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PRESENTED BY
PRIYANKA ODELA
M PHARM
Department of pharmaceutics.
• POLLUTION: introduction of contaminants into
   the environment that cause harm or discomfort
   to humans or other living organisms or “that
   damages the environment which can come in
   the form of chemical substances or energy such
   as noise,heat or light.”


• ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION:
• “The contamination of physical and biological
  components of the earth/atmosphere system to
  such an extent that normal environmental
  processes are adversely affected.”
09/12/12                                            2
TYPES OF ENVIRONMENTAL
           POLLUTION
•   1) Air pollution
•   2) Water pollution
•   3) Noise pollution
•   4) Thermal pollution
•   5) Soil / land pollution
•   6) Radioactive pollution


09/12/12                       3
AIR POLLUTION
•  
•   Air Pollution is an atmospheric condition in which certain substances
    like gases , particulate matter , radioactive substances etc are
    present in concentrations which can cause undesirable effects on
    human environment.
•   SOURCES: dust of drugs produced during milling and seiving.


    Classification of Air Pollutants
•    Primary Pollutants: CO, CO2, NO2, SO2, volatile organic
    compounds(hydrocarbons), and suspended, particulate matter.
•   Secondary Pollutants: sulfuric acid, nitric acid, carbonic acid.

09/12/12                                                                4
NATURE OF AIR POLLUTION
• The pollutants present in the air should be
  identified and categorised so that appropriate
  measures can be adopted to combat pollution.
• Solid matter: light,fine and coarse
  particles,hydrocarbons,aromatics.

• Liquid substances: smoke, soot, fly-ash, dust,
  mist, fumes, organic acids, inorganic acids

• Gases: sulfur dioxide,nitrogen oxide, carbon
09/12/12                                           5
    dioxide.
ADVERSE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION
1) Health problems: optic irritation(PAN), bronchitis, lung
     carcinoma, change in blood chemistry,skin cancer, etc in
     human beings.
2) Livestock damage: injury n death due to arsenic metals
     and fluorides.
3) Agriculture damage: leaf damage, stunting of growth,
     decreased size and less yield of fruit and destruction of
     flowers
4) Material damage: damage of structural metals, surface
     coatings, fabrics,weathering of stone in buildings and
     monuments
5) Effect on climate: increase in carbondioxide enhances the
     temperature of the earth melting polar ice caps and
  09/12/12                                                     6
     glaciers.
09/12/12
           7
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
• Air pollution can be controlled by two fundamental ways.

1) Preventive technique:
 It includes use of devices for removal of pollutants from
    exhaust gases e.g. Scrubbers, dry and wet collectors,
    filters, electrostatic precipitators etc.
 Building of higher stake facility for discharging of
    pollution into air.
 2) Effluents control:
 Substitution of raw-materials causing more pollution with
    that of less pollution causing materials.
 Use of non-conventional fuels like; Gobar gas, Biogas, 8
09/12/12
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
TYPE OF                  NATURE OF DEVICE              EXAMPLES OF 
POLLUTANT                /MECHANISM                    DEVICES


Particulate              Low-energy                    Settling chambers,
matter(coarse or fine)   units(gravitational effect,   cyclone separators and
                         centrifugal action)           spray chambers
Intermediate sized       Low energy units              Impingement
particles                                              separators and wet
                                                       scrubbers
Sub-micron particles     High energy units             Bag filters,electrostatic
                                                       precipitators and venturi
                                                       scrubbers
Gaseous pollutants       Absorption,adsorption,        Filters,adsorbers and
                         condensation,incineration     absorbers
09/12/12                                                                           9
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL DEVICES

    Dust collectors: it consists of a blower, dust filter, filter
     cleaning system & dust removal system.

 Different types of dust collectors :
 1. Mechanical collectors -Gravity settling chamber,
        cyclone separator
 2. Electrostatic precipitators
 3. Filters- HEPA Filters, unwoven fabric air filters.
 4. scrubbers – wet scrubbers, dry scrubbers, venturi
        scrubbers
 5. Absorbers- special type of wet scrubbers.
 6. Adsorbers- activated carbon, activated alumina, silica
09/12/12gel
                                                           10
MECHANICAL SEPARATORS


     Gravity settling chamber        cyclone separator




09/12/12                                                 11
Electrostatic precipitators   Wet scrubbers




   09/12/12                                   12
HEPA FILTERS   Non-woven fabric air filter




09/12/12                                                13
Adsorbers   Absorbers




09/12/12                14
LAND POLLUTION/SOLID
                  WASTE
 Solid waste refers to all solid discardant materials that
  are improperly discarded like used chemical containers,
  packages etc.

   Industrialization are major causes of land pollution.
   Adverse effects of land pollution:
   1)have impact on human health.
   2)affect agriculture.




09/12/12                                                    15
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

                            SOLID WASTE
                              AT SITE



                             STORAGE



           TRANSFER/        COLLECTION       PROCESSING/
           TRANSPORT          POINT           RECOVERY




                 DISPOSAL                 RECYCLING/REUSE


09/12/12                                                    16
SOLID WASTE HANDLING METHODS
The physical nature of the solid waste mainly determines it’s handling
   methods.
Using these methods solid wastes are transported to the desired
   destination.

           NATURE  OF  MATERIAL               HANDLING  METHODS

   Solids                              Front end loaders, buckets, fibre-pack
                                       drums, packages, cartons
   Semisolids, wet, sticky materials   Front-end loaders, buckets

   Viscous liquids                     Special pumps

   liquids                             General purpose pumps
09/12/12                                                                 17
buckets             INCINERATOR




                 SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL METHODS:
                 1)Land reclamation/land filling
                 2)Deep well injection
09/12/12         3)Incinerators                  18
SOLID WASTE SALVAGE AND
                   RECOVERY

                                   NATURAL
                                  RESOURCES


RECYCLED            Land              INCINERATION     INDUSTRIAL
 MATERIAL           reclamation      HEAT RECOVERY       USAGE


                                  WASTE RECYCLING
                                  AND PROCESSING
                                       PLANT



            PROCESSED                                INDUSTRIAL
           WASTE RESIDUE                               WASTE

09/12/12                                                          19
NOISE POLLUTION
NOISE: It may be defined as unwanted sound in the wrong
    place at the wrong time.
 SOURCES OF NOISE POLLUTION:
 Various equipment used in pharmaceutical
    manufacturing unit.(ex: ball mill, seiving machines, roller
    compactors, tablet punching machines etc)
Effects of Noise:
1) Interfere with man’s health :Rise in BP, CVS problem,
    elevated stress levels, stimulate violent behaviour.
2) Hearing damage : Depends on intensity and duration of
    sound level.
3) Physiological and psychological changes : Affects the 20
09/12/12
    functioning of various systems of the body.
standards recommended by Central Pollution
            Control Board committee

AREA  CODE   CATEGORY OF  NOISE LEVEL  IN DECIBLE 
             AREA         DAY          NIGHT
       A     Industrial        75            70

       B     Commercial        65            55

       C     Residential       55            45

       D     Silence zone      50            40




 09/12/12                                            21
SOURCES OF NOISE POLLUTION AND
      CONTROL MEASURES
EQUIPMENT              SOUND           POSSIBLE NOISE CONTROL MEASURES
                       LEVEL IN 
                       dBA at 3 feet
Air coolers            87-94           Aerodynamic fan blades,decrease in rpm,decrease
                                       pressure drop

Coolers                90-120          Install mufflers on intake and exhaust,enclose
                                       machine with casing,vibration isolation

Electric motors        90-110          Acoustically lined fan covers,enclosures and motor
                                       mutes

Heaters and furnaces   95-110          Acoustic plenums, intake mufflers, lined and damped
                                       ducts

Valves                 <80-108         Avoid sonic velocities,limit pressure drop and mass
                                       flow, replace with low noise valves

Pipes                  9-105           Inline silencers, vibration isolation and lagging




09/12/12                                                                                     22
Melamine foam or fibre glass core   Sound barrier for hammer mill




09/12/12                                                              23
SONEX ACOUSTICS lining a
  Equiptment enclosures   pump room




09/12/12                                       24
THERMAL POLLUTION
•   Defined as presence of waste heat in the water which can cause
    undesirable changes in the natural environment.

•   Sources of thermal pollution :
•   Certain process like evaporation, convection, radiation , and use of
    equipment such as dryers, evaporators etc may sometimes lead to thermal
    pollution.



•   Effects of thermal pollution :

•   Thermal pollution inturn decreases the oxygen content in the atmosphere
    and whereby leads to ill effects of human beings



09/12/12
                                                                              25
CONTROL OF THERMAL POLLUTION

• Cooling ponds: Water from condensers is stored in
  ponds where natural evaporation cools the water which
  can then be discharged in nearby water vapour.
• Spray ponds: Here the water is sprayed through nozzles
  where fine droplets are formed.
• Cooling towers:
• A) Wet cooling tower: Cool air entering from sides takes
  away the heat and cools the water. Large amount of
  water is lost through evaporation.
• B) Dry cooling tower: There is no water loss in this
  method but installation and operation cost of dry cooling
  tower is many times higher than wet cooling tower
09/12/12
                                                          26
COOLING TOWERS




09/12/12                    27
RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION
•    Sources of radioactivity:
i. Natural: Cosmic rays from outer space, radioactive radon-222.
ii. Anthropogenic: Nuclear power plants, nuclear accidents, X-rays, diagnostic
    kits, test laboratories etc.,
• Effects of Radiations
i. Genetic damage is caused by radiations, which affects genes and
    chromosomes.
ii. Somatic damage includes burns, miscarriages, eye cataract and cancer of
    bone, thyroid, breast, lungs and skin
• Control of Nuclear Pollution
• Siting of nuclear power plants should be carefully done.
• Proper disposal of wastes from laboratory should be done
• Uranium and Thorium mining and refineries must be carefully maintained.
• In-door pollution should be minimized.

09/12/12                                                                    28
WATER POLLUTION
 Water pollution is defined as something that adversely impairs the
   beneficial use of water.
Classification of water pollutants:
1. Chemical pollutants:
 a)Organic pollutants: detergents, fats & grease, insecticides &
   herbicides which contents huge range of organohalides & other
   chemicals, petroleum hydrocarbons, lubricants (motor oil), volatile
   organic compounds
 B)Inorganic pollutants: soluble salts change the PH of the water,
   acidity(SO2), fertilizers containing nutrients (nitrates & phosphates),
   heavy metals & toxic chemicals.



09/12/12                                                                 29
 Physical pollutants:
  Colour: undesirable in drinking water
  Turbidity: due to colloidal or finely divided suspended water which is
  caused by the formation of hydrous oxides of ferrous & Mn
  Temperature:
  Foam:
 Biological pollutants: Micro organisms
 Radioactive pollutants: presence of radioactive materials

Measurement of water pollution & tests
•   In order to measure the quality of water the following general tests
    are done

 Physical testing: Colour, Turbidity, odor (volatile materials,
    dissolved gases, phenolic compounds), temperature.
 Chemical testing: water samples may be examined in the
    principles of analytical chemistry it includes ph, BOD ,COD,
    nutrients (nitrates & phosphorus), metals, including Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb
    & Hg.
 Biological testing: it involves the use of plant, animal or microbial
09/12/12                                                                30
    indicators to monitor the health of an aquatic eco system.
Water Pollution Abatement And Effluent
                   Treatment
•   The handling of a liquid water effluent is more complex than handling a
    waste gas effluent
•   The water effluent may contain dissolved gases /solids or it may slurry in
    either concentrated or diluted form. because of this complexity ,priority is
    given for recovering a part or all of the waste products, which may be
    reused
•   The treatment of the wastewater is may be physical, chemical or biological
    in nature
•   Physical treatment: sedimentation, gravity settling, adsorption process is
    employed using activated carbon for the removal of refractive organic
    substances, toxic substances & colour
•   Chemical treatment: coagulation, flocculation, emulsion breaking,
    precipitation & neutralization.
•   Biological treatment: bacteria are found in water, many organic materials
    will be oxidized to form CO2, H2O, sulphate. This treatment consumes
    oxygen that dissolved in water, cause depletion of oxygen
09/12/12                                                                       31
WASTE WATER TREATMENT:




09/12/12                            32
PRETREATMENT


       EQUALISATION    NEUTRALISATION
                                        DETOXIFICATION




09/12/12                                                 33
Pre treatment:
- Equalization
- Neutralization
- Grease and oil removal
- Removal of toxic substances

-   Purpose: to remove all large objects that are deposited in the
    sewage system. This type of waste is removed because it can
    damage the sensitive equipment in the sewage treatment plant.

Primary treatment:
- Screens
- Grid chamber
- Gravity sedimentation tank
- Chemical reaction
Purpose: reduces the load facilitating subsequent biological treatment.

influent      Rapid mix         flocculation      sedimentation      effluent


09/12/12                                             sludge           34
PRIMARY TREATMENT




09/12/12                       35
• Secondary treatment:
• Purpose: Secondary treatment is designed to substantially degrade
  the biological content of the sewage.
• Methods: activated sludge process, trickling filtration,oxidation ditch,
  oxidation ponds, biodiscs and spray irrigation.
• The effluent is subsequently subjected to anaerobic digestion.

• ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS:




 09/12/12                                                                    36
TRICKLING FILTRATION   OXIDATION POND OPERATION




09/12/12                                       37
Tertiary treatment:
- Coagulation, flocculation, co precipitation
- Membrane separation process
- Adsorption
- Ion exchange
- Breaking
- Neutralization
- Purpose:
- Final step of polishing the effluents when the effluent
  obtained from secondary treatment is not satisfactory.

     Secondary
                      coagulation     coprecipitation
      effluent


09/12/12                                   Filtration       38
09/12/12   39
EFFLUENT TESTING AND
              TREATMENT
• EFFLUENT:
• Effluent is an out flowing of water or gas from a natural
  body of water or from a human made structure.

• Effluent is defined by the United States Environmental
    Protection Agency (US EPA, 2006) as “wastewater ±
    treated or untreated water that flows out of a treatment
    plant, sewer, or industrial outfall”
• EFFLUENT TESTING DONE ACCORDING TO :
• American People Health and Association (APHA, 1989),
    ASTM (Standard Method for the Examination of Water
09/12/12 Wastewater, 20thEdition) and Laboratory Manual for
    and                                                      40
    Environmental Science
Effluent testing methods




1) Temperature            1) Biological Oxygen Demand        1) Total bacterial
2) Turbidity              (BOD)                                  count.
3) Conductivity           2) Chemical Oxygen Demand          2) coliform test.
4) pH                     (COD)                              3)e.coli test
5) Dissolve Oxygen (DO)   3) Ammonical Nitrogen
6) Suspended Solids        (NH3-N)
(SS)                                                    Note:EPA acceptable
                                                        limits is 0 colonies per
 09/12/12                                               plate.               41
Effluent treatment for formulation industry
• Segreation of waste streams

            neutralisation

Emulsions and colloidal wastes can be removed using
  coagulants(FeCl3,FeSO4,lime)


Dissolved salts precipitated

Volatile materials removed by aeration

Organic chemicals removed by biological oxidation
09/12/12                                              42
Parameter               Tolerance limit

ph                      5.5-9
Oil and grease          10
Total suspended solid   100
BOD                     30
Mercury                 0.01
Arsenic                 0.2
Chromium                0.1
Lead                    0.1
Cyanide                 0.1
Sulphides               2
Phosphates              5
Bioassay test           90%survival of fish after 96 hrs in
                        100% effluent
09/12/12                                                      43
• Treatment ofTREATMENT FOR SYNTHETIC PLANT
     EFFLUENT
               waste from large synthetic drug
  plant
               Lime for neutralization     Solids to fill land       Sand drying bed
Acidic waste



Waste water    Liquid to bacterial tank
                                                         Filtration tank to sewage


                     neutralization



               Water free from sediment         Primary air film    Oxidation pond



                  primary clarification                            film



                 Secondary clarification                             digestion 44
   09/12/12
Parameter   Inland        Public   Land for     Marine
            surface water sewage   irrigation   coastal areas
Ph          5.5-9        5.5-9     5.5-9        5.5-9
Suspended   100          600       200          100
solids
Dissolved   2100         -         2100         -
solids
BOD         30           350       100          100
COD         250          -         -            250
Oils and    10           20        10           20
grease
Ammonical   50           50        -            50
nitrogen
cyanide     0.2          2         0.2          0.2
Arsenic     0.2          0.2       0.2          0.2
                                                            45
Effluent treatment in fermentation plant:

 Antibiotics, vitamins, acids and alcohols are produced by
fermentation process . The effluent has objectionable odor
and effects the biological system.

 A few types of effluents from fermentation are :
-liquor of fermentation, mostly nutrient broth.
-Washed water of the floor and equipment
-Acids, bases and solvents used for extraction and
purification
-Filaments or mycelium or organisms.




                                                         46
Effluent treatment in antibiotic
     Effluent treatment in antibiotic plant
                    plant:
       Combined factory
          effluent


     NEUTRALISATION
                              TREATED
                              EFFLUENT
        FILTRATION r
       CLARIFICATION

                           SAND DRY BED
           DIGESTION


             PUMP            ACTIVATED
                          SLUDGE PROCESS
09/12/12                                      47
Bibliography
Pharmaceutical production and
 management by C. V. S. Subrahmanyam,
 1st Edition 2005.
Introduction to environmental science by
 Y. Anjaneyulu.
http://en.Wikipedia. Org/ wiki/pollution #
 forms –of-pollution.
http://www.doyouknow.in/Articles/Engineering/
http://web.deu.edu.tr/atiksu/toprak/ani4061.htm

09/12/12                                   48
09/12/12   49

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Environmental pollution control

  • 1. PRESENTED BY PRIYANKA ODELA M PHARM Department of pharmaceutics.
  • 2. • POLLUTION: introduction of contaminants into the environment that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms or “that damages the environment which can come in the form of chemical substances or energy such as noise,heat or light.” • ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION: • “The contamination of physical and biological components of the earth/atmosphere system to such an extent that normal environmental processes are adversely affected.” 09/12/12 2
  • 3. TYPES OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION • 1) Air pollution • 2) Water pollution • 3) Noise pollution • 4) Thermal pollution • 5) Soil / land pollution • 6) Radioactive pollution 09/12/12 3
  • 4. AIR POLLUTION •   • Air Pollution is an atmospheric condition in which certain substances like gases , particulate matter , radioactive substances etc are present in concentrations which can cause undesirable effects on human environment. • SOURCES: dust of drugs produced during milling and seiving. Classification of Air Pollutants • Primary Pollutants: CO, CO2, NO2, SO2, volatile organic compounds(hydrocarbons), and suspended, particulate matter. • Secondary Pollutants: sulfuric acid, nitric acid, carbonic acid. 09/12/12 4
  • 5. NATURE OF AIR POLLUTION • The pollutants present in the air should be identified and categorised so that appropriate measures can be adopted to combat pollution. • Solid matter: light,fine and coarse particles,hydrocarbons,aromatics. • Liquid substances: smoke, soot, fly-ash, dust, mist, fumes, organic acids, inorganic acids • Gases: sulfur dioxide,nitrogen oxide, carbon 09/12/12 5 dioxide.
  • 6. ADVERSE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION 1) Health problems: optic irritation(PAN), bronchitis, lung carcinoma, change in blood chemistry,skin cancer, etc in human beings. 2) Livestock damage: injury n death due to arsenic metals and fluorides. 3) Agriculture damage: leaf damage, stunting of growth, decreased size and less yield of fruit and destruction of flowers 4) Material damage: damage of structural metals, surface coatings, fabrics,weathering of stone in buildings and monuments 5) Effect on climate: increase in carbondioxide enhances the temperature of the earth melting polar ice caps and 09/12/12 6 glaciers.
  • 8. AIR POLLUTION CONTROL • Air pollution can be controlled by two fundamental ways. 1) Preventive technique:  It includes use of devices for removal of pollutants from exhaust gases e.g. Scrubbers, dry and wet collectors, filters, electrostatic precipitators etc.  Building of higher stake facility for discharging of pollution into air. 2) Effluents control:  Substitution of raw-materials causing more pollution with that of less pollution causing materials.  Use of non-conventional fuels like; Gobar gas, Biogas, 8 09/12/12
  • 9. AIR POLLUTION CONTROL TYPE OF  NATURE OF DEVICE  EXAMPLES OF  POLLUTANT /MECHANISM DEVICES Particulate Low-energy Settling chambers, matter(coarse or fine) units(gravitational effect, cyclone separators and centrifugal action) spray chambers Intermediate sized Low energy units Impingement particles separators and wet scrubbers Sub-micron particles High energy units Bag filters,electrostatic precipitators and venturi scrubbers Gaseous pollutants Absorption,adsorption, Filters,adsorbers and condensation,incineration absorbers 09/12/12 9
  • 10. AIR POLLUTION CONTROL DEVICES  Dust collectors: it consists of a blower, dust filter, filter cleaning system & dust removal system. Different types of dust collectors : 1. Mechanical collectors -Gravity settling chamber, cyclone separator 2. Electrostatic precipitators 3. Filters- HEPA Filters, unwoven fabric air filters. 4. scrubbers – wet scrubbers, dry scrubbers, venturi scrubbers 5. Absorbers- special type of wet scrubbers. 6. Adsorbers- activated carbon, activated alumina, silica 09/12/12gel 10
  • 11. MECHANICAL SEPARATORS Gravity settling chamber cyclone separator 09/12/12 11
  • 12. Electrostatic precipitators Wet scrubbers 09/12/12 12
  • 13. HEPA FILTERS Non-woven fabric air filter 09/12/12 13
  • 14. Adsorbers Absorbers 09/12/12 14
  • 15. LAND POLLUTION/SOLID WASTE  Solid waste refers to all solid discardant materials that are improperly discarded like used chemical containers, packages etc.  Industrialization are major causes of land pollution.  Adverse effects of land pollution:  1)have impact on human health.  2)affect agriculture. 09/12/12 15
  • 16. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM SOLID WASTE AT SITE STORAGE TRANSFER/ COLLECTION PROCESSING/ TRANSPORT POINT RECOVERY DISPOSAL RECYCLING/REUSE 09/12/12 16
  • 17. SOLID WASTE HANDLING METHODS The physical nature of the solid waste mainly determines it’s handling methods. Using these methods solid wastes are transported to the desired destination. NATURE  OF  MATERIAL HANDLING  METHODS Solids Front end loaders, buckets, fibre-pack drums, packages, cartons Semisolids, wet, sticky materials Front-end loaders, buckets Viscous liquids Special pumps liquids General purpose pumps 09/12/12 17
  • 18. buckets INCINERATOR SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL METHODS: 1)Land reclamation/land filling 2)Deep well injection 09/12/12 3)Incinerators 18
  • 19. SOLID WASTE SALVAGE AND RECOVERY NATURAL RESOURCES RECYCLED Land INCINERATION INDUSTRIAL MATERIAL reclamation HEAT RECOVERY USAGE WASTE RECYCLING AND PROCESSING PLANT PROCESSED INDUSTRIAL WASTE RESIDUE WASTE 09/12/12 19
  • 20. NOISE POLLUTION NOISE: It may be defined as unwanted sound in the wrong place at the wrong time.  SOURCES OF NOISE POLLUTION:  Various equipment used in pharmaceutical manufacturing unit.(ex: ball mill, seiving machines, roller compactors, tablet punching machines etc) Effects of Noise: 1) Interfere with man’s health :Rise in BP, CVS problem, elevated stress levels, stimulate violent behaviour. 2) Hearing damage : Depends on intensity and duration of sound level. 3) Physiological and psychological changes : Affects the 20 09/12/12 functioning of various systems of the body.
  • 21. standards recommended by Central Pollution Control Board committee AREA  CODE CATEGORY OF  NOISE LEVEL  IN DECIBLE  AREA DAY NIGHT A Industrial 75 70 B Commercial 65 55 C Residential 55 45 D Silence zone 50 40 09/12/12 21
  • 22. SOURCES OF NOISE POLLUTION AND CONTROL MEASURES EQUIPMENT SOUND  POSSIBLE NOISE CONTROL MEASURES LEVEL IN  dBA at 3 feet Air coolers 87-94 Aerodynamic fan blades,decrease in rpm,decrease pressure drop Coolers 90-120 Install mufflers on intake and exhaust,enclose machine with casing,vibration isolation Electric motors 90-110 Acoustically lined fan covers,enclosures and motor mutes Heaters and furnaces 95-110 Acoustic plenums, intake mufflers, lined and damped ducts Valves <80-108 Avoid sonic velocities,limit pressure drop and mass flow, replace with low noise valves Pipes 9-105 Inline silencers, vibration isolation and lagging 09/12/12 22
  • 23. Melamine foam or fibre glass core Sound barrier for hammer mill 09/12/12 23
  • 24. SONEX ACOUSTICS lining a Equiptment enclosures pump room 09/12/12 24
  • 25. THERMAL POLLUTION • Defined as presence of waste heat in the water which can cause undesirable changes in the natural environment. • Sources of thermal pollution : • Certain process like evaporation, convection, radiation , and use of equipment such as dryers, evaporators etc may sometimes lead to thermal pollution. • Effects of thermal pollution : • Thermal pollution inturn decreases the oxygen content in the atmosphere and whereby leads to ill effects of human beings 09/12/12 25
  • 26. CONTROL OF THERMAL POLLUTION • Cooling ponds: Water from condensers is stored in ponds where natural evaporation cools the water which can then be discharged in nearby water vapour. • Spray ponds: Here the water is sprayed through nozzles where fine droplets are formed. • Cooling towers: • A) Wet cooling tower: Cool air entering from sides takes away the heat and cools the water. Large amount of water is lost through evaporation. • B) Dry cooling tower: There is no water loss in this method but installation and operation cost of dry cooling tower is many times higher than wet cooling tower 09/12/12 26
  • 28. RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION • Sources of radioactivity: i. Natural: Cosmic rays from outer space, radioactive radon-222. ii. Anthropogenic: Nuclear power plants, nuclear accidents, X-rays, diagnostic kits, test laboratories etc., • Effects of Radiations i. Genetic damage is caused by radiations, which affects genes and chromosomes. ii. Somatic damage includes burns, miscarriages, eye cataract and cancer of bone, thyroid, breast, lungs and skin • Control of Nuclear Pollution • Siting of nuclear power plants should be carefully done. • Proper disposal of wastes from laboratory should be done • Uranium and Thorium mining and refineries must be carefully maintained. • In-door pollution should be minimized. 09/12/12 28
  • 29. WATER POLLUTION  Water pollution is defined as something that adversely impairs the beneficial use of water. Classification of water pollutants: 1. Chemical pollutants:  a)Organic pollutants: detergents, fats & grease, insecticides & herbicides which contents huge range of organohalides & other chemicals, petroleum hydrocarbons, lubricants (motor oil), volatile organic compounds  B)Inorganic pollutants: soluble salts change the PH of the water, acidity(SO2), fertilizers containing nutrients (nitrates & phosphates), heavy metals & toxic chemicals. 09/12/12 29
  • 30.  Physical pollutants: Colour: undesirable in drinking water Turbidity: due to colloidal or finely divided suspended water which is caused by the formation of hydrous oxides of ferrous & Mn Temperature: Foam:  Biological pollutants: Micro organisms  Radioactive pollutants: presence of radioactive materials Measurement of water pollution & tests • In order to measure the quality of water the following general tests are done  Physical testing: Colour, Turbidity, odor (volatile materials, dissolved gases, phenolic compounds), temperature.  Chemical testing: water samples may be examined in the principles of analytical chemistry it includes ph, BOD ,COD, nutrients (nitrates & phosphorus), metals, including Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb & Hg.  Biological testing: it involves the use of plant, animal or microbial 09/12/12 30 indicators to monitor the health of an aquatic eco system.
  • 31. Water Pollution Abatement And Effluent Treatment • The handling of a liquid water effluent is more complex than handling a waste gas effluent • The water effluent may contain dissolved gases /solids or it may slurry in either concentrated or diluted form. because of this complexity ,priority is given for recovering a part or all of the waste products, which may be reused • The treatment of the wastewater is may be physical, chemical or biological in nature • Physical treatment: sedimentation, gravity settling, adsorption process is employed using activated carbon for the removal of refractive organic substances, toxic substances & colour • Chemical treatment: coagulation, flocculation, emulsion breaking, precipitation & neutralization. • Biological treatment: bacteria are found in water, many organic materials will be oxidized to form CO2, H2O, sulphate. This treatment consumes oxygen that dissolved in water, cause depletion of oxygen 09/12/12 31
  • 33. PRETREATMENT EQUALISATION NEUTRALISATION DETOXIFICATION 09/12/12 33
  • 34. Pre treatment: - Equalization - Neutralization - Grease and oil removal - Removal of toxic substances - Purpose: to remove all large objects that are deposited in the sewage system. This type of waste is removed because it can damage the sensitive equipment in the sewage treatment plant. Primary treatment: - Screens - Grid chamber - Gravity sedimentation tank - Chemical reaction Purpose: reduces the load facilitating subsequent biological treatment. influent Rapid mix flocculation sedimentation effluent 09/12/12 sludge 34
  • 36. • Secondary treatment: • Purpose: Secondary treatment is designed to substantially degrade the biological content of the sewage. • Methods: activated sludge process, trickling filtration,oxidation ditch, oxidation ponds, biodiscs and spray irrigation. • The effluent is subsequently subjected to anaerobic digestion. • ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS: 09/12/12 36
  • 37. TRICKLING FILTRATION OXIDATION POND OPERATION 09/12/12 37
  • 38. Tertiary treatment: - Coagulation, flocculation, co precipitation - Membrane separation process - Adsorption - Ion exchange - Breaking - Neutralization - Purpose: - Final step of polishing the effluents when the effluent obtained from secondary treatment is not satisfactory. Secondary coagulation coprecipitation effluent 09/12/12 Filtration 38
  • 39. 09/12/12 39
  • 40. EFFLUENT TESTING AND TREATMENT • EFFLUENT: • Effluent is an out flowing of water or gas from a natural body of water or from a human made structure. • Effluent is defined by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA, 2006) as “wastewater ± treated or untreated water that flows out of a treatment plant, sewer, or industrial outfall” • EFFLUENT TESTING DONE ACCORDING TO : • American People Health and Association (APHA, 1989), ASTM (Standard Method for the Examination of Water 09/12/12 Wastewater, 20thEdition) and Laboratory Manual for and 40 Environmental Science
  • 41. Effluent testing methods 1) Temperature 1) Biological Oxygen Demand 1) Total bacterial 2) Turbidity (BOD) count. 3) Conductivity 2) Chemical Oxygen Demand 2) coliform test. 4) pH (COD) 3)e.coli test 5) Dissolve Oxygen (DO) 3) Ammonical Nitrogen 6) Suspended Solids (NH3-N) (SS) Note:EPA acceptable limits is 0 colonies per 09/12/12 plate. 41
  • 42. Effluent treatment for formulation industry • Segreation of waste streams neutralisation Emulsions and colloidal wastes can be removed using coagulants(FeCl3,FeSO4,lime) Dissolved salts precipitated Volatile materials removed by aeration Organic chemicals removed by biological oxidation 09/12/12 42
  • 43. Parameter Tolerance limit ph 5.5-9 Oil and grease 10 Total suspended solid 100 BOD 30 Mercury 0.01 Arsenic 0.2 Chromium 0.1 Lead 0.1 Cyanide 0.1 Sulphides 2 Phosphates 5 Bioassay test 90%survival of fish after 96 hrs in 100% effluent 09/12/12 43
  • 44. • Treatment ofTREATMENT FOR SYNTHETIC PLANT EFFLUENT waste from large synthetic drug plant Lime for neutralization Solids to fill land Sand drying bed Acidic waste Waste water Liquid to bacterial tank Filtration tank to sewage neutralization Water free from sediment Primary air film Oxidation pond primary clarification film Secondary clarification digestion 44 09/12/12
  • 45. Parameter Inland Public Land for Marine surface water sewage irrigation coastal areas Ph 5.5-9 5.5-9 5.5-9 5.5-9 Suspended 100 600 200 100 solids Dissolved 2100 - 2100 - solids BOD 30 350 100 100 COD 250 - - 250 Oils and 10 20 10 20 grease Ammonical 50 50 - 50 nitrogen cyanide 0.2 2 0.2 0.2 Arsenic 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 45
  • 46. Effluent treatment in fermentation plant:  Antibiotics, vitamins, acids and alcohols are produced by fermentation process . The effluent has objectionable odor and effects the biological system.  A few types of effluents from fermentation are : -liquor of fermentation, mostly nutrient broth. -Washed water of the floor and equipment -Acids, bases and solvents used for extraction and purification -Filaments or mycelium or organisms. 46
  • 47. Effluent treatment in antibiotic Effluent treatment in antibiotic plant plant: Combined factory effluent NEUTRALISATION TREATED EFFLUENT FILTRATION r CLARIFICATION SAND DRY BED DIGESTION PUMP ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS 09/12/12 47
  • 48. Bibliography Pharmaceutical production and management by C. V. S. Subrahmanyam, 1st Edition 2005. Introduction to environmental science by Y. Anjaneyulu. http://en.Wikipedia. Org/ wiki/pollution # forms –of-pollution. http://www.doyouknow.in/Articles/Engineering/ http://web.deu.edu.tr/atiksu/toprak/ani4061.htm 09/12/12 48
  • 49. 09/12/12 49

Editor's Notes

  1. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CONTROL AND EFFLUENT TREATMENT
  2. MECHANICAL SEPARATORS
  3. SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL METHODS: 1)Land reclamation/land filling 2)Deep well injection 3)Incinerators
  4. Sound barrier for hammer mill
  5. SONEX ACOUSTICS lining a pump room
  6. COOLING TOWERS
  7. WASTE WATER TREATMENT:
  8. DETOXIFICATION
  9. sludge
  10. PRIMARY TREATMENT
  11. TREATMENT OF EFFLUENT IN ANTIBIOTIC MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES.
  12. OXIDATION POND OPERATION
  13. Mixing:   Motor and Variable Frequency Drive both control mixing speed of the secondary effluent Flocculation:  A  motor is used to generate slow mixing during flocculation process. The use of a Variable Frequency Drive along with the motor allows for the operators to control the speed at which the mixing occurs Thickening:   Programmable Automation Controller records temperature, pH, level of water, and retention time in thickening tank Lime Recalcination:  PAC controls the temperature, pressure, and pH inside of the lime recalcination tank Make-up Lime:  PAC controls pumps and valves for the desired addition of make-up lime Recarbonation/CO 2 :  PAC controls the valves for optimal addition of Carbon Dioxide during recarbonation Multimedia Filtration:   PAC controls pumps and valves as water is sent in one direction through the filter Carbon Adsorption:  PAC controls the pumps and valves as water is sent through tank for optimum carbon adsorption level Chlorine Solution:  PAC controls the valves to incorporate proper amount of chlorine to water for disinfection
  14. Note:EPA acceptable limits is 0 colonies per plate.
  15. EFFLUENT TREATMENT FOR SYNTHETIC PLANT
  16. 45
  17. 46