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Database System Concepts Chapter 1 Introduction
1.
Chapter 1: Introduction
Database System Concepts, 5th Ed. ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan See www.db-book.com for conditions on re-use
2.
Chapter 1: Introduction
s Purpose of Database Systems s Database Languages s Relational Databases s Database Design s Data Models s Database Internals s Database Users and Administrators s Overall Structure s History of Database Systems atabase System Concepts - 5 th Edition, May 23, 2005 1.2 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
3.
Database Management System
(DBMS) s DBMS contains information about a particular enterprise q Collection of interrelated data q Set of programs to access the data q An environment that is both convenient and efficient to use s Database Applications: q Banking: all transactions q Airlines: reservations, schedules q Universities: registration, grades q Sales: customers, products, purchases q Online retailers: order tracking, customized recommendations q Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply chain q Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax deductions s Databases touch all aspects of our lives atabase System Concepts - 5 th Edition, May 23, 2005 1.3 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
4.
Purpose of Database
Systems s In the early days, database applications were built directly on top of file systems s Drawbacks of using file systems to store data: q Data redundancy and inconsistency Multiple file formats, duplication of information in different files q Difficulty in accessing data Need to write a new program to carry out each new task q Data isolation — multiple files and formats q Integrity problems Integrity constraints (e.g. account balance > 0) become “buried” in program code rather than being stated explicitly Hard to add new constraints or change existing ones atabase System Concepts - 5 th Edition, May 23, 2005 1.4 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
5.
Purpose of Database
Systems (Cont.) s Drawbacks of using file systems (cont.) q Atomicity of updates Failures may leave database in an inconsistent state with partial updates carried out Example: Transfer of funds from one account to another should either complete or not happen at all q Concurrent access by multiple users Concurrent accessed needed for performance Uncontrolled concurrent accesses can lead to inconsistencies – Example: Two people reading a balance and updating it at the same time q Security problems Hard to provide user access to some, but not all, data s Database systems offer solutions to all the above problems atabase System Concepts - 5 th Edition, May 23, 2005 1.5 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
6.
Levels of Abstraction
s Physical level: describes how a record (e.g., customer) is stored. s Logical level: describes data stored in database, and the relationships among the data. type customer = record customer_id : string; customer_name : string; customer_street : string; customer_city : string; end; s View level: application programs hide details of data types. Views can also hide information (such as an employee’s salary) for security purposes. atabase System Concepts - 5 th Edition, May 23, 2005 1.6 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
7.
View of Data
An architecture for a database system atabase System Concepts - 5 th Edition, May 23, 2005 1.7 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
8.
Instances and Schemas
s Similar to types and variables in programming languages s Schema – the logical structure of the database q Example: The database consists of information about a set of customers and accounts and the relationship between them) q Analogous to type information of a variable in a program q Physical schema: database design at the physical level q Logical schema: database design at the logical level s Instance – the actual content of the database at a particular point in time q Analogous to the value of a variable s Physical Data Independence – the ability to modify the physical schema without changing the logical schema q Applications depend on the logical schema q In general, the interfaces between the various levels and components should be well defined so that changes in some parts do not seriously influence others. atabase System Concepts - 5 th Edition, May 23, 2005 1.8 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
9.
Data Models
s A collection of tools for describing q Data q Data relationships q Data semantics q Data constraints s Relational model s Entity-Relationship data model (mainly for database design) s Object-based data models (Object-oriented and Object-relational) s Semistructured data model (XML) s Other older models: q Network model q Hierarchical model atabase System Concepts - 5 th Edition, May 23, 2005 1.9 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
10.
Data Manipulation Language
(DML) s Language for accessing and manipulating the data organized by the appropriate data model q DML also known as query language s Two classes of languages q Procedural – user specifies what data is required and how to get those data q Declarative (nonprocedural) – user specifies what data is required without specifying how to get those data s SQL is the most widely used query language atabase System Concepts - 5 th Edition, May 23, 2005 1.10 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
11.
Data Definition Language
(DDL) s Specification notation for defining the database schema Example: create table account ( account_number char(10), branch_name char(10), balance integer) s DDL compiler generates a set of tables stored in a data dictionary s Data dictionary contains metadata (i.e., data about data) q Database schema q Data storage and definition language Specifies the storage structure and access methods used q Integrity constraints Domain constraints Referential integrity (e.g. branch_name must correspond to a valid branch in the branch table) q Authorization atabase System Concepts - 5 th Edition, May 23, 2005 1.11 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
12.
Relational Model
Attributes s Example of tabular data in the relational model atabase System Concepts - 5 th Edition, May 23, 2005 1.12 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
13.
A Sample Relational
Database atabase System Concepts - 5 th Edition, May 23, 2005 1.13 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
14.
SQL
s SQL: widely used non-procedural language q Example: Find the name of the customer with customer-id 192-83-7465 select customer.customer_name from customer where customer.customer_id = ‘192-83-7465’ q Example: Find the balances of all accounts held by the customer with customer-id 192-83-7465 select account.balance from depositor, account where depositor.customer_id = ‘192-83-7465’ and depositor.account_number = account.account_number s Application programs generally access databases through one of q Language extensions to allow embedded SQL q Application program interface (e.g., ODBC/JDBC) which allow SQL queries to be sent to a database atabase System Concepts - 5 th Edition, May 23, 2005 1.14 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
15.
Database Design
The process of designing the general structure of the database: s Logical Design – Deciding on the database schema. Database design requires that we find a “good” collection of relation schemas. q Business decision – What attributes should we record in the database? q Computer Science decision – What relation schemas should we have and how should the attributes be distributed among the various relation schemas? s Physical Design – Deciding on the physical layout of the database atabase System Concepts - 5 th Edition, May 23, 2005 1.15 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
16.
The Entity-Relationship Model
s Models an enterprise as a collection of entities and relationships q Entity: a “thing” or “object” in the enterprise that is distinguishable from other objects Described by a set of attributes q Relationship: an association among several entities s Represented diagrammatically by an entity-relationship diagram: atabase System Concepts - 5 th Edition, May 23, 2005 1.16 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
17.
Other Data Models
s Object-oriented data model s Object-relational data model atabase System Concepts - 5 th Edition, May 23, 2005 1.17 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
18.
Database Application Architectures
(web browser) Old Modern atabase System Concepts - 5 th Edition, May 23, 2005 1.18 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
19.
Database Management System
Internals s Storage management s Query processing s Transaction processing atabase System Concepts - 5 th Edition, May 23, 2005 1.19 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
20.
Storage Management
s Storage manager is a program module that provides the interface between the low-level data stored in the database and the application programs and queries submitted to the system. s The storage manager is responsible to the following tasks: q Interaction with the file manager q Efficient storing, retrieving and updating of data s Issues: q Storage access q File organization q Indexing and hashing atabase System Concepts - 5 th Edition, May 23, 2005 1.20 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
21.
Query Processing
1. Parsing and translation 2. Optimization 3. Evaluation atabase System Concepts - 5 th Edition, May 23, 2005 1.21 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
22.
Query Processing (Cont.)
s Alternative ways of evaluating a given query q Equivalent expressions q Different algorithms for each operation s Cost difference between a good and a bad way of evaluating a query can be enormous s Need to estimate the cost of operations q Depends critically on statistical information about relations which the database must maintain q Need to estimate statistics for intermediate results to compute cost of complex expressions atabase System Concepts - 5 th Edition, May 23, 2005 1.22 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
23.
Transaction Management
s A transaction is a collection of operations that performs a single logical function in a database application s Transaction-management component ensures that the database remains in a consistent (correct) state despite system failures (e.g., power failures and operating system crashes) and transaction failures. s Concurrency-control manager controls the interaction among the concurrent transactions, to ensure the consistency of the database. atabase System Concepts - 5 th Edition, May 23, 2005 1.23 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
24.
Overall System Structure atabase
System Concepts - 5 th Edition, May 23, 2005 1.24 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
25.
History of Database
Systems s 1950s and early 1960s: q Data processing using magnetic tapes for storage Tapes provide only sequential access q Punched cards for input s Late 1960s and 1970s: q Hard disks allow direct access to data q Network and hierarchical data models in widespread use q Ted Codd defines the relational data model Would win the ACM Turing Award for this work IBM Research begins System R prototype UC Berkeley begins Ingres prototype q High-performance (for the era) transaction processing atabase System Concepts - 5 th Edition, May 23, 2005 1.25 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
26.
History (cont.)
s 1980s: q Research relational prototypes evolve into commercial systems SQL becomes industry standard q Parallel and distributed database systems q Object-oriented database systems s 1990s: q Large decision support and data-mining applications q Large multi-terabyte data warehouses q Emergence of Web commerce s 2000s: q XML and XQuery standards q Automated database administration q Increasing use of highly parallel database systems q Web-scale distributed data storage systems atabase System Concepts - 5 th Edition, May 23, 2005 1.26 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
27.
End of Chapter
1 Database System Concepts, 5th Ed. ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan See www.db-book.com for conditions on re-use
28.
Database Users
Users are differentiated by the way they expect to interact with the system s Application programmers – interact with system through DML calls s Sophisticated users – form requests in a database query language s Specialized users – write specialized database applications that do not fit into the traditional data processing framework s Naï ve users – invoke one of the permanent application programs that have been written previously q Examples, people accessing database over the web, bank tellers, clerical staff atabase System Concepts - 5 th Edition, May 23, 2005 1.28 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
29.
Database Administrator
s Coordinates all the activities of the database system q has a good understanding of the enterprise’s information resources and needs. s Database administrator's duties include: q Storage structure and access method definition q Schema and physical organization modification q Granting users authority to access the database q Backing up data q Monitoring performance and responding to changes Database tuning atabase System Concepts - 5 th Edition, May 23, 2005 1.29 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
30.
Database Architecture
The architecture of a database systems is greatly influenced by the underlying computer system on which the database is running: s Centralized s Client-server s Parallel (multiple processors and disks) s Distributed atabase System Concepts - 5 th Edition, May 23, 2005 1.30 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
31.
Object-Relational Data Models
s Extend the relational data model by including object orientation and constructs to deal with added data types. s Allow attributes of tuples to have complex types, including non-atomic values such as nested relations. s Preserve relational foundations, in particular the declarative access to data, while extending modeling power. s Provide upward compatibility with existing relational languages. atabase System Concepts - 5 th Edition, May 23, 2005 1.31 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
32.
XML: Extensible Markup
Language s Defined by the WWW Consortium (W3C) s Originally intended as a document markup language not a database language s The ability to specify new tags, and to create nested tag structures made XML a great way to exchange data, not just documents s XML has become the basis for all new generation data interchange formats. s A wide variety of tools is available for parsing, browsing and querying XML documents/data atabase System Concepts - 5 th Edition, May 23, 2005 1.32 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
33.
Figure 1.4 atabase System
Concepts - 5 th Edition, May 23, 2005 1.33 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
34.
Figure 1.7 atabase System
Concepts - 5 th Edition, May 23, 2005 1.34 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
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