Learn Ontology and Supercharge Your Projects

Ontology Dojo
Learn how to use ontology to define your information
and supercharge your deliverables
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ONTOLOGY DOJO @info_do#ontdojo
DOJO
DO JITSU

What is Ontology?
• Philosophical study of being and reality
• “Ontology” has taken on two meanings:
• Classical Ontology (a study of philosophy focused on the nature of
being)
• Modern Applied Ontology (Using ontological theory to describe
things)
Ontology is a deliberate method of characterization

Who Uses Ontology?
Information
Architects
Librarians/
Archivists/
Taxonomists
Philosophers Investigators/
Law Enforcement
Geographers

History of Ontology
Parmenides
Plato &
Tom GruberJean Paul Sartre
Study of Existence Concrete vs Abstract Applied

From Classical to Modern Applied Ontology
• Describe things and their
relationships to other things
• Model and document things
• Facilitate finding things
Prove and describe
existence of things.
Classical Modern

What is Modern “Applied Ontology”
• The description of a subject (The Ontology of…)
• A methodology to incorporate into other practices
• A set of tools to describe things and relationships

The bits and pieces of ontology
Objects Predicates Attributes
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Domains Class

Limits must be placed on what is examined
“The ontology of…”
Domains

Ontology IA/UX Comp Sci Business Library Science BOLO
Domain Scope Domain Scope • Subject
• Topic
• Verticals
• Stove Pipes
Domains

Broad Narrow
Build
Borrow
USAGE
TOPIC SCOPE
ANTIDEPRESSANTS
WALMART
INVENTORY
Healthcare
Finance
MICHIGAN WINES
Domains

Objects
The difference between nothing and being

Ontology IA/UX Comp Sci Business Library
Science
BOLO
• Being
• Object
• Object
• Artifact
• Object
• Entity
• Vertex
Entity
Object
Artifact
• Object
• Artifact
• Nouns
• Product
• Things
• Concepts
Objects

Objects
• Interactions
• Organization
• Life Cycle
• Ownership
• Identification
• Attributes
• Concrete
• Abstract
Type Description
RelationshipsGovernance

Concrete
• Does not have to be something you “touch”
• Concrete objects can take action
• Adheres to the laws of physics
• Much easier to communicate and describe to
others
Objects

Abstract
• May have to “invent” physics
• Harder to describe due to perspective
• May not be able to take action
• Often reuse terms and concepts we are
familiar with.
Objects

On the edges
• Virtual objects can be hard to categorize
• May be a matter of perspective
• Interaction between abstract and concrete
objects can be interesting
Citizens United v. FEC (2010)
Objects

The actions among things
Predicates

• Predicate
• Link
• Relationship
• Link
• Predicate
• Edge
• Relationship
• Link
• Relationship
• Link
• Rule
• Constraint
Predicates

Ben reads bookthe
Action of one object on another
Predicates

HyponymHypernym
MeronymHolonym
Synonym Antinym
General Specific
Whole Part
Like Different
Predicates

IS A TYPE OF
Animal
Invertebrate
Insect
Crustacean
Vertebrate
Mammal
Reptile
Uses
• Taxonomies
• Card Sorting
• Affinity Diagrams
• Concept Map
Hypernym
Hyponym
Predicates

IS PART OF
Uses
• Site Map
• Content Inventory
• Vin Diagram
• Card Sort
• Concept Map
• Affinity Diagram
Meronym
Meronym
Meronym
Holonym
Predicates

IS PART OF
Example Part Type
(1) The handle is part of the mug. Physical
(2) The remote control is part of the stereo system. Collection
(3) The left half is your part of the cake. Portion
(4) The cutlery is part of the tableware. Set
(5) The contents of this bag is only part of what I
bought.
Unrelated Collection
(6) That area is part of the living room. Spatial
(7) The outermost points are part of the perimeter. Location
(8) The first act was the best part of the play. Temporal
Different Types of Parts
Predicates

IS LIKE
Uses
• Thesaurus
• Controlled
Vocabulary
• Card Sort
• Concept Map
• Affinity Diagram
Predicates

TAXONOMIES
CONCEPT MAPS
SITE MAPS
AFFINITY MAPPING/
CARD SORTS
Look for the lines
Predicates
Predicates are Everywhere

Ben reads bookthe
buysowns
Predicates
Other Predicates

• Try to use predefined/
established predicates
• May have to create abstract
objects
• Make a legend/directory of your
predicates
Tammy Pez
Friend of
Tammy Pez
Friend-
ship
Is a Type of
Is a Part of
Is Like
Is not Like
Is a Type of
Is a Part of
Is Like
Is not Like
Purchases
Reviews
Creates
Predicates
Other Predicates

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“Metadata liberates us, liberates knowledge.”
David Weinberger
Attributes

Attributes • Attributes
• Metadata
• Attributes
• Properties
• Metadata
• Metadata
• Properties
• Metadata • Characteristics
• Descriptor
• Descriptive data
• Associative data
Name:
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Attributes

• Captures characteristics
• Almost endless data points can
be captured…know the scope of
your project
• Attributes/Metadata has evolved
tremendously over past 20 years
Name:
Height:
Weight:
Age:
Make: MG
Model: TD Midget
Body Style: Convertible
Color: Lt Brown
Era: Vintage
Make: MG
Model: TD Midget
Height: 53”
Length: 145”
Width: 59”
Make: MG
Model: TD Midget
Website: www.mg.co.uk
Description: The MG T series is a
range of body-on-
frame convertible spo
rts cars that were…
Video:
Attributes

Name:
Height:
Weight:
Age:
UNIQUE IDENTIFIERS
ID EVERYTHINGObjects
Predicates
Classes
Metadata
Deliverables
Notes
Clients
Attributes

Name:
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Weight:
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UNIQUE IDENTIFIERS
Prefix Object Type
OBJ General Object
PSN Persona
TAX Taxonomy
PRD Predicate
OBJ-38 TAX-04
Attributes

Class • Class
• Group
• Collection
• Category
• Class
• Group
• Collection
• Class
• Group
• Collection
• Category
• Class • Schema
• Taxon
Classes

• When several object share
one or more non-
identifying attributes, they
may makeup a class
• Sales Manager is the class
in the example
• The more attributes that
match, the more specific
the class (North American
Sales Manager
NAME: Alan Moore
OCCUPATION: Sales Manager
LOCATION: North America
SALARY: $88,000
NAME: Sara Whatley
LOCATION: South America
SALARY: $93,000
NAME: Torey Joliet
LOCATION: North America
SALARY: $82,000
Classes

• Allows to group similar
objects together and
then treat the collection
of the objects as an
object itself
• Classes can have
metadata that applies to
all objects in the class
Pants
Shirts
Tools
• Inseam
• Waist
• Neck
• Sleeve
• Dimensions
• Material
Classes

“To be or not to be”
“I think therefore I am”
“The definition of
‘is,’ is”
Class/Predicate/Attribute Pitfalls

Mammal
Is a type of
A Cat Maria
Mammal
Is a type ofClass
Instance
Is a

Product
Clothes
Pants Shirts
North Face
Solar Plaid
Tools
Hand
Hammer
Craftsman
Power Impact
Power

Organization
Corporate
Offices
Divisions
Branches
HR
Legal
Finance
Sections Teams
Offices
Field Offices
Franchises

Is a Part ofIs a Type of
HEIARCHIES (TAXONOMIES, SITE MAPS, AFFINITY DIAGRAMS)
Object
Object Object Object Object
ObjectObject
Object
Predicates
(Is a Type of)
(Is a Part of)
• Try to use one predicate
type per diagram
• Mix predicates vertically
Deliverables

PERSONAS (ORGANAS, SPEC SHEETS….)
SusanThe Administrator
Location: Apps:
iControl
NetView
HRBase
Basic Intranet
Admin Stats
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Description:
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Availability:
Content
Knowledge:
Training:
Investment:
P-12.AB20
Deliverables

SusanThe Administrator
Location: Apps:
iControl
NetView
HRBase
Basic Intranet
Admin Stats
~~~: xxxxxxx
~~~: xxxx
~~~: xxxxx
Description:
Lorem ipsum dolor sit
amet, consectetur
adipiscing elit. Nullam
suscipit lacus sit amet eros
vehicula sagittis. In in
sapien turpis. Donec risus
nisi, bibendum id tristique
non, rutrum vitae.
Availability:
Content
Knowledge:
Training:
Investment:
P-12.AB20
CLASS GLOBAL METADATA
CLASS METADATA
ID
PERSONAS (ORGANAS, SPEC SHEETS….)
Deliverables

CONCEPT MAPS
Title (Domain)
Is a Part of
Is a Type of
Uses
Object
Object
Object
Object
Object
Predicate
Predicate
Predicate
Predicate
Predicate
Attributes
Attributes
Attributes
Attributes
Attributes
Class
Deliverables

Title (Domain)
Is a Part of
Is a Type of
Uses
Object
Object
Object
Object
Object
System ToolsAdministrator
Anchorage
Office
iControl
XYZ Corp’s Intranet
HRBase
NetView
Class
Personnel
(Persona)
(Taxonomy)
(UI Wireframe)P-12.AB20
CONCEPT MAPS—TYING IT ALL TOGETHER
Deliverables

Low Fidelity
• Initial Design
• Rapid Design
• Presentation
Sketching Tools Sticky Notes/Paper Listing Tools
Tools and Technologies

High Fidelity
• Capture Metadata/Predicates/Classes
• Actionable ( Development Ready) Designs
• Record Keeping
Mind Mapping
CAD

• Extensible Markup Language (XML)
• Unified Modeling Language (UML)
• Ontological Web Language (OWL)
• Resource Description Framework (RDF)

Ready to go out and
CLASS
First Day at Ontology Dojo

• The Accidental Taxonomist by Heather Hedden
• OWL: Representing Information Using the Web Ontology Language by
Lee Lacy
• Modeling Business Objects with XML Schema by Berthhold Daum
• Being and Nothingness by Jean-Paul Sartre
• Study of Mereology (parthood):
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mereology/
• National Center for Ontological Research NCOR:
https://ubwp.buffalo.edu/ncor/
Sources and Material

Copyright
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-
NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. To view a copy of
this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/.

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