1. Introduction to Philosophy

3. A. Meaning of Philosophy Back to course outline

5. 2. Etymology Etymology- or etymological definition of Philosophy -derived for Greek words etimos and logos Etimos-root, origin, cause, basis, history Logos-study Etymology-study of the history of the word Philosophy comes from the Geek Words Philia and Sofia. Sofia-wisdom Philia-love, desire for, interest in Philia and Sofia join by Pythagoras-600 B.C. Episteme-means knowledge Wisdom-defining deeply, wise, according to etymology -is an awareness of something which is basic. -knowledge of the basic principle. Knowledge-is only a million formation -simple data that comes from the outside that pass to our senses. Back to course outline A. Meaning of Philosophy

6. 3. Connotation Connotation- is an indirect explanation of a situation, event, person, circumstance, or thing by considered to be right -It implies an attempt to discover the most general and yet underlying principle of things. Experience-the different aspect or dimension of life that we are always examining. Back to course outline A. Meaning of Philosophy

7. 3 Categories: 1. Intellectual/Mental Experience 2. Physical or Material Experience 3. Spiritual or Divine Experience Back to course outline 4. Physical, mental, spiritual experiences A. Meaning of Philosophy

8. 5. Concrete Definition Concrete Definition- the exact explanation of a situation, event, person Philosophy is a systematic and comprehensive study of truth about life, about the universe, and everything including events, relationships, and experience. Back to course outline A. Meaning of Philosophy

10. B. Goals of Philosophy Back to course outline

12. Knower---know ability----known Know-it is to be perceived Knower-the ability to perceive/perceiver Truth-source of knowledge Know ability-connect the know and knower. Product of knowledge Back to course outline B. Goals of Philosophy

14. C. Scope of Philosophy Back to course outline

19. Kinds of Language -Oral Language -Written Language -Sign Language -Body Language -Electronic Language- combination of sign and written language Back to course outline C. Scope of Philosophy

20. D. Importance of Philosophy Back to course outline

22. E. Philosophical Methods Back to course outline

23. Logical and speculative reasoning -common tool of philosophy Reasoning-is a explanation of a permission or denial. Speculative-to look for more things/ideas to influence others. Logical-means being to correct Correct-must be valid and true Analysis -most outstanding tool of philosophy Back to course outline E. Philosophical Methods

24. Reflection -is the voice within us -the examination of ourselves, most serious tool of philosophy -the spiritual tool of philosophy Discernment-is listening to the spirit of god and voice of holy spirit Mediation-thinking about something i relation to god. Contemplation-putting yourself in center of universe Back to course outline E. Philosophical Methods

25. F. Divisions of Philosophy Back to course outline

27. Category of Pure Philosophy A. Theoretical Philosophy-thoughts produced by intellectual that cannot put into practice and cannot help to develop our analysis. B. Practical Philosophy-is based on opinions on theories (that are purely based on the mind put into practice. Comes from ethic-come from Greek word Ethos which means character or behavior, conduct, attitude, manner or value. Back to course outline F. Divisions of Philosophy

31. A.2. Epistemology Epistemology (from Greek ἐπιστήμη - episteme -, "knowledge, science" + λόγος , "logos") or theory of knowledge is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope (limitations) of knowledge. It addresses the questions: What is knowledge? How is knowledge acquired? What do people know? How do we know what we know? Why do we know what we know? Back to course outline F. Divisions of Philosophy

32. A.3. Theodicy The term theodicy comes from the Greek θεός ( theós , "god") and δίκη ( díkē , "justice"), meaning literally "the justice of God," although a more appropriate phrase may be "to justify God" or "the justification of God". The term was coined in 1710 by the German philosopher Gottfried Leibniz in a work entitled Essais de Théodicée sur la bonté de Dieu, la liberté de l'homme et l'origine du mal ("Theodicic Essays on the Benevolence of God, the Free will of man, and the Origin of Evil"). Back to course outline F. Divisions of Philosophy

33. B. Practical Philosophy The division of philosophy into a practical and a theoretical discipline has its origin in Aristotle's moral philosophy and natural philosophy categories. In Sweden and Finland courses in theoretical and practical philosophy are taught separately, and are separate degrees. Other countries may use a similar scheme--some Scottish universities, for example, divide philosophy into logic, metaphysics, and ethics--but in most universities around the world philosophy is taught as a single subject. Back to course outline F. Divisions of Philosophy

34. B.1. Logic Logic, from the Greek λογική (logiké) is defined as "The formal systematic study of the principles of valid inference and correct reasoning". Logic is the art of conforming one's thoughts to the Law of Identity. In one respect, thoughts have to conform to the Law of Identity, as does everything else. This has to do with the nature of thoughts. Ideas have a different nature than memories, which are different from emotions. In this respect, all thoughts conform to the Law of Identity. Back to course outline F. Divisions of Philosophy

35. B.2. Aesthetic Aesthetics (also spelled æsthetics or esthetics) is commonly known as the study of sensory or sensori-emotional values, sometimes called judgments of sentiment and taste. More broadly, scholars in the field define aesthetics as "critical reflection on art, culture and nature." Aesthetics is a sub discipline of axiology, a branch of philosophy, and is closely associated with the philosophy of art. Aesthetics studies new ways of seeing and of perceiving the world Aesthetics is the study of art. It includes what art consists of, as well as the purpose behind it. Back to course outline F. Divisions of Philosophy

36. B.3. Semantics Semantics is the study of meaning. The word "semantics" itself denotes a range of ideas, from the popular to the highly technical. It is often used in ordinary language to denote a problem of understanding that comes down to word selection or connotation. The word is derived from the Greek word σημαντικός ( semantikos ), "significant", from σημαίνω ( semaino ), "to signify, to indicate" and that from σήμα ( sema ), "sign, mark, token". In linguistics, it is the study of interpretation of signs or symbols as used by agents or communities within particular circumstances and contexts. Back to course outline F. Divisions of Philosophy

37. B.4. Ethics Ethics (also known as moral philosophy) is a branch of philosophy which seeks to address questions about morality, such as what the fundamental semantic, ontological, and epistemic nature of ethics or morality is (meta-ethics), how moral values should be determined (normative ethics), how a moral outcome can be achieved in specific situations (applied ethics), how moral capacity or moral agency develops and what its nature is (moral psychology), and what moral values people actually abide by (descriptive ethics). Ethics is the branch of study dealing with what is the proper course of action for man. It answers the question, "What do I do?" It is the study of right and wrong in human endeavors. At a more fundamental level, it is the method by which we categorize our values and pursue them. Back to course outline F. Divisions of Philosophy

46. G. Relation to the other Discipline Back to course outline

47. 1. Philosophy and Science Science-studies the natural phenomena and all the phenomena of the society. -Study outward and more on demonstrations and experimentation -cannot study itself. -has attained a definite and tested knowledge of many matters. -resolve disagreement Philosophy of Science-study of science itself. -study of something inward. Back to course outline G. Relations to the other Discipline

50. Still, there are other questions studied in the philosophy of religion. For example: What, if anything, would give us good reason to believe that a miracle has occurred? What is the relationship between faith and reason? What is the relationship between morality and religion? What is the status of religious language? Does petitionary prayer (sometimes still called impetratory prayer ) make sense? Are salvo-lobotomies (lobotomies performed to keep believers from sinning) moral actions? Back to course outline G. Relations to the other Discipline

53. H. Nature of Religion Back to course outline

54. 1. Definition A religion is an organized approach to human spirituality which usually encompasses a set of narratives, symbols, beliefs and practices, often with a supernatural or transcendent quality, that give meaning to the practitioner's experiences of life through reference to a higher power, God or gods, or ultimate truth. It may be expressed through prayer, ritual, meditation, music and art, among other things. It may focus on specific supernatural, metaphysical, and moral claims about reality (the cosmos and human nature) which may yield a set of religious laws, ethics, and a particular lifestyle. Religion also encompasses ancestral or cultural traditions, writings, history, and mythology, as well as personal faith and religious experience. Back to course outline H. Nature of Religion

57. Sidhartha Gautama-“budda” which means the enlightened one Brahmanisn and Hinduism-materialistic religion Castle system-s rich person can only deal to another rich one. Islam- Islamic religion-they are feeling humiliated Mohammed-“the last prophet” according to the Muslims Qur’an (Koran) secret book of Islam, essence of Qur’an is brotherhood. Back to course outline H. Nature of Religion

58. 2. Origin Like the definition of religion, the construction of religious history is a task fraught with ideological implications. Early studies of religions were often written to imply that the author's own religion was the most accurate. Even in a secular history, to imply that religion "progresses" towards better understanding of reality makes a value judgment about past religions; likewise, to consider religion an essentially social construction with no transcendent meaning denies the claims of every religious authority. Back to course outline H. Nature of Religion

59. I. Nature of Reality Back to course outline

60. There is a saying that “truth is stranger than fiction” and this certainly applies to the nature of reality, because in the light of increasing evidence, what we have accepted to be the ‘truth’ about our everyday reality is much more like the ‘fiction’ of our everyday reality. Our most basic understanding of ‘reality’ is that we are born, we live, and we die. But for many of us this is not enough; we instinctively ‘feel’ that there is more to life than just producing the next generation of humanity and trying to do our best in our allotted ‘three score years and ten’. Back to course outline I. Nature of Reality

61. Science and religion have been at loggerheads for hundreds of years in their attempts to prove their worldview as the correct one. Despite each gaining the upper hand from time to time, they both divide reality into two, the ‘physical’ and the ‘spiritual’. In truth, neither of them has provided a satisfactory explanation of the human experience, nor have they been able to unite to form a single, all-encompassing worldview. Back to course outline I. Nature of Reality

62. It is therefore obvious that there is something drastically wrong with the prevailing scientific and religious worldviews; with the common understanding of the so-called ‘physical’ and ‘spiritual’ worlds and the general explanations provided by either science or religion. The quest to find answers for our modern times has been taken up by the ‘new science’ of quantum physics. Discoveries of the last 100 years have taken physicists investigating the quantum world to new understandings that are truly astounding. Back to course outline I. Nature of Reality

63. J. Nature of Value Back to course outline

64. 1. Schematic Circle of Value There are three usual positions advocated ethical values could be: Objective: depending only on the object of inquiry, and hence independent of what we think, hope or expect to find Subjective: Depending on the subject doing the inquiring Intersubjective: Depending on agreement between subjects Back to course outline J. Nature of Value

65. Axiology (from Greek ἀξίᾱ, axiā , "value, worth"; and -λογία, -logia ) is the study of quality or value. It is often taken to include ethics and aesthetics — philosophical fields that depend crucially on notions of value — and sometimes it is held to lay the groundwork for these fields, and thus to be similar to value theory and meta-ethics. The term was first used in the early 20th century by Paul Lapie, in 1902, and E. von Hartmann, in 1908. Back to course outline J. Nature of Value 2. Axiology, Ethics, Aesthetics

66. Ethics Ethics (also known as moral philosophy) is a branch of philosophy which seeks to address questions about morality, such as what the fundamental semantic, ontological, and epistemic nature of ethics or morality is (meta-ethics), how moral values should be determined (normative ethics), how a moral outcome can be achieved in specific situations (applied ethics), and how moral capacity or moral agency develops and what its nature is (moral psychology). Back to course outline J. Nature of Value

67. Aesthetics Aesthetics (also spelled æsthetics or esthetics) is commonly known as the study of sensory or sensori-emotional values, sometimes called judgments of sentiment and taste. More broadly, scholars in the field define aesthetics as "critical reflection on art, culture and nature." Aesthetics is a subdiscipline of axiology, a branch of philosophy, and is closely associated with the philosophy of art. Aesthetics studies new ways of seeing and of perceiving the world. Back to course outline J. Nature of Value

68. -END- Presenters: Ariza Muriel Bautista Jean Bombuhay BOA IV-1