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Ian Philips
Modelling adaptive capacity to fuel
shocks – an indicator for sustainable
transport policy.
Institute for Transport Studies: University of Leeds
abstract
• There is a possibility that a fuel shock could occur; a severe restriction in the amount of fuel
available for transport. This would restrict the movement of people. The spatial pattern of the
capacity of individuals to adapt to a fuel shock is of concern to policy makers. Additionally the
scope for policy makers to estimate the effects of schemes to increase adaptive capacity on groups
of people at small geographies would allow them to target resources to more vulnerable areas.
An indicator is built which reports the proportion of people in an area who would have the capacity
to make a journey such as their current commute immediately after the fuel shock begins.
The model used to generate the indicator value is described. A population micro-simulation is used
to estimate characteristics of individuals living in Output Areas (OAs) across England. Characteristics
such as Body Mass Index and fitness are generated by combining census data with data from the
Health Survey for England. The physical capacity to propel a bicycle is estimated for individuals. The
nature of the road network and the topography are also considered in estimating the maximum
distance people could travel.
The model can examine the effects of policies to increase adaptive capacity to fuel shocks such as
increasing fitness, reducing obesity, increasing the availability of bicycles and reduction of barriers
to direct journeys by bicycle such as cycle and pedestrian bridges across rivers.
3
Why an
indicator?
1
2
3
Modelling adaptive
capacity to fuel shocks
4
•There are finite limits to
resources
•So that means …
Problem
This might happen where you live
5
Problem
FUEL SHOCK
PERMENANTLY
NO FUEL
• What modes could we use to get
around?
• How can we do something now
which would make a difference
in the future?
6
Fuel Shock Resilience
77
Of who to what? (same normal / new normal)
•Government Keep business running
•Individuals: Quality of life?
8
Personal Fuel
Shock Adaptive
Capacity
The ability of people
to continue making
journeys immediately
post shock. (at our
scale of interest).
Research Questions
What level of adaptive capacity does our
current pattern of travel and
transportation provision have to a
sudden and unpredictable fuel shock?
If we want to improve things before
the shock then how do we assess a
policy in terms of its effect on
adaptive capacity?
10
Planners should
consider adaptive
capacity
Policies would
affect adaptive
capacity
Assessment
frameworks
assess policies
i.e MCA or CBA
Assessment
frameworks
need indicators
Adaptive
capacity
indicator
Why an indicator?
The indicator is:
the percentage of employed
people who could get to work by
walking and cycling tomorrow if
there was a fuel shock
11
What’s the
indicator
Scope and guiding approach for
constructing the indicator
12
No Prediction
Not Freight
Data Assumptions
Quantitative Comparison
Graph: types of adaptive capacity
13
Movehomet = fuel shock t = later
Abilitytouseadaptive
capacity
Other
Changejob
time
Bicycle
characteristics
Variation
in circuity
Transport
availability for
essential
workers
Weight
fitness
Age
Current commute
distance
Bike availability
BMI
Height
Time
budget
Physical
constraint
Social
constraint
Walking
speed
Slope
Bicycling
speed
Network
Permeability
Pedalling
power
Gender
Number of
stops and
starts per
journey Maximum safe,
healthy commute
distance by active
modes
Maximum
cycling
distance
Maximum
walking
distance
interventions to
reduce obesity
Proportion of population
able to get to work post
shock
interventions to
increase bike
availability
interventions to
decrease current
commute distance
interventions to
decrease
network barriers
Cycling
acceptability
Area data
proportion of
route network
with cycle
facilities
interventions to
decrease number of
stops on cycle
journeys
interventions on
cycle
infrastructure &
speed limits
Ability to
get to
work by
PT
Ability to
get to
work by
bus
Current
train
commuters
Public
transport
interventions
3
2&3
2&3
2&3
Bicycle
characteristics
Variation
in circuity
Transport
availability for
essential
workers
Weight
fitness
Age
Current commute
distance
Bike availability
BMI
Height
Time
budget
Physical
constraint
Social
constraint
Walking
speed
Slope
Bicycling
speed
Network
Permeability
Pedalling
power
Gender
Number of
stops and
starts per
journey Maximum safe,
healthy commute
distance by active
modes
Maximum
cycling
distance
Maximum
walking
distance
interventions to
reduce obesity
Proportion of population
able to get to work post
shock
interventions to
increase bike
availability
interventions to
decrease current
commute distance
interventions to
decrease
network barriers
Cycling
acceptability
Area data
proportion of
route network
with cycle
facilities
interventions to
decrease number of
stops on cycle
journeys
interventions on
cycle
infrastructure &
speed limits
Ability to
get to
work by
PT
Ability to
get to
work by
bus
Current
train
commuters
Public
transport
interventions
3
2&3
2&3
2&3
individual capacity to walk and
propel bicycles
Time budget
Supply factors
Slope
Maximum travel
distance
Commute
distance
Vs
indicator
Why an individual approach?
People vary in their ability to travel by walking
and cycling. Their pedalling power is based on
personal attributes like age gender and fitness.
These attributes vary between individuals and
between locations. Access to bicycles and
needing to escort kids to school also varies
between individuals and location. The other
groups of factors like slope and commute
distance also vary geographically.
If we take the “average person” it excludes a
very large amount of people from the analysis.
So an individual approach makes sense
Stage 1 spatial micro-simulation
Sample population
Individual and
aspatial
Aggregate spatial
Constraint tables
software
Synthetic
population
HSE microdata
2008
1754
individuals
(not
households)
age-sex-
economic
activity;
NSSec;
Education;
(2001 OA
census data)
Stage 2 of the model
Stage 1 Synthetic individual
Can
Individual
commute
Y /N?
Draw maximum
travel distance
Draw commute
distance
OA
indicator
%Vs
Aggregate
Escort?+
+
+
+
+
Multiple
draws
Bike?
Assess alternatives:
VsDo minimum Do Policy
e.g policy to increase fitness and reduce obesity
Keep same individuals – not re-draw, compare like with like avoids
noise
Is there a significant difference in indicator value for a given OA
when the policy is implemented?
20
Problem 2020
Working model
20
Better way to add attributes
Dynamic? 2011?
Check / test / analyse
21
Problem 2121
Thank you 21
Questions
Comments
• Image credits:
• http://commons.wikimedia.org
• Further information available on request

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Modelling adaptive capacity to fuel shocks – an indicator for sustainable transport policy

  • 1. 1 Ian Philips Modelling adaptive capacity to fuel shocks – an indicator for sustainable transport policy. Institute for Transport Studies: University of Leeds
  • 2. abstract • There is a possibility that a fuel shock could occur; a severe restriction in the amount of fuel available for transport. This would restrict the movement of people. The spatial pattern of the capacity of individuals to adapt to a fuel shock is of concern to policy makers. Additionally the scope for policy makers to estimate the effects of schemes to increase adaptive capacity on groups of people at small geographies would allow them to target resources to more vulnerable areas. An indicator is built which reports the proportion of people in an area who would have the capacity to make a journey such as their current commute immediately after the fuel shock begins. The model used to generate the indicator value is described. A population micro-simulation is used to estimate characteristics of individuals living in Output Areas (OAs) across England. Characteristics such as Body Mass Index and fitness are generated by combining census data with data from the Health Survey for England. The physical capacity to propel a bicycle is estimated for individuals. The nature of the road network and the topography are also considered in estimating the maximum distance people could travel. The model can examine the effects of policies to increase adaptive capacity to fuel shocks such as increasing fitness, reducing obesity, increasing the availability of bicycles and reduction of barriers to direct journeys by bicycle such as cycle and pedestrian bridges across rivers.
  • 4. 4 •There are finite limits to resources •So that means … Problem
  • 5. This might happen where you live 5 Problem FUEL SHOCK PERMENANTLY NO FUEL
  • 6. • What modes could we use to get around? • How can we do something now which would make a difference in the future? 6
  • 7. Fuel Shock Resilience 77 Of who to what? (same normal / new normal) •Government Keep business running •Individuals: Quality of life?
  • 8. 8 Personal Fuel Shock Adaptive Capacity The ability of people to continue making journeys immediately post shock. (at our scale of interest).
  • 9. Research Questions What level of adaptive capacity does our current pattern of travel and transportation provision have to a sudden and unpredictable fuel shock? If we want to improve things before the shock then how do we assess a policy in terms of its effect on adaptive capacity?
  • 10. 10 Planners should consider adaptive capacity Policies would affect adaptive capacity Assessment frameworks assess policies i.e MCA or CBA Assessment frameworks need indicators Adaptive capacity indicator Why an indicator?
  • 11. The indicator is: the percentage of employed people who could get to work by walking and cycling tomorrow if there was a fuel shock 11 What’s the indicator
  • 12. Scope and guiding approach for constructing the indicator 12 No Prediction Not Freight Data Assumptions Quantitative Comparison
  • 13. Graph: types of adaptive capacity 13 Movehomet = fuel shock t = later Abilitytouseadaptive capacity Other Changejob time
  • 14. Bicycle characteristics Variation in circuity Transport availability for essential workers Weight fitness Age Current commute distance Bike availability BMI Height Time budget Physical constraint Social constraint Walking speed Slope Bicycling speed Network Permeability Pedalling power Gender Number of stops and starts per journey Maximum safe, healthy commute distance by active modes Maximum cycling distance Maximum walking distance interventions to reduce obesity Proportion of population able to get to work post shock interventions to increase bike availability interventions to decrease current commute distance interventions to decrease network barriers Cycling acceptability Area data proportion of route network with cycle facilities interventions to decrease number of stops on cycle journeys interventions on cycle infrastructure & speed limits Ability to get to work by PT Ability to get to work by bus Current train commuters Public transport interventions 3 2&3 2&3 2&3
  • 15. Bicycle characteristics Variation in circuity Transport availability for essential workers Weight fitness Age Current commute distance Bike availability BMI Height Time budget Physical constraint Social constraint Walking speed Slope Bicycling speed Network Permeability Pedalling power Gender Number of stops and starts per journey Maximum safe, healthy commute distance by active modes Maximum cycling distance Maximum walking distance interventions to reduce obesity Proportion of population able to get to work post shock interventions to increase bike availability interventions to decrease current commute distance interventions to decrease network barriers Cycling acceptability Area data proportion of route network with cycle facilities interventions to decrease number of stops on cycle journeys interventions on cycle infrastructure & speed limits Ability to get to work by PT Ability to get to work by bus Current train commuters Public transport interventions 3 2&3 2&3 2&3 individual capacity to walk and propel bicycles Time budget Supply factors Slope Maximum travel distance Commute distance Vs indicator
  • 16. Why an individual approach? People vary in their ability to travel by walking and cycling. Their pedalling power is based on personal attributes like age gender and fitness. These attributes vary between individuals and between locations. Access to bicycles and needing to escort kids to school also varies between individuals and location. The other groups of factors like slope and commute distance also vary geographically. If we take the “average person” it excludes a very large amount of people from the analysis. So an individual approach makes sense
  • 17. Stage 1 spatial micro-simulation Sample population Individual and aspatial Aggregate spatial Constraint tables software Synthetic population HSE microdata 2008 1754 individuals (not households) age-sex- economic activity; NSSec; Education; (2001 OA census data)
  • 18. Stage 2 of the model Stage 1 Synthetic individual Can Individual commute Y /N? Draw maximum travel distance Draw commute distance OA indicator %Vs Aggregate Escort?+ + + + + Multiple draws Bike?
  • 19. Assess alternatives: VsDo minimum Do Policy e.g policy to increase fitness and reduce obesity Keep same individuals – not re-draw, compare like with like avoids noise Is there a significant difference in indicator value for a given OA when the policy is implemented?
  • 20. 20 Problem 2020 Working model 20 Better way to add attributes Dynamic? 2011? Check / test / analyse
  • 21. 21 Problem 2121 Thank you 21 Questions Comments
  • 22. • Image credits: • http://commons.wikimedia.org • Further information available on request