1. HUMAN SECURITY

2. outline
• Background of human security concept
• Conceptual basis of human security
• How to define human security
• Debates in human security
• Sources of threat

3. HISTORICAL CONTEXT
• Become a part of international discourse on security
as an impact of UNDP Report in 1994. Then become
a core component in foreign policy of some
countries. E.g. Canada
• A need to link development agenda with the pursuit
of security.
• The main goal is to link between traditional dan non-
traditional security approach
• Focusing on personal and communal security.

4. Historical context
The idea of human security had been discussed in many meetings:
1. Club of Rome 1970s report on “World Problematique”
2. Independent Commission on International Development Issues
and Security (willy Brandt Commission) “North and South
Report
3. Independent Commission on Disarmament and Security Issues
(Olof Palme Commission) Common Security Report
4. Stockholm Initiative on Global Security Governance
1991Common Responsibility in the 90s
5. Commission on Global Governance 1994 “Our Global
Neighborhood” Report.
6. Explicitly used by Maqbul Ul Haq in his writing “ New Imperative
on Human Security” 1994
7. Adopted by the UNDP Human Development Index (HDI)

7. THREE CONCEPTIONS OF HUMAN SECURITY
1. Natural rights/ rule of law conception of human
security-core element is individual basic rights
such rights for life, liberty and the pursuit of
happines that should be protected by international
community.
2. Humanitarian conception – human security refers
international actions to abolish weapons that harm
civilian and non-combatant, to genocide and to
punish war crimes by strengthening international
law.
3. Broad conception of Human Security including
economic, political, environment and other threats
to human and individual well being.

8. THREE CONCEPTIONS OF HUMAN SECURITY
Broader concept of Human Security………

9. DEFINING HUMAN SECURITY
1. Human Security is the absence of threaths to
various core human values, including the
basic human value, individual physical safety
(negative definition).
2. The main goal of human security is to
safeguard the vital core of all human lives
from critical pervasive threats (Alkire, 2002)
(positive definition)

10. DEFINING HUMAN SECURITY
3. Commission on Human Security (2003)
Human Security is the protection of the vital core of
all human freedoms and fulfillment…protecting
people from severe and widespread threats.
How? (1) using process that build on people’s
strengths and aspirations; (2) creating
political, social, environmental, economic, military
and cultural system that together give people the
building blocks of survival.

11. DEBATES ON HUMAN SECURITY
1. The relationship between globalization and Human Security.
a. Globalization promotes the expansion of trade and investment
that increase world income and contribute to the
redistribution of wealth from rich to poor countries.
b. Globalization increases wealth in some countries in the South
but the income gap between rich and poor countries is
widening.
c. World Bank Report 2007: Globalization increases world income
over the next 25 years, but at the same time income
inequality will be worse and environmental pressure will be
severe. The impact is the likelihood of conflict and social
unrest that threaten human security.

13. DEBATES ON HUMAN SECURITY
2. Normative dimension of Human Security-Whether force
should be used in pursuing particular human security. To
what extent the use of force in humanitarian intervention is
justifiable when it harms non-combatants.

14. 3. The relationship between human security and
traditional concept of democracy, and peace
making. In many developing countries, the
establishment of Liberal democracy and
economic model does not positively correlates to
the protection of human security. Class
domination and unequal access to economic
resource prevent marginal groups to enjoy their
rights. International agencies tend to neglect
local values system in the process of conflict
resolution and peace making. E.g. the case of
Ambon Conflict and Aceh.

15. THE RISKS OF HUMAN SECURITY
1. The majority of Literature mentions threats with
short term or long term impacts-such as pandemic
disease, environmental degradation, nuclear
weapon, population displacement, terrorism.
2. Global Risks 2007 reports 23 types of Human
insecurity – energy scarcity, natural
disaster, terrorism, war, pandemic. Etc.
3. State Failure – Government inability to control its
territory, to provide basic services or to prevent
civil war between social groups.

17. THE RISKS OF HUMAN SECURITY
4. Organized violence – caused by social and economic
inequality, by group aspiration for being dominant or
by incapability to maintain collective consensus.
5. Relative poverty – a condition in which some groups
are perceived as relative better than other. This
creates collective frustration which lead to collective
violence.