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Dr. RAGHU PRASADA M S
MBBS,MD
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPT. OF PHARMACOLOGY
SSIMS & RC.
Natural
Plants-
Animal
Micro organisms
Mineral
SYNTHETIC
The quality control is
better, the process is
easier cheaper. The
chemical structure of
prototype drug can be
modified
EX-aspirin, paracetamol,
Phenytoin, Amphetamine
Source Plant Drug Use
Leaf Digitalis Digoxin CHF
Bark Cinchona Quinine Malaria
Fruit Opium Morphine Analgesic
Seed Eserin Anticho Myasthenia.Gravis
linestrase
Example Trade Name Classification
Chinchona Bark Quinidine Antiarrhythmic,
Malaria
Purple Foxglove Digitalis Cardiotonic
Poppy Plant Paregoric, Antidiarrheal,
(Opium) Morphine,  Analgesic,
Codeine  Antitussive
Important Pharmacological active principles in plants
are:
1)Alkaloids
2)Glycosides
3)Oils
4)Resins
5)Gums
6)Tannins
PLANT SOURCE
Nitrogenous hetrocyclic bases.
Insoluble in water.
Form salts with acids, which are soluble in water.
Ex: Drug Plant
Atropine Atropa belladona
Quinine Cinchona bark
ALKALOIDS
Drug Plant
Morphine Papavaram somniferum(Poppy)
Reserpine Rauwolfia serpentina
Nicotine Tobaco leaves
Alkaloids names usually end with “ine”.
ALKALOIDS
 These are combinations of sugar with other organic
structures.
O  Glycoside
O  Glucoside
O aminoglycoside
Sugar portion governors the pharmacokinetic
characteristic of glycoside.
Sugar Non sugar
.
Glycosides
Glucose Non sugar
Aminosugar Non sugar
On hydrolysis with mineral acids all glycoside split up
into sugar and non sugar residues.
Ex: Cardiac glycosides Digitoxin, Digoxin are obtained
from Fox glove leaves (Digitalis purpurea).
Glycosides
Generally 3 types of oils are used for medical purposes.
i) Essential oils (Volatile oils)
ii) Fixed oils.
iii) Mineral oils
Obtained from leaves or flower petals by steam
distillation.
Terpene derivative so these have aroma
Steam volatile
No food value (caloric)
Do not from soaps with alkaloids
They do not rancid (Foul smell) on prolong stay
Uses:-
Carminatives:- For expulsion of gas from stomach. Ex:-
Ginger, eucalyptus oil. (act as irritant to gastric
mucosa)
Antiseptic:- Mouth washes.
Flavouring agents:- Peppermint oil
Pain relieving agents:- Clove oil for toothache
Acts as counter irritant
Essential oils (volatile oils)
Ground nut oil, coconut oil, olive oil,
caster oil (purgative)
Obtained by solvent extraction of crushed seeds.
Saturated from Animal
Unsaturated from Plant
Non volatile, have caloric value
Form soaps with alkaloids
Become rancid on prolong stay
Mostly petroleum products
Obtained by dry distillation of wood.
Have no calorific value and do not become rancid on
prolonged use
Ex:- Liquid paraffin (hydrocarbon derived from
petroleum)
Uses:-Lubricant laxative for promote defecation.
These are polymers of volatile oils and insoluble in
water.
Ex: Benzoin
Use:
Used as inhalational in common cold
Treatment in cough
Secretary products of plants
These are dispersible in water and form adhesive
mucilaginous colloids
Ex:- Gum acacia
Uses:-
Emulsifying or suspending agents.
Non nitrogenous phenolic derivatives from plant.
Soluble in water.
Ex:- Astringents (precipitate surface proteins)
Obtained from animal
Drug Animal
Heparin  Leech
Insulin Pork pancreas
Thyroxin Thyroid
Vit. B12 Liver extract
Cod liver oil
Anti toxic sera
 Animals
Example drug
Pancreas of Cow, Insulin; regular, Antidiabetic
Pancreas of pork Hormone
Stomach of Cow, Pepsin Digestive
Hormone
Thyroid Gland Thyroid, USP Hormone
Of Animals
Bacterial, Fungi, Moulds imp source of many life
saving drugs.
These obtained from MO and used to kill
Microorganisms.
Drug Microorganism
Penicillin Penicilium notatum
Chloramphenicol Streptomyces venezuelace
Griseofluvin Pencillin grisofullivum
Streptomycin Streptomyces griseus
Neomycin Streptomyces fradiae
Use in pharmacotherapy
Mineral Use
Ferrous sulfate(FeSo4) Anaemia
Magnesium sulfate(MgSo4) Purgative
Sodium bicarbonate (NaHco3) Antacid
Aluminum Hydroxide Antacid
Example Trade Name Classification
Magnesium Milk of Magnesia Antacid, Laxative
Zinc Zinc Oxide Oint. Sunscreen, Skin
Protectant
Gold Auranofin Anti-inflammatory;
Used in
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Presently majority of drugs are obtained synthetically
Some of drugs which are earlier obtained from plant
today synthesized in lab.
Advantage
Quality can be controlled
Process is easier and cheaper
More potent and safer
Large scale production
Example Trade Name Classification
Meperidine Demerol Analgesic
Diphenoxylate Lomotil Antidiarrheal
Co-Trimoxazole Septra Anti-Infective
Sulfonamide;
Used in the
treatment of
UTI’s
These are mainly obtained by changing the chemical
structure of natural obtaining drugs.
Ex: Atropine bromide
Penicillin substrates.( by changing –R side chain)
HCG(Human Chorionic
Gonadotropin)  Pregnant women
Menotrophin  Post Menopausal women urine
Regular insulin  Human
Urokinase  Human kidney cells
GHRH(Growth Hormone
Releasing Hormone)  Human
Relatively new methodology involves the blending of
discoveries from molecular biology, rDNA technology,
DNA alteration, Gene splicing, immuno pharmacology.
Ex:-Hepatitis-B
Insulin (Human insulin of rDNA techniques)
Class sources of drugs
Class sources of drugs

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Class sources of drugs

  • 1. Dr. RAGHU PRASADA M S MBBS,MD ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DEPT. OF PHARMACOLOGY SSIMS & RC.
  • 2. Natural Plants- Animal Micro organisms Mineral SYNTHETIC The quality control is better, the process is easier cheaper. The chemical structure of prototype drug can be modified EX-aspirin, paracetamol, Phenytoin, Amphetamine
  • 3. Source Plant Drug Use Leaf Digitalis Digoxin CHF Bark Cinchona Quinine Malaria Fruit Opium Morphine Analgesic Seed Eserin Anticho Myasthenia.Gravis linestrase
  • 4. Example Trade Name Classification Chinchona Bark Quinidine Antiarrhythmic, Malaria Purple Foxglove Digitalis Cardiotonic Poppy Plant Paregoric, Antidiarrheal, (Opium) Morphine,  Analgesic, Codeine  Antitussive
  • 5. Important Pharmacological active principles in plants are: 1)Alkaloids 2)Glycosides 3)Oils 4)Resins 5)Gums 6)Tannins PLANT SOURCE
  • 6. Nitrogenous hetrocyclic bases. Insoluble in water. Form salts with acids, which are soluble in water. Ex: Drug Plant Atropine Atropa belladona Quinine Cinchona bark ALKALOIDS
  • 7. Drug Plant Morphine Papavaram somniferum(Poppy) Reserpine Rauwolfia serpentina Nicotine Tobaco leaves Alkaloids names usually end with “ine”. ALKALOIDS
  • 8.  These are combinations of sugar with other organic structures. O  Glycoside O  Glucoside O aminoglycoside Sugar portion governors the pharmacokinetic characteristic of glycoside. Sugar Non sugar . Glycosides Glucose Non sugar Aminosugar Non sugar
  • 9. On hydrolysis with mineral acids all glycoside split up into sugar and non sugar residues. Ex: Cardiac glycosides Digitoxin, Digoxin are obtained from Fox glove leaves (Digitalis purpurea). Glycosides
  • 10. Generally 3 types of oils are used for medical purposes. i) Essential oils (Volatile oils) ii) Fixed oils. iii) Mineral oils
  • 11. Obtained from leaves or flower petals by steam distillation. Terpene derivative so these have aroma Steam volatile No food value (caloric) Do not from soaps with alkaloids They do not rancid (Foul smell) on prolong stay
  • 12. Uses:- Carminatives:- For expulsion of gas from stomach. Ex:- Ginger, eucalyptus oil. (act as irritant to gastric mucosa) Antiseptic:- Mouth washes. Flavouring agents:- Peppermint oil Pain relieving agents:- Clove oil for toothache Acts as counter irritant Essential oils (volatile oils)
  • 13. Ground nut oil, coconut oil, olive oil, caster oil (purgative) Obtained by solvent extraction of crushed seeds. Saturated from Animal Unsaturated from Plant Non volatile, have caloric value Form soaps with alkaloids Become rancid on prolong stay
  • 14. Mostly petroleum products Obtained by dry distillation of wood. Have no calorific value and do not become rancid on prolonged use Ex:- Liquid paraffin (hydrocarbon derived from petroleum) Uses:-Lubricant laxative for promote defecation.
  • 15. These are polymers of volatile oils and insoluble in water. Ex: Benzoin Use: Used as inhalational in common cold Treatment in cough
  • 16. Secretary products of plants These are dispersible in water and form adhesive mucilaginous colloids Ex:- Gum acacia Uses:- Emulsifying or suspending agents.
  • 17. Non nitrogenous phenolic derivatives from plant. Soluble in water. Ex:- Astringents (precipitate surface proteins)
  • 18. Obtained from animal Drug Animal Heparin  Leech Insulin Pork pancreas Thyroxin Thyroid Vit. B12 Liver extract Cod liver oil Anti toxic sera
  • 19.  Animals Example drug Pancreas of Cow, Insulin; regular, Antidiabetic Pancreas of pork Hormone Stomach of Cow, Pepsin Digestive Hormone Thyroid Gland Thyroid, USP Hormone Of Animals
  • 20. Bacterial, Fungi, Moulds imp source of many life saving drugs. These obtained from MO and used to kill Microorganisms. Drug Microorganism Penicillin Penicilium notatum Chloramphenicol Streptomyces venezuelace Griseofluvin Pencillin grisofullivum Streptomycin Streptomyces griseus Neomycin Streptomyces fradiae
  • 21. Use in pharmacotherapy Mineral Use Ferrous sulfate(FeSo4) Anaemia Magnesium sulfate(MgSo4) Purgative Sodium bicarbonate (NaHco3) Antacid Aluminum Hydroxide Antacid
  • 22. Example Trade Name Classification Magnesium Milk of Magnesia Antacid, Laxative Zinc Zinc Oxide Oint. Sunscreen, Skin Protectant Gold Auranofin Anti-inflammatory; Used in Rheumatoid Arthritis
  • 23. Presently majority of drugs are obtained synthetically Some of drugs which are earlier obtained from plant today synthesized in lab. Advantage Quality can be controlled Process is easier and cheaper More potent and safer Large scale production
  • 24. Example Trade Name Classification Meperidine Demerol Analgesic Diphenoxylate Lomotil Antidiarrheal Co-Trimoxazole Septra Anti-Infective Sulfonamide; Used in the treatment of UTI’s
  • 25. These are mainly obtained by changing the chemical structure of natural obtaining drugs. Ex: Atropine bromide Penicillin substrates.( by changing –R side chain)
  • 26. HCG(Human Chorionic Gonadotropin)  Pregnant women Menotrophin  Post Menopausal women urine Regular insulin  Human Urokinase  Human kidney cells GHRH(Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone)  Human
  • 27. Relatively new methodology involves the blending of discoveries from molecular biology, rDNA technology, DNA alteration, Gene splicing, immuno pharmacology. Ex:-Hepatitis-B Insulin (Human insulin of rDNA techniques)