodiment of Kerouac's
spontaneous writing method. One
of the most remarkable literary
manuscripts in existence, "On the
Road" is a key work of American
literature and marked a turning
point in 20th-century culture.
Typed by Kerouac in New York in
a 20-day marathon in April 1951,
the scroll comprises the first draft
of the definitive Beat Generation
novel. The original manuscript was
typewritten onto 12-foot lengths
of paper that were taped
together.
The 0nly people for me are the mad ones, the
ones who are mad to live, mad to talk, mad to
be saved, desirous of everything at the same
time, the ones who never yawn or say a
commonplace thing, but burn, burn, burn, like
fabulous yellow roman candles exploding like
spider across the stars....


Jack Kerouac
Bob Dylan

Bob Dylan (born Robert Allen
Zimmerman on May 24, 1941) is an
American singer-songwriter,
author, musician and poet who
has been a major figure in popular
music for five decades. Much of
Dylan's best known work is from
the 1960s when he became an
informal documentarian and
reluctant figurehead of American
unrest.
He had the
finger on the
 pulse of his
 generation
Bob Dylan

Some of his songs, such as
"Blowin' in the Wind" and "The
Times They Are a-Changin'",[1]
became anthems of the anti-war
and civil rights movements.
From Beat Generation to Hippies
There were certainly some stylistic differences
between "beatniks" and "hippies" — somber
colors, dark shades, and goatees gave way to
colorful "psychedelic" clothing and long hair. The
beats were known for "playing it cool" (keeping
a low profile) but the hippies became known for
"being cool" (displaying their individuality).
In there were some changes in substance: the
beats tended to be essentially apolitical, but the
hippies became actively engaged with the civil
rights movement and the anti-war movement.
Revolution
  Drugs
   Sex
 & Music
Another way of viewing the counterculture
is as 'the principle of expansion' as applied
not to economies or political spheres of
influence but to aspects of personal life
and to creativity.
The Key
Counter culture
Picture yourself in a boat on a river,
With tangerine trees and marmalade skies
Somebody calls you, you answer quite slowly,
A girl with kaleidoscope eyes.
Cellophane flowers of yellow and green,
Towering over your head.
Look for the girl with the sun in her eyes,
And she’s gone.
Lucy in the sky with diamonds.
Follow her down to a bridge by a fountain
Where rocking horse people eat marshmellow pies,
Everyone smiles as you drift past the flowers,
That grow so incredibly high.
Newspaper taxis appear on the shore,
Waiting to take you away.
Climb in the back with your head in the clouds,
And you’re gone.
Lucy in the sky with diamonds,
Picture yourself on a train in a station,
With plasticine porters with looking glass ties,
Suddenly someone is there at the turnstyle,
The girl with the kaleidoscope eyes.
There is controversy concerning Lucy in the
Sky with Diamonds. When it was released, it
was believed, and there are those that still
believe that because hidden in the title of the
song are the initials "LSD", that it was a
composition inspired while under the influence
of that drug.
However, John Lennon has offered an
explanation that was contrary to this belief,
he said this song was inspired by a drawing of
his young son Julian.......
Psychedelic cover of The Beatles' Revolver album.

There was little doubt with the release of this album that the music
was inspired by LSD. The most controversial part of the album,
however, Tomorrow Never Knows. The beginning of the song, "turn off
your mind, relax, and float downstream..." was taken from the
introduction of the book, The Psychedelic Experience: A Manual based
on the Tibetan Book of the Dead, by Timothy Leary
Counter culture
LSD
Lysergic acid diethylamide
Lysergic acid diethylamide


It is a chemical that changes a user's mood,
thoughts or perceptions. For this reason, LSD
is grouped into a class of drugs known as
hallucinogens or psychedelics.
Lysergic acid diethylamide


LSD was first synthesized from a fungus that
grows on rye and other grains. In 1938,
Albert Hofmann working in the Swiss
pharmaceutical company called Sandoz,
produced LSD for the first time. He was
hoping that this new drug could be used to
stimulate circulation and respiration.
Lysergic acid diethylamide


However, the tests he conducted were all
failures and he forgot about LSD for 5 years.
In 1943, Hofmann accidentally ingested (or
somehow absorbed) a bit of LSD and
experienced some of the psychedelic effects
of this chemical: dizziness, visual distortions
and restlessness. A few days later he
prepared 0.25 mg of LSD in water and drank
it. He again experienced the mood and
thought altering effects of LSD.
Lysergic acid diethylamide

Until 1966, LSD was provided by Sandoz
Laboratories free of charge to interested
scientists. The use of these compounds by
psychiatrists to gain a better subjective
understanding of the schizophrenic
experience was an accepted practice. Many
clinical trials were conducted on the
potential use of LSD in psychedelic
psychotherapy, generally with very positive
results.
Lysergic acid diethylamide

LSD first became popular recreationally
among a small group of mental health
professionals such as psychiatrists and
psychologists during the 1950s.

Cold War era intelligence services were
keenly interested in the possibilities of using
LSD for interrogation and mind control, and
also for large-scale social engineering.
The CIA conducted extensive research on LSD,
which was mostly destroyed.
Lysergic acid diethylamide

Several mental health professionals involved
in LSD research, most notably Harvard
psychology professors Drs. Timothy Leary and
Richard Alpert (later known as Ram Dass),
became convinced of LSD's potential as a tool
for spiritual growth. Their research became
more esoteric and controversial, alleging
links between the LSD experience and the
state of enlightenment sought after in many
mystical traditions.
Lysergic acid diethylamide

They were dismissed from the traditional
academic psychology community, and as such
cut off from legal scientific acquisition of the
drug.
Dr. Leary was then (allegedly unbeknownst
to himself) approached by agents of the CIA,
who supplied him with such quantity of
purified LSD-25 that he and Dr. Alpert/Ram
Dass made available to a much wider portion
of the public.
Timothy Laery
Timothy Francis Leary
(October 22, 1920 – May 31, 1996)


American writer,
psychologist, campaigner
for psychedelic drug
research and use, 60s
counterculture icon and
computer software
designer. He is most famous
as a proponent of the
therapeutic and spiritual
benefits of LSD. During the
1960s, he coined and
popularized the catch
phrase "Turn on, tune in,
drop out."
Turn on, tune in,
       drop out
"Turn on, tune in, drop out" is a
counterculture phrase coined by Timothy
Leary in the 1960s. It is an excerpt from a
prepared speech he delivered at the opening
of a press conference in New York City in
1966. This phrase urged hippies to initiate
cultural changes through the use of
psychedelics and by removing themselves
from the existing society
Turn on, tune in,
        drop out
Leary later explained:
'Turn on' meant activating your neural and
genetic equipment.
'Tune in' meant interacting harmoniously with
the world around you.
'Drop out' meant a voluntary detachment from
involuntary commitments like school, the
military, and corporate employment.
Ken Kesey
Ken Kesey
(September 17, 1935 – November 10, 2001)



American author, cultural icon
who some consider a link
between the "beat
generation" of the 1950s and
the "hippies" of the 1960s.
Born in La Junta, Colorado, he
attended the University of
Oregon, where he received a
degree in speech and
communication. In 1958; he
moved to California to enroll
in the creative writing
program at Stanford
University.
Ken Kesey

He is probably best known for
his novel One Flew Over the
Cuckoo's Nest.
At Stanford in 1959, he
volunteered to take part in a
study at the Menlo Hospital on
the effects of psychoactive
drugs such as LSD, sponsored by
the CIA. Kesey wrote many
detailed accounts of his
experiences. His role as a
medical guinea pig inspired
Kesey to write One Flew Over
the Cuckoo's Nest.
Acid Test
With the commercial success of his first novel
in 1962, Kesey moved to La Honda, in the
mountains outside of San Francisco. He
frequently entertained friends with parties
he called "Acid Tests" involving music (such as
Kesey's favorite band, The Warlocks, later
known as the Grateful Dead), black lights,
fluorescent paint, strobes, and other
"psychedelic" effects, and of course LSD
(often slipped surreptitiously into a punch).
Furthur
When the publication of his second novel in
1964 required his presence in New York,
Kesey, Cassady, and others in a group of
friends they called the "Merry Pranksters"
took a cross-country trip in a school bus
nicknamed Furthur. This trip, was the group's
attempt at making art out of everyday life.
In New York, Cassady introduced Kesey to
Kerouac and to Allen Ginsberg, who in turn
introduced them to Timothy Leary.
Furthur



The bus was stripped down and remodeled inside
and out for a psychedelic excursion across the
country with Kesey and his Merry Pranksters on
board
Allen Ginsberg
Irwin Allen Guinsberg
(June 3, 1926 – April 5, 1997)




American Beat poet born in
Paterson, New Jersey. He
formed a bridge between the
Beat movement of the 1950s
and the hippies of the 1960s,
befriending, among others,
Jack Kerouac, Neal Cassady,
William S. Burroughs, Timothy
Leary, Gregory Corso, Bob
Kaufman, Herbert Huncke, Rod
McKuen, and Bob Dylan.
Irwin Allen Guinsberg


Ginsberg's poetry was strongly
influenced by modernism,
romanticism, the beat and
cadence of jazz, and his Kagyu
Buddhist practice and Jewish
background.
Ginsberg's principal work,
"Howl", is well-known to many
for its opening line: "I saw the
best minds of my generation
destroyed by madness". It was
considered scandalous at the
time of publication.
Irwin Allen Guinsberg


It was banned for obscenity. The
ban became a cause célèbre
among defenders of the First
Amendment, and was later lifted
after judge Clayton W. Horn,
declared the poem to possess
redeeming social importance.
Ginsberg's leftist and generally
anti-establishment politics
attracted the attention of the
FBI, who regarded Ginsberg as a
major security threat.
Irwin Allen Guinsberg


It was banned for obscenity. The
ban became a cause célèbre
among defenders of the First
Amendment, and was later lifted
after judge Clayton W. Horn,
declared the poem to possess
redeeming social importance.
Ginsberg's leftist and generally
anti-establishment politics
attracted the attention of the
FBI, who regarded Ginsberg as a
major security threat.
Abbie Hoffman
Abbie Hoffman
(November 30, 1936 – April 12, 1989)



Social and political activist in
the United States, co-founder
of the Youth International
Party ("Yippies") and, later, a
fugitive from the law who lived
under an alias following a
conviction for allegedly dealing
cocaine.
He came to prominence in the
1960s, but practiced most of his
activism in the 1970s and has
remained a symbol of the youth
rebellion of that decade.
Abbie Hoffman

During the Vietnam War, he was
an anti-war activist who used
deliberately comical and
theatrical tactics, such as a
mass demonstration in which
over 50,000 people
unsuccessfully attempted to
levitate The Pentagon using
psychic energy.

Hoffman was also successful at
turning many flower children
into political activists.
Abbie Hoffman

Abbie Hoffman is the author of
Steal This Book, a commercially
successful guide to living
outside of the established
system. Other titles include
Fuck the System, Revolution for
the Hell of It, Woodstock
Nation, his 1980 autobiography,
and his last book, published
two years before his death,
Steal This Urine Test. His life
was dramatized in the film Steal
This Movie.
Summer of Love
Counter culture
Summer of Love
The Summer of Love was a phrase given to
the summer of 1967 to try to describe
(personify) the feeling of being in San
Francisco that summer, when the so-called
"hippie movement" came to full fruition. (It is
taken as an article of faith by some hippies
that the word 'hippie' itself was invented to
"cash in" on the movement.)
Summer of Love
The actual beginning of this "Summer" can be
attributed to the Human Be-In that took
place in Golden Gate Park on January 14 of
that year. Timothy Leary, Allen Ginsberg, and
the Jefferson Airplane all participated in the
event, a celebration of hippie culture and
values.
Summer of Love
The 'Human Be-In' was a happening in San
Francisco's Golden Gate Park, the afternoon
and evening of January 14, 1967. It was a
prelude to San Francisco's Summer of Love,
which made the Haight-Ashbury district a
household word as the center of an American
counterculture and introduced the word
'psychedelic' to suburbia.
Summer of Love
The 'Human Be-In' focused the key ideas of
the 1960s counterculture: personal
empowerment, cultural and political
decentralization, communal living, ecological
awareness, consciousness expansion.
Counter culture
Haight-Ashbury
The Haight-Ashbury is a district of San
Francisco, California, named after the
intersection of Haight Street and Ashbury
Street. It gained a reputation as a center of
illegal drug culture, especially with the use
of marijuana. Also many participant of Ken
Kesey Acid test move to Haight-Ashbury.
Haight-Ashbury
The area was thus sometimes known as The
Hashbury, but, ca. 1967, its fame chiefly
rested on the fact that it became the
neighborhood of choice for a number of
important psychedelic rock performers and
groups of the mid-1960s. Acts like the
Jefferson Airplane, The Grateful Dead and
Janis Joplin, who all lived a short distance
from the famous intersection
Counter culture
Woman Liberation
Woman Liberation
In the 1960s and 1970s, feminism and feminist theory
largely represented, and was concerned with,
problems faced by Western, white, middle-class
women while at the same time claiming to represent
all women.
Since that time, many feminist theorists have
challenged the assumption that "women" constitute a
homogenous group of individuals with identical
interests. Feminist activists emerged from within
diverse communities, and feminist theorists began to
focus on the intersection between gender and
sexuality with other social identities, such as race
and class.
Counter culture
Psychedelic Art
The Psychedelic Era (1965–1975), associated with the
use of psychedelic drugs, also produced psychedelic
art which may enjoyed by both those who have, and
who have not, had a personal psychedelic
experience.

For decades, many users of psychedelic drugs report
that they perceive a fractalization of the things they
are looking at and a kaleidoscopic patterning. Recent
scientific examination of the visual cortex suggests
that a fractal structure based on hexagons may be
how the receptive fields are organized.
Psychedelic Art

In the 60s, the creativity was bubbling in every fields
of Art.

Painting, Graphic, Cartoon, Literature, Music...
Painting
Santana cover of their album Abraxas in 1970
Counter culture
Abdul Mati Klarwein
The most famous unknown artist

Behind the world-famous painting
'Annunciation', used by Santana for the cover
of their album Abraxas in 1970, hides the
incredibly rich, but little known, universe of
Mati Klarwein.  Although Mati produced some
of the most iconic images of the 60's and 70's,
his name, and much of his work, remains
unknown to many. 
Counter culture
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Counter culture
Aleph Sanctuary : The original Aleph Sanctuary was a
portable 3 x 3 x 3 metre cubic temple made out of various metals
and wood and panelled with 68 original paintings of various sizes.  It
was built between 1963 and 1970
Opt Art
Inspired by the the psychedelic movement, in 1966,
for a few months, it was possible, to walk up and
down Madison Avenue and see in every boutique
window a pulsating, psychedelic painting, or print, of
dots by Victor Vasarely, king of the next great
movement, Op Art.
OP Art: Optical illusion style of art.  Many artist tried
this style in various mediums.  Geometric patterns that
fool the eye with an illusion of three dimensions.  This
style reached a peak of popularity during the hippie
era. Artists who specialized in this type of work
includ M.C.Escher, Victor Vasarely and Bridget Riley.
Counter culture
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Comics
Counter culture
Robert Crumb was born in Philadelphia in 1943. As a
kid, he started drawing homemade comic books,
together with his brother Charles, for the amusement of
himself and his family. One of the characters he
invented then was Fred the Cat, after the family's pet.
Fred eventually became Fritz the Cat, one of Crumb's
best-known characters.
Crumb hated the film so much that he killed off
Fritz once and for all in a strip in The People's
Comics.
Music
Counter culture
The Grateful Dead (a name chosen at random from a
dictionary) was an American psychedelia-influenced
rock band, formed in 1965 in San Francisco from the
remnants of another band, "Mother McCree's Uptown
Jug Champions." The Grateful Dead were known for
their unique and eclectic songwriting style—which
fused elements of rock, folk music, bluegrass, blues,
country, and jazz—and for live performances of long
modal jams. The band's numerous fans, often referred
to the band simply as The Dead.
Many bands from this area went on to national fame,
such as Jefferson Airplane and Big Brother & the
Holding Company, giving San Francisco an image as a
center for the hippie counterculture of the era.
Counter culture
Counter culture
Jefferson
Airplane
Jefferson Airplane was an American rock band from
San Francisco, a pioneer of the LSD-influenced
psychedelic rock movement. Various successor
incarnations of the band have performed under
different names, reflecting changing times and
performer lineups, known as Jefferson Starship, and
later simply Starship.

The term Jefferson airplane is also slang for a used
match bent to hold a marijuana cigarette that has
been smoked too short to hold without burning the
hands. An urban legend claims this was the origin for
the band's name
Counter culture
Janis Joplin
Janis Lyn Joplin (January 19, 1943 – October 4, 1970)
was an American blues-influenced rock singer and
occasional songwriter with a distinctive voice. Joplin
released four albums as the frontwoman for several
bands from 1967 to a posthumous release in 1971.
Cultivating a rebellious manner that could be viewed
as "liberated" – the women's liberation movement was
still in its infancy at this time – Joplin styled herself in
part after her female blues heroines, and in part after
the beat poets. She left Texas for San Francisco in
1963, lived in North Beach and in Haight-Ashbury
Pink Floyd
Counter culture
Pink Floyd (formed in 1965 in Cambridge, England) are
perhaps the most influential British progressive rock
band, famous for what many fans view as their
cerebral lyrics.
Pink Floyd enjoyed moderate success in the late-1960s
as a psychedelic band led by Syd Barrett.
In August 1967, the band's debut albumThe Piper at
the Gates of Dawn is considered to be a prime example
of English psychedelic music.
Pink Floyd were recruited by director Michelangelo
Antonioni to produce a soundtrack for his film,
'Zabriskie point', which premiered in 1970.
Counter culture
Woodstock
The Woodstock Music and Art Festival was the most
famous rock festival of its era. It was held at Max
Yasgur's 600 acre (2.4 km²) dairy farm in Bethel, New
York, on 15, 16, and 17 August, 1969.

The Woodstock Festival represented the culmination of
the counterculture of the 1960s and the ultimate
climax of the "hippie era". Many of the best-known
musicians of the times appeared during the rain-
plagued weekend, much of which was captured in a
successful 1970 movie, Woodstock.
Feel-Like-I'm-Fixin'-To-Die Rag is a popular protest
song from the band Country Joe and the Fish.
The song begins with the "fish" cheer which was a
cheerleader-style call-and-response with the audience
where Country Joe spells out "fish" ("Give me an F!").
The song itself is a black comedy novelty song about
the Vietnam War, whose familiar chorus ("One, two,
three, what are we fighting for?") is well known to
the Woodstock generation and Vietnam Vets of the
1960s and 1970s. It is the bands most successful and
popular songs peaking in the top 40 spot on the
charts.
In one of the most memorable performances at the
legendary Woodstock Festival, Country Joe, performs
the song solo.
He altered the fish cheer to say "fuck" intsead and all
half a million attendees sang along. At one point, most
of the audience members stood up to sing along with
him.
The performance garnered international attention and
has since been seen as the epitome of the anti-war
movement of the 1960's.
Jimmy Hendrix
Jimi Hendrix
(27 November 1942 – 18 September , 1970)



American guitarist, singer,
and songwriter. He is
widely considered the most
important electric guitarist
in the history of popular
music.
Hendrix extended the
tradition of rock guitar: by
using feedback, distortion
and other effects as sonic
tools, He was able to use
such techniques as an
integral part of his
compositions.
Counter culture
Jimmy Hendrix in Woodstock

 Jimi Hendrix's performance of "Star Spangled
Banner" at Woodstock was a turning point in
the history of the counter-culture movement.
As a summing up of one of the most volatile
eras in the nation's history, his adaptation of
the American national anthem has entered
into our cultural lexicon as perhaps the most
powerful musical touchstone of the era, a
zeitgeist of expressiveness.
Jimmy Hendrix in Woodstock
The sounds Hendrix drew from his Fender
Strat were literally an aural recreation of
war. In between the machine-gun fire, bombs
dropping, smoke billowing from napalm
blazes, and a wrenching undercurrent that
evoked the agonizing polarity which tore our
country apart and destroyed Vietnam. As
much a statement about his feelings about
war, "Star Spangled Banner" was a perfect
vehicle for Hendrix's complex vision of
incorporating stunning technical work with
completely new ideas in feedback.
Counter culture
Social & political Impact

As the sixties progressed, the Vietnam war became an
increasingly high-profile object of criticism, and the
sense of the younger generation as a class who
wished to create a different society gained
momentum. One manifestation of this was the general
strike that took place in Paris in May 1968, nearly
toppling the French government.
Social & political Impact

As criticism of the established social order became
more widespread among the newly emergent youth
class, new theories about culture and personal
identity began to spread, and traditional non-Western
ideas – particularly with regard to religion, social
organization and spiritual enlightenment – were also
embraced.
Social & political Impact

This introduces one way of looking at the particular
countercultural development of the mid 1960s to mid
1970s – simply an upwelling of youth. A quip from
Winston Churchill is often paraphrased these days; it
goes: "If you are not a liberal at 20, you have no
heart, and if you are not a conservative at 40 you
have no brain."
Social & political Impact
Many segments of the youth of this period were well
educated, by comparison with earlier periods, leading
to an interest in political philosophies. So, in the
"youth culture" view of the phenomenon, every sort
of outlook and political philosophy (and form of
political apathy) except social conservatism might be
expected to flourish. Given the era's capacity for both
direct and media communication, it would be natural
too that some members of the older generation would
contribute to, and be influenced by, this social current
within society.
What Remains
In any case, as members of the hippie
movement grew older, the 1960s
counterculture was absorbed by the
mainstream, leaving a lasting impact on
morality, lifestyle and fashion. Jay Walljasper,
the editor of Utne Reader, has written, "From
the great gyrations of the counterculture
would come a movement dedicated to the
greening of America.
What Remains
In his essay From Satori to Silicon Valley
(published 1986), cultural historian Theodore
Roszak made the point that the Apple
Computer emerged from within the West Coast
counterculture.
Roszak gives a bit of background on the
development of the prototype models of these
original home computers and on the two
Steves' (Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs, the
computer's developers) evolution toward being
businessmen.
What Remains

In fact, a considerable number of early
computing and networking pioneers – after
discovering LSD and roaming the campuses of
UC Berkeley, Stanford, and MIT in the late 60s
and early 70s – would emerge from this caste
of social "misfits" to shape the modern world.
Counter culture
We are here to make a better world.
No amount of rationalization or blaming can preempt the moment
of choice each of us brings to our situation here on this planet.
The lesson of the 60's is that people who cared enough to do
right could change history.
We didn't end racism but we ended legal segregation.
We ended the idea that you could send half-a-million soldiers
around the world to fight a war that people do not support.
We ended the idea that women are second-class citizens.
We made the environment an issue that couldn't be avoided.
The big battles that we won cannot be reversed. We were young,
self-righteous, reckless, hypocritical, brave, silly, headstrong and
scared half to death.
And we were right.
Abbie Hoffman

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Counter culture

  • 2. In sociology, counterculture is a term used to describe a cultural group whose values and norms are at odds with those of the social mainstream, a cultural equivalent of a political opposition. In casual practice, the term came to prominence in the general press as it was used to refer to the youth rebellion that swept North America and Western Europe in the 1960s and early 1970s
  • 4. Counter Culture in the 60th
  • 5. This movement was a reaction against the conservative social norms of the 1950s, the political conservatism (and perceived social repression) of the Cold War period, and the US government's extensive military intervention in Vietnam. It is sometimes discussed as the inheritor of the "Beat Generation" sensibility of the late 1940s and 1950s. Opposition to the war was exacerbated in the US by the compulsory military draft.
  • 6. In one view, the 1960s youth rebellion largely originated on college campuses. The Free Speech Movement at the University of California, Berkeley was one early example. However, other rebellious-youth formats also contributed, some involving people who had never been college students. The beatnik café and bar scene was a tributary stream.
  • 7. Beat Generation The Beat Generation was a group of American writers who came to prominence in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Their most important works are Jack Kerouac's On the Road (1957), Allen Ginsberg's Howl (1956), and William S. Burroughs' Naked Lunch (1959). By either definition, the members of the Beat Generation were new bohemian ecstatic epicureans, who often engaged in a spontaneous creativity.
  • 8. Beat Generation The style of their work may seem chaotic, but the chaos was purposeful; it highlighted the primacy of such Beat Generation essentials as spontaneity, open emotion, visceral engagement in often gritty worldly experiences. Kerouac introduced the phrase Beat Generation sometime around 1948 to describe his friends and as a general term describing the underground, anti-conformist youth gathering in New York at that time.
  • 9. Beat Generation The adjective beat (introduced to the group by Herbert Huncke) had the connotations of "tired" or "down and out", but Kerouac added the paradoxical connotations of upbeat, beatific, and the musical association of being "on the beat".
  • 10. Jack Kerouac (March 12, 1922 – October 21, 1969) American novelist, writer, poet, artist, and part of the Beat Generation. While enjoying popular but little critical success during his own lifetime, Kerouac is now considered one of America's most important authors. The spontaneous, confessional prose style inspired other writers, including Tom Robbins, Lester Bangs, Ken Kesey, Tom Waits and Bob Dylan. Kerouac's best known work is On the Road.
  • 11. Jack Kerouac Kerouac wrote On the Road in April, 1951. Fueled by Benzedrine and coffee, he completed the first version of the novel during a three week extended session of spontaneous confessional prose. This session produced the now famous scroll. His technique was heavily influenced by Jazz. Publishers rejected the book due to its experimental writing style and its sympathetic tone towards marginalized social groups of the US in the 50ths. In 1957, Viking Press purchased the novel, demanding major revisions
  • 12. ON the Road “Scroll” The scroll is the physical embodiment of Kerouac's spontaneous writing method. One of the most remarkable literary manuscripts in existence, "On the Road" is a key work of American literature and marked a turning point in 20th-century culture. Typed by Kerouac in New York in a 20-day marathon in April 1951, the scroll comprises the first draft of the definitive Beat Generation novel. The original manuscript was typewritten onto 12-foot lengths of paper that were taped together.
  • 13. The 0nly people for me are the mad ones, the ones who are mad to live, mad to talk, mad to be saved, desirous of everything at the same time, the ones who never yawn or say a commonplace thing, but burn, burn, burn, like fabulous yellow roman candles exploding like spider across the stars.... Jack Kerouac
  • 14. Bob Dylan Bob Dylan (born Robert Allen Zimmerman on May 24, 1941) is an American singer-songwriter, author, musician and poet who has been a major figure in popular music for five decades. Much of Dylan's best known work is from the 1960s when he became an informal documentarian and reluctant figurehead of American unrest.
  • 15. He had the finger on the pulse of his generation
  • 16. Bob Dylan Some of his songs, such as "Blowin' in the Wind" and "The Times They Are a-Changin'",[1] became anthems of the anti-war and civil rights movements.
  • 17. From Beat Generation to Hippies There were certainly some stylistic differences between "beatniks" and "hippies" — somber colors, dark shades, and goatees gave way to colorful "psychedelic" clothing and long hair. The beats were known for "playing it cool" (keeping a low profile) but the hippies became known for "being cool" (displaying their individuality). In there were some changes in substance: the beats tended to be essentially apolitical, but the hippies became actively engaged with the civil rights movement and the anti-war movement.
  • 18. Revolution Drugs Sex & Music
  • 19. Another way of viewing the counterculture is as 'the principle of expansion' as applied not to economies or political spheres of influence but to aspects of personal life and to creativity.
  • 22. Picture yourself in a boat on a river, With tangerine trees and marmalade skies Somebody calls you, you answer quite slowly, A girl with kaleidoscope eyes. Cellophane flowers of yellow and green, Towering over your head. Look for the girl with the sun in her eyes, And she’s gone. Lucy in the sky with diamonds. Follow her down to a bridge by a fountain Where rocking horse people eat marshmellow pies, Everyone smiles as you drift past the flowers, That grow so incredibly high. Newspaper taxis appear on the shore, Waiting to take you away. Climb in the back with your head in the clouds, And you’re gone. Lucy in the sky with diamonds, Picture yourself on a train in a station, With plasticine porters with looking glass ties, Suddenly someone is there at the turnstyle, The girl with the kaleidoscope eyes.
  • 23. There is controversy concerning Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds. When it was released, it was believed, and there are those that still believe that because hidden in the title of the song are the initials "LSD", that it was a composition inspired while under the influence of that drug. However, John Lennon has offered an explanation that was contrary to this belief, he said this song was inspired by a drawing of his young son Julian.......
  • 24. Psychedelic cover of The Beatles' Revolver album. There was little doubt with the release of this album that the music was inspired by LSD. The most controversial part of the album, however, Tomorrow Never Knows. The beginning of the song, "turn off your mind, relax, and float downstream..." was taken from the introduction of the book, The Psychedelic Experience: A Manual based on the Tibetan Book of the Dead, by Timothy Leary
  • 27. Lysergic acid diethylamide It is a chemical that changes a user's mood, thoughts or perceptions. For this reason, LSD is grouped into a class of drugs known as hallucinogens or psychedelics.
  • 28. Lysergic acid diethylamide LSD was first synthesized from a fungus that grows on rye and other grains. In 1938, Albert Hofmann working in the Swiss pharmaceutical company called Sandoz, produced LSD for the first time. He was hoping that this new drug could be used to stimulate circulation and respiration.
  • 29. Lysergic acid diethylamide However, the tests he conducted were all failures and he forgot about LSD for 5 years. In 1943, Hofmann accidentally ingested (or somehow absorbed) a bit of LSD and experienced some of the psychedelic effects of this chemical: dizziness, visual distortions and restlessness. A few days later he prepared 0.25 mg of LSD in water and drank it. He again experienced the mood and thought altering effects of LSD.
  • 30. Lysergic acid diethylamide Until 1966, LSD was provided by Sandoz Laboratories free of charge to interested scientists. The use of these compounds by psychiatrists to gain a better subjective understanding of the schizophrenic experience was an accepted practice. Many clinical trials were conducted on the potential use of LSD in psychedelic psychotherapy, generally with very positive results.
  • 31. Lysergic acid diethylamide LSD first became popular recreationally among a small group of mental health professionals such as psychiatrists and psychologists during the 1950s. Cold War era intelligence services were keenly interested in the possibilities of using LSD for interrogation and mind control, and also for large-scale social engineering. The CIA conducted extensive research on LSD, which was mostly destroyed.
  • 32. Lysergic acid diethylamide Several mental health professionals involved in LSD research, most notably Harvard psychology professors Drs. Timothy Leary and Richard Alpert (later known as Ram Dass), became convinced of LSD's potential as a tool for spiritual growth. Their research became more esoteric and controversial, alleging links between the LSD experience and the state of enlightenment sought after in many mystical traditions.
  • 33. Lysergic acid diethylamide They were dismissed from the traditional academic psychology community, and as such cut off from legal scientific acquisition of the drug. Dr. Leary was then (allegedly unbeknownst to himself) approached by agents of the CIA, who supplied him with such quantity of purified LSD-25 that he and Dr. Alpert/Ram Dass made available to a much wider portion of the public.
  • 35. Timothy Francis Leary (October 22, 1920 – May 31, 1996) American writer, psychologist, campaigner for psychedelic drug research and use, 60s counterculture icon and computer software designer. He is most famous as a proponent of the therapeutic and spiritual benefits of LSD. During the 1960s, he coined and popularized the catch phrase "Turn on, tune in, drop out."
  • 36. Turn on, tune in, drop out "Turn on, tune in, drop out" is a counterculture phrase coined by Timothy Leary in the 1960s. It is an excerpt from a prepared speech he delivered at the opening of a press conference in New York City in 1966. This phrase urged hippies to initiate cultural changes through the use of psychedelics and by removing themselves from the existing society
  • 37. Turn on, tune in, drop out Leary later explained: 'Turn on' meant activating your neural and genetic equipment. 'Tune in' meant interacting harmoniously with the world around you. 'Drop out' meant a voluntary detachment from involuntary commitments like school, the military, and corporate employment.
  • 39. Ken Kesey (September 17, 1935 – November 10, 2001) American author, cultural icon who some consider a link between the "beat generation" of the 1950s and the "hippies" of the 1960s. Born in La Junta, Colorado, he attended the University of Oregon, where he received a degree in speech and communication. In 1958; he moved to California to enroll in the creative writing program at Stanford University.
  • 40. Ken Kesey He is probably best known for his novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. At Stanford in 1959, he volunteered to take part in a study at the Menlo Hospital on the effects of psychoactive drugs such as LSD, sponsored by the CIA. Kesey wrote many detailed accounts of his experiences. His role as a medical guinea pig inspired Kesey to write One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest.
  • 41. Acid Test With the commercial success of his first novel in 1962, Kesey moved to La Honda, in the mountains outside of San Francisco. He frequently entertained friends with parties he called "Acid Tests" involving music (such as Kesey's favorite band, The Warlocks, later known as the Grateful Dead), black lights, fluorescent paint, strobes, and other "psychedelic" effects, and of course LSD (often slipped surreptitiously into a punch).
  • 42. Furthur When the publication of his second novel in 1964 required his presence in New York, Kesey, Cassady, and others in a group of friends they called the "Merry Pranksters" took a cross-country trip in a school bus nicknamed Furthur. This trip, was the group's attempt at making art out of everyday life. In New York, Cassady introduced Kesey to Kerouac and to Allen Ginsberg, who in turn introduced them to Timothy Leary.
  • 43. Furthur The bus was stripped down and remodeled inside and out for a psychedelic excursion across the country with Kesey and his Merry Pranksters on board
  • 45. Irwin Allen Guinsberg (June 3, 1926 – April 5, 1997) American Beat poet born in Paterson, New Jersey. He formed a bridge between the Beat movement of the 1950s and the hippies of the 1960s, befriending, among others, Jack Kerouac, Neal Cassady, William S. Burroughs, Timothy Leary, Gregory Corso, Bob Kaufman, Herbert Huncke, Rod McKuen, and Bob Dylan.
  • 46. Irwin Allen Guinsberg Ginsberg's poetry was strongly influenced by modernism, romanticism, the beat and cadence of jazz, and his Kagyu Buddhist practice and Jewish background. Ginsberg's principal work, "Howl", is well-known to many for its opening line: "I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness". It was considered scandalous at the time of publication.
  • 47. Irwin Allen Guinsberg It was banned for obscenity. The ban became a cause célèbre among defenders of the First Amendment, and was later lifted after judge Clayton W. Horn, declared the poem to possess redeeming social importance. Ginsberg's leftist and generally anti-establishment politics attracted the attention of the FBI, who regarded Ginsberg as a major security threat.
  • 48. Irwin Allen Guinsberg It was banned for obscenity. The ban became a cause célèbre among defenders of the First Amendment, and was later lifted after judge Clayton W. Horn, declared the poem to possess redeeming social importance. Ginsberg's leftist and generally anti-establishment politics attracted the attention of the FBI, who regarded Ginsberg as a major security threat.
  • 50. Abbie Hoffman (November 30, 1936 – April 12, 1989) Social and political activist in the United States, co-founder of the Youth International Party ("Yippies") and, later, a fugitive from the law who lived under an alias following a conviction for allegedly dealing cocaine. He came to prominence in the 1960s, but practiced most of his activism in the 1970s and has remained a symbol of the youth rebellion of that decade.
  • 51. Abbie Hoffman During the Vietnam War, he was an anti-war activist who used deliberately comical and theatrical tactics, such as a mass demonstration in which over 50,000 people unsuccessfully attempted to levitate The Pentagon using psychic energy. Hoffman was also successful at turning many flower children into political activists.
  • 52. Abbie Hoffman Abbie Hoffman is the author of Steal This Book, a commercially successful guide to living outside of the established system. Other titles include Fuck the System, Revolution for the Hell of It, Woodstock Nation, his 1980 autobiography, and his last book, published two years before his death, Steal This Urine Test. His life was dramatized in the film Steal This Movie.
  • 55. Summer of Love The Summer of Love was a phrase given to the summer of 1967 to try to describe (personify) the feeling of being in San Francisco that summer, when the so-called "hippie movement" came to full fruition. (It is taken as an article of faith by some hippies that the word 'hippie' itself was invented to "cash in" on the movement.)
  • 56. Summer of Love The actual beginning of this "Summer" can be attributed to the Human Be-In that took place in Golden Gate Park on January 14 of that year. Timothy Leary, Allen Ginsberg, and the Jefferson Airplane all participated in the event, a celebration of hippie culture and values.
  • 57. Summer of Love The 'Human Be-In' was a happening in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park, the afternoon and evening of January 14, 1967. It was a prelude to San Francisco's Summer of Love, which made the Haight-Ashbury district a household word as the center of an American counterculture and introduced the word 'psychedelic' to suburbia.
  • 58. Summer of Love The 'Human Be-In' focused the key ideas of the 1960s counterculture: personal empowerment, cultural and political decentralization, communal living, ecological awareness, consciousness expansion.
  • 60. Haight-Ashbury The Haight-Ashbury is a district of San Francisco, California, named after the intersection of Haight Street and Ashbury Street. It gained a reputation as a center of illegal drug culture, especially with the use of marijuana. Also many participant of Ken Kesey Acid test move to Haight-Ashbury.
  • 61. Haight-Ashbury The area was thus sometimes known as The Hashbury, but, ca. 1967, its fame chiefly rested on the fact that it became the neighborhood of choice for a number of important psychedelic rock performers and groups of the mid-1960s. Acts like the Jefferson Airplane, The Grateful Dead and Janis Joplin, who all lived a short distance from the famous intersection
  • 64. Woman Liberation In the 1960s and 1970s, feminism and feminist theory largely represented, and was concerned with, problems faced by Western, white, middle-class women while at the same time claiming to represent all women. Since that time, many feminist theorists have challenged the assumption that "women" constitute a homogenous group of individuals with identical interests. Feminist activists emerged from within diverse communities, and feminist theorists began to focus on the intersection between gender and sexuality with other social identities, such as race and class.
  • 66. Psychedelic Art The Psychedelic Era (1965–1975), associated with the use of psychedelic drugs, also produced psychedelic art which may enjoyed by both those who have, and who have not, had a personal psychedelic experience. For decades, many users of psychedelic drugs report that they perceive a fractalization of the things they are looking at and a kaleidoscopic patterning. Recent scientific examination of the visual cortex suggests that a fractal structure based on hexagons may be how the receptive fields are organized.
  • 67. Psychedelic Art In the 60s, the creativity was bubbling in every fields of Art. Painting, Graphic, Cartoon, Literature, Music...
  • 69. Santana cover of their album Abraxas in 1970
  • 71. Abdul Mati Klarwein The most famous unknown artist Behind the world-famous painting 'Annunciation', used by Santana for the cover of their album Abraxas in 1970, hides the incredibly rich, but little known, universe of Mati Klarwein.  Although Mati produced some of the most iconic images of the 60's and 70's, his name, and much of his work, remains unknown to many. 
  • 76. Aleph Sanctuary : The original Aleph Sanctuary was a portable 3 x 3 x 3 metre cubic temple made out of various metals and wood and panelled with 68 original paintings of various sizes.  It was built between 1963 and 1970
  • 77. Opt Art Inspired by the the psychedelic movement, in 1966, for a few months, it was possible, to walk up and down Madison Avenue and see in every boutique window a pulsating, psychedelic painting, or print, of dots by Victor Vasarely, king of the next great movement, Op Art. OP Art: Optical illusion style of art.  Many artist tried this style in various mediums.  Geometric patterns that fool the eye with an illusion of three dimensions.  This style reached a peak of popularity during the hippie era. Artists who specialized in this type of work includ M.C.Escher, Victor Vasarely and Bridget Riley.
  • 91. Robert Crumb was born in Philadelphia in 1943. As a kid, he started drawing homemade comic books, together with his brother Charles, for the amusement of himself and his family. One of the characters he invented then was Fred the Cat, after the family's pet. Fred eventually became Fritz the Cat, one of Crumb's best-known characters.
  • 92. Crumb hated the film so much that he killed off Fritz once and for all in a strip in The People's Comics.
  • 93. Music
  • 95. The Grateful Dead (a name chosen at random from a dictionary) was an American psychedelia-influenced rock band, formed in 1965 in San Francisco from the remnants of another band, "Mother McCree's Uptown Jug Champions." The Grateful Dead were known for their unique and eclectic songwriting style—which fused elements of rock, folk music, bluegrass, blues, country, and jazz—and for live performances of long modal jams. The band's numerous fans, often referred to the band simply as The Dead. Many bands from this area went on to national fame, such as Jefferson Airplane and Big Brother & the Holding Company, giving San Francisco an image as a center for the hippie counterculture of the era.
  • 99. Jefferson Airplane was an American rock band from San Francisco, a pioneer of the LSD-influenced psychedelic rock movement. Various successor incarnations of the band have performed under different names, reflecting changing times and performer lineups, known as Jefferson Starship, and later simply Starship. The term Jefferson airplane is also slang for a used match bent to hold a marijuana cigarette that has been smoked too short to hold without burning the hands. An urban legend claims this was the origin for the band's name
  • 102. Janis Lyn Joplin (January 19, 1943 – October 4, 1970) was an American blues-influenced rock singer and occasional songwriter with a distinctive voice. Joplin released four albums as the frontwoman for several bands from 1967 to a posthumous release in 1971. Cultivating a rebellious manner that could be viewed as "liberated" – the women's liberation movement was still in its infancy at this time – Joplin styled herself in part after her female blues heroines, and in part after the beat poets. She left Texas for San Francisco in 1963, lived in North Beach and in Haight-Ashbury
  • 105. Pink Floyd (formed in 1965 in Cambridge, England) are perhaps the most influential British progressive rock band, famous for what many fans view as their cerebral lyrics. Pink Floyd enjoyed moderate success in the late-1960s as a psychedelic band led by Syd Barrett. In August 1967, the band's debut albumThe Piper at the Gates of Dawn is considered to be a prime example of English psychedelic music. Pink Floyd were recruited by director Michelangelo Antonioni to produce a soundtrack for his film, 'Zabriskie point', which premiered in 1970.
  • 108. The Woodstock Music and Art Festival was the most famous rock festival of its era. It was held at Max Yasgur's 600 acre (2.4 km²) dairy farm in Bethel, New York, on 15, 16, and 17 August, 1969. The Woodstock Festival represented the culmination of the counterculture of the 1960s and the ultimate climax of the "hippie era". Many of the best-known musicians of the times appeared during the rain- plagued weekend, much of which was captured in a successful 1970 movie, Woodstock.
  • 109. Feel-Like-I'm-Fixin'-To-Die Rag is a popular protest song from the band Country Joe and the Fish. The song begins with the "fish" cheer which was a cheerleader-style call-and-response with the audience where Country Joe spells out "fish" ("Give me an F!"). The song itself is a black comedy novelty song about the Vietnam War, whose familiar chorus ("One, two, three, what are we fighting for?") is well known to the Woodstock generation and Vietnam Vets of the 1960s and 1970s. It is the bands most successful and popular songs peaking in the top 40 spot on the charts.
  • 110. In one of the most memorable performances at the legendary Woodstock Festival, Country Joe, performs the song solo. He altered the fish cheer to say "fuck" intsead and all half a million attendees sang along. At one point, most of the audience members stood up to sing along with him. The performance garnered international attention and has since been seen as the epitome of the anti-war movement of the 1960's.
  • 112. Jimi Hendrix (27 November 1942 – 18 September , 1970) American guitarist, singer, and songwriter. He is widely considered the most important electric guitarist in the history of popular music. Hendrix extended the tradition of rock guitar: by using feedback, distortion and other effects as sonic tools, He was able to use such techniques as an integral part of his compositions.
  • 114. Jimmy Hendrix in Woodstock Jimi Hendrix's performance of "Star Spangled Banner" at Woodstock was a turning point in the history of the counter-culture movement. As a summing up of one of the most volatile eras in the nation's history, his adaptation of the American national anthem has entered into our cultural lexicon as perhaps the most powerful musical touchstone of the era, a zeitgeist of expressiveness.
  • 115. Jimmy Hendrix in Woodstock The sounds Hendrix drew from his Fender Strat were literally an aural recreation of war. In between the machine-gun fire, bombs dropping, smoke billowing from napalm blazes, and a wrenching undercurrent that evoked the agonizing polarity which tore our country apart and destroyed Vietnam. As much a statement about his feelings about war, "Star Spangled Banner" was a perfect vehicle for Hendrix's complex vision of incorporating stunning technical work with completely new ideas in feedback.
  • 117. Social & political Impact As the sixties progressed, the Vietnam war became an increasingly high-profile object of criticism, and the sense of the younger generation as a class who wished to create a different society gained momentum. One manifestation of this was the general strike that took place in Paris in May 1968, nearly toppling the French government.
  • 118. Social & political Impact As criticism of the established social order became more widespread among the newly emergent youth class, new theories about culture and personal identity began to spread, and traditional non-Western ideas – particularly with regard to religion, social organization and spiritual enlightenment – were also embraced.
  • 119. Social & political Impact This introduces one way of looking at the particular countercultural development of the mid 1960s to mid 1970s – simply an upwelling of youth. A quip from Winston Churchill is often paraphrased these days; it goes: "If you are not a liberal at 20, you have no heart, and if you are not a conservative at 40 you have no brain."
  • 120. Social & political Impact Many segments of the youth of this period were well educated, by comparison with earlier periods, leading to an interest in political philosophies. So, in the "youth culture" view of the phenomenon, every sort of outlook and political philosophy (and form of political apathy) except social conservatism might be expected to flourish. Given the era's capacity for both direct and media communication, it would be natural too that some members of the older generation would contribute to, and be influenced by, this social current within society.
  • 121. What Remains In any case, as members of the hippie movement grew older, the 1960s counterculture was absorbed by the mainstream, leaving a lasting impact on morality, lifestyle and fashion. Jay Walljasper, the editor of Utne Reader, has written, "From the great gyrations of the counterculture would come a movement dedicated to the greening of America.
  • 122. What Remains In his essay From Satori to Silicon Valley (published 1986), cultural historian Theodore Roszak made the point that the Apple Computer emerged from within the West Coast counterculture. Roszak gives a bit of background on the development of the prototype models of these original home computers and on the two Steves' (Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs, the computer's developers) evolution toward being businessmen.
  • 123. What Remains In fact, a considerable number of early computing and networking pioneers – after discovering LSD and roaming the campuses of UC Berkeley, Stanford, and MIT in the late 60s and early 70s – would emerge from this caste of social "misfits" to shape the modern world.
  • 125. We are here to make a better world. No amount of rationalization or blaming can preempt the moment of choice each of us brings to our situation here on this planet. The lesson of the 60's is that people who cared enough to do right could change history. We didn't end racism but we ended legal segregation. We ended the idea that you could send half-a-million soldiers around the world to fight a war that people do not support. We ended the idea that women are second-class citizens. We made the environment an issue that couldn't be avoided. The big battles that we won cannot be reversed. We were young, self-righteous, reckless, hypocritical, brave, silly, headstrong and scared half to death. And we were right. Abbie Hoffman