Recent advances and commercial propagation technique in fruit crops

Recent advances and commercial propagation technique in fruit crops
Pawan Kumar Nagar
M.Sc. (Horti.) Fruit science
REG. NO: 04-2690-2015
Assignment
on

Plant propagation...
• Sexual methods - seed propagation
• Asexual methods
–rooting cuttings
–layering; air layering
–grafting
–specialized structures
–tissue culture; micropropagation
“The art and science of multiplying
plants by sexual or asexual means.”

Why is plant propagation
importance
 Plant propagation- reproduction of new
plants from seeds and vegetative
parts, such as leaves, stems, or roots
 Produce new and better breeds of
plants faster
 Can reproduce exact duplicates of
desirable plants
 Can increase quality of plants

Propagation by seeds...
• Seeds are widely available, inexhave production
benefits that offset the cost.
• Large scale agriculture (including vegetable)
expensive, and easy to handle.
• Hybrid seeds are more expensive, but many crop is
dependent upon seed propagation.
• Seeds (especially seeds of woody plants) may have
complex dormancies that impede germination.
“Propagation by seeds is the major method by
which plants reproduce in nature and one of the
most efficient and widely used propagation
methods for cultivated crops.”
Hartmann and Kester

Asexual propagation?
 Asexual propagation
 Reproduction of new plants from existing
stem, leaf or root of parent plant
 No seed is formed
 Produces an exact duplicate of the parent
plant called a clone
 Can produce new plants from plants that
are difficult to produce from seed

What are types of Asexual
propagation?
 Stem cuttings
 Leaf cuttings
 Leaf-bud cuttings
 Budding
 Layering
 Separation and division
 Tissue culture
 Grafting

What are stem cuttings?
 Stem cuttings:
A portion of the stem that contains a
terminal bud or lateral buds is cut and
placed in growing media to produce
roots.

Stem Cutting with terminal growing area.
Stem Cutting

Leaf cuttings
 Consists of a leaf blade or leaf blade
with petiole attached

Leaf cutting
with petiole.
Leaf cutting
without
petiole.
Leaf cutting that has rooted. Used leaf with petiole.
Leaf Cuttings

Leaf-bud cuttings
 Consists of a leaf blade, petiole and a
short piece of stem with the lateral bud

Layering
 Layering is a mean of plant
propagation in which a portion of an
aerial stem grow roots while still
attached to the parent plant and then
detaches as an independent plant

Layering...
• Air layering - interrupt cambium and cover wound with
moistened medium. Ficus elastica, Magnolia
• Simple layering - low hanging branch covered with soil (with
or without wounding) - many shrubs
• Tip layering - tips of plants (brambles) at certain times of
year (rat-tail condition) develop roots where they touch the
soil Blackberries, raspberries
• Mound layering - soil mounded to cover base of specially
pruned young tree (also referred to as stool layering) Apple
rootstocks
“Layering involves inducing roots on an intact
(or nearly so) plant .”

Removing epidermis for
layering.
Air Layering
Packing moss around
area to provide moisture.
Wrap in saran wrap to
keep moisture in.
Removing saran wrap to
see new roots and bud.
New bud with roots.

Layering – taking a branch and placing it
on the soil.
Layering – Simple or mound

Separation Method
Separation
 Take mature plants that were
stolons or offspring from a parent
plant and separate.

Stolons – Parent plant puts out runners and each
node a new plant forms along with roots.
Runners or Stolons

Separation of runner from parent.
Separation Method

Specialized
Structures
Modified Stems
bulb, corm, tuber, rhizome
pseudobulb, runner
Modified Roots
tuberous root

Propagation by specialized structures...
Species Structure
tulip, onion, Easter lily bulb
potato, Jerusalem artichoke, tuber
Iris, lily-of-the valley, canna rhizome
Gladiolus, Crocus, corm
strawberry runner
Dahlia, sweet potato tuberous root

Grafting is a method of asexual plant propagation widely
used in agriculture and horticulture where the tissues of one
plant are encouraged to fuse with those of another in such a
way so that maximum cambial contact takes place.
Grafting

Types of Grafting
 Cleft Graft
 Bark Graft
 Side-Veneer Graft
 Splice Graft
 Whip and Tongue Graft
 Saddle Graft
 Bridge Graft
 Approach Graft

 One of the simplest and most popular forms of grafting, cleft
grafting is a method for top working both flowering and fruiting trees
(apples, cherries, pears, and peaches) in order to change varieties.
Cleft Graft
 The rootstock used for cleft grafting should range from 1 to 4
inches in diameter and should be straight.
 The scion should be about 1/4 inch in diameter, straight, and long
enough to have at least three buds.

Bark Graft
 This technique can be applied to rootstock of larger
diameter (4 to 12 inches).
 Cut surface of the rootstock and make a vertical slit
through the bark where each scion can be inserted (2
inches long and spaced 1 inch apart).
 Prepare several scions for each graft. Cut the base of
each scion to a 1 ½- to 2-inch tapered wedge on one side
only.

Side-Veneer Graft
 Side-veneer grafting is usually done on potted rootstock.
 Make a shallow downward cut about 3/4 inch to 1 inch long at
the base of the stem on the potted rootstock to expose a flap of bark
with some wood still attached.
 Make an inward cut at the base so that the flap of bark and wood
can be removed from the rootstock.
 Choose a scion with a diameter the same as or slightly smaller
than the rootstock. Make a sloping cut 3/4 to 1 inch long at the base

Splice Graft
 In splice grafting, both the stock and scion must be of the same
diameter.
 Cut off the rootstock using a diagonal cut 3/4 to 1 inch long.
 Make the same type of cut at the base of the scion. Fit the scion
to the stock.
 Wrap this junction securely with a rubber grafting strip or twine.

Whip and Tongue Graft
 Both the rootstock and scion should be of equal size and
preferably no more than 1/2 inch in diameter.
 Cut off the stock using a diagonal cut. The cut should be four to
five times longer than the diameter of the stock to be grafted.
 Make the same kind of cut at the base of the scion.

Saddle Graft
 Both rootstock and scion should be the same diameter.
 Stock should not be more than 1 inch in diameter.
 Using two opposing upward strokes of the grafting knife, sever
the top from the rootstock. The resulting cut should resemble an
inverted V, with the surface of the cuts ranging from 1/2 to 1 inch
long.
 Now reverse the technique to prepare the base of the scion

Bridge Graft
 Bridge grafting is used to "bridge" a diseased or damaged area
of a plant, usually at or near the base of the trunk.
 Select scions that are straight and about twice as long as the
damaged area to be bridged. Make a 1 1/2- to 2-inch-long tapered
cut on the same plane at each end of the scion.
 Cut a flap in the bark on the rootstock the same width as the
scion and below the injury to be repaired.

 Approach grafting is a method used to propagate plants in
which one independent plant is fused with another independent
plant. It is usually done when the two plants grow close to each
other.
 At the point where the two plants will join, a 1- 2 inch long slice
of bark is cut on each stem.
 The two stems are bound together, with the cut areas touching,
using any wrapping material.
Approach Graft

Budding
 Budding is a grafting technique in
which a single bud from the desired
scion is used rather than an entire
scion containing many buds.

Insertion of Scion bud in T-shape
Cut

Clone...
A genetically identical assemblage of
individuals produced from a plant
entirely by vegetative means.
Hartmann and Kester
Clonal propagation

Benefits of clonal propagation...
• Some plants produce few (if any) viable seeds.
• Clonal progeny are highly uniform in all characters.
• Outcrossing plants produce highly variable progeny.
• Plants may have extended juvenile period.
• Cloning allows for combining genotypes in one plant.
• Seeds may have lengthy and complex dormancies.

Apomixis...
“the development of an embryo within a seed or
flowering structure from a source other than the
egg, resulting in the formation of an embryo
(sometimes in addition to the sexual embryo) that
is a clone of the maternal parent. Examples
include polyembryony in citrus and crabapples,
and the formation of bulbils in garlic.”
“an exception to the rule of nonclonal embryony.”

Micropropagation...
• Micro propagation is rapid, continuous, and efficient.
• Specialized equipment, facilities, and technically trained
personnel are required.
• Steps can be taken to obtain and maintain certified pest-
free plants.
• Cost effective if large numbers of a given clone are
produced.
• Widely used for orchids, ferns, many interior foliage
plants, rootstocks, etc.
“Micropropagation has many synonyms - tissue
culture, mass propagation, in vitro culture,
cloning.”

Plants amenable to micropropagation...
Fruit plants - apple, cherry, pear, banana, (many
rootstocks)
Vegetable crops - potato, celery, tomato, onion (male
sterile)
Plantation crops - date palm, coffee

• Tissue culture (often called micro propagation)
is a special type of asexual propagation where a
very small piece of tissue (shoot apex, leaf
section, or even an individual cell) is excised
(cut-out) and placed in sterile (aseptic) culture in
a test tube, Petri dish or tissue culture container
containing a special culture medium.
Tissue culture

Areas of Tissue Culture Collection

Overview of the Tissue Culture
Process

1. It can create a large number of clones from a single explant.
2. It is easy to select desirable traits directly from the culture
setup (in vitro), thereby decreasing the amount of space required
for field trials.
3. The time required is much shortened, no need to wait for the
whole life cycle of seed development.
4. For species that have long generation time, low levels of seed
production, or seeds that do not readily germinate, rapid
propagation is possible.
The advantages of plant tissue culture

5. It overcomes seasonal restrictions for seed germination.
6. It enables the preservation of pollen and cell collections
form which plants may be propagated.
7. It helps to eliminate plant diseases through careful stock
selection and sterile techniques.
The advantages of plant tissue culture

Aonla
A. Wedge Grafting
Sr
no
Parameters Standards
1. Method of grafting Wedge grafting
2. Raising rootstock In polyethylene bag
3. Size of polyethylene bag 20 x 18 cm
4. Type of rootstock Straight and active growth stage
5. Age of rootstock 7 to 9 months
6. Diameter of rootstock/scion 0.5 to 0.8 cm
7. Age of scion 3 to 4 months
8. Length of scion 15 to 18 cm
9. No. of buds on the scion stick 6 to 8
10. Length of vertical cut on rootstock 4.0 to 4.5 cm
11. Length of slanting cut on both the sides at
lower end of scion
4.0 to 4.5 cm
12. Grafting height 15 to 20 cm above soil surface or poly bag
13 Time of grafting Greenhouse – January to April and October to December
Open field- January to April and October to December

B. Patch Budding
Sr
no
1. Method of propagation Patch/Modified Ring budding
4. Type of rootstock Seedling rootstock having straight growth without side
shoots
8. Bud size 1.5 x 2.5 cm
9. Bud height 15 to 20 cm above soil surface or poly bag
10. Time of budding Greenhouse – September to February
Open field – May to September

Beal
Wedge grafting
Sr
no
2. Raising rootstock polyethylene bag
4. Type of rootstock Vigorous
9. No. of buds/scion 4.0 to 5.0
lower end of scion
3.5 to 4.0 cm
13 Time of grafting Greenhouse – September, October and April
Open field- April and May

Banana
Suckers
Sr
no.
1. Method of propagation Sword suckers
2. Age of sucker Not less than 3 months
3. Weight of sucker Not less than 1 kg
4. Suckers selections • Select and mark plants of the desired variety with normal or below
average height, a stout trunk and roots. Plants should be free of
undesirable variations of the varietal characteristics. Selection should
be made between lowering time and harvest to mark plants with
above average bunch size.
• When suckers are selected, whether to be used as planting material or
as starting material in tissue culture multiplication techniques,
document their origins (state, village, farmer) and identify and
describe the plot they come from. If the suckers are used in tissue
culture, the source of shoot tips should be specified as monoclonal
(originating from a single mother plant) or polyclonal (originating
from more than one mother plant).
• Good suckers are cone shaped and do not develop broad leaves until
they are more than 1 m high
5. Size of suckers Atleast 20 cm in diameter

Cashew
Softwood grafting
Sr
no
1. Method of grafting Softwood grafting
lower end of scion
2.5 to 3.0 cm
13 Time of grafting June and November

Citrus
A. Wedge Grafting (Mandarin and Sweet Orange)
Sr
no
lower end of scion
3.5 to 4.0 cm
13 Time of grafting October to March

B. T- Budding (Mandarin, Sweet-
Orange, Lime, Lemon)
Sr
no
1. Method of propagation T- budding
8. Length of bud wood 2 to 2.5 cm
9. Length of cut on the rootstock for
inserting bud
2.0 to 2.5 cm on T-point
10. Budding height 15 to 20 cm above soil surface or poly bag
11. Time of budding February to March and October to September

C. Cutting (Lime and Lemon)
Sr
no.
1. Method of propagation Cutting
2. Age of plant Not less than 6 months
3. Stem diameter Not less than 0.5 months
4. Plant height Not less than 40 cm, straight and single stem
5. No. of roots Not less than 10 fibrous roots
6. Foliage Healthy and green straight with single stem without
side shoots
7. Disease and pest incidence Free from any diseases and pests

Custard apple
Wedge Grafting
Sr
no
lower end of scion
3.5 to 4.0 cm
13 Time of grafting December to March

Date palm
Suckers
Sr
no.
1. Method of propagation Off shoots (Suckers)
2. Age of sucker 18 to 20 months
3. Weight of sucker 8 to 15 kg
4. Separation of suckers from
mother plants
4 to 5 years after planting. Prior to the removal of
suckers, the outer leaves are cut back to 2/3rd of their
length and the inner leaves to ½

Fig
Cutting
Sr
no.
1. Method of propagation Hard/semi hardwood cutting
2. Mother tree An elite mother tree, free from diseases, productivity
large sized quality fruits. Cutting should be slant cut at
the base
3. Raising cutting In polyethylene bag
4. Size of polyethylene 18 x 20 cm
5. Time of cutting June to September
6. Diameter of wood 1.25 to 2.0 cm
7. Length of wood 15 to 25 cm
8. No. of nodes/wood 3 to 6

Guava
Wedge Grafting
Sr
no
lower end of scion
4.0 to 4.5 cm
13 Time of grafting January to December

Jackfruit
A. Soft Wood Grafting
Sr
no
lower end of scion
4.0 to 5.0 cm
13 Time of grafting July to September

B. Patch Budding
Sr
no
1. Method of propagation Patch budding
4. Type of rootstock Seedling rootstock having straight growth without side
shoots
8. Bud size 1.0 x 3.0 cm
9. Bud height 15 to 20 cm above soil surface or poly bag
10. Time of budding May to September

Jamun
Soft Wood Grafting
Sr
no
lower end of scion
3.5 to 4.0 cm
13 Time of grafting February to March and July to September

Khirnee
Soft Wood Grafting
Sr
no
lower end of scion
3.5 to 4.0 cm
13 Time of grafting August to September

Mango
A. Wedge Grafting
Sr
no
lower end of scion
4.0 to 4.5 cm
13 Time of grafting January to December

B. Soft Wood Grafting
Sr
no
lower end of scion
3.5 to 4.0 cm
13 Time of grafting Greenhouse – January to December
Open field-July to September

C. Veneer Grafting
Sr
no
1. Method of grafting Veneer grafting
lower end of scion
4.0 to 4.5 cm
13 Time of grafting Greenhouse – January to December
Open field-July to September

Pineapple
Suckers
Sr
no.
1. Method of propagation Suckers and Slips
2. Age of sucker/Slips Not less than 3 months
3. Weight of sucker 450 to 750 g
4. Weight of Slips 350 to 500 g

Pomegranate
A. Wedge Grafting
Sr
no
lower end of scion
4.0 to 4.5 cm
13 Time of grafting Greenhouse –Round the year
Open field-January to February

B. Air layering
Sr
no.
1. Method of propagation Air Layering
2. Age of shoot Not less than 6 months
3. Girth of shoot Not less than 2.5 cm
4. Time of Air Layering July to August and November to December

C. Cutting
Sr
no.
1. Method of propagation Hard/semi hardwood cutting
2. Mother tree An elite mother tree, free from diseases, productivity
large sized quality fruits. Cutting should be slant cut at
the base
3. Raising cutting In polyethylene bag
4. Size of polyethylene 18 x 20 cm
5. Time of cutting June to September
6. Diameter of wood 1.25 to 2.0 cm
7. Length of wood 15 to 25 cm
8. No. of nodes/wood 3 to 6

Sapota
Wedge Grafting
Sr
no
lower end of scion
4.0 to 4.5 cm
13 Time of grafting September to October

Mango
 Polyembryonic rootstock
• Salen
• Goa
• Olour
Monoembryonic rootstock
• Kurkan
• Mylepelian
• Goa
• NileswaraDwaft
• pahutan
 Salt tolerant rootstock
• Gomera-1
• Gomera-2

Citrus
Sour orange rootstock:
• It is the only rootstock that truly is an orange (the Citrus × aurantium or bitter orange). It
is vigorous and highly drought-resistant.
Poncirus trifoliata:
• It is a close relative of the Citrus genus, sometimes classified as Citrus trifoliata.
• It is especially resistant to cold, thetristeza virus, and the
fungus Phytophthoraparasitica (root rot) and grows well in loam soil.
• Among its disadvantages are its slow growth—it is the slowest growing rootstock—and
its poor resistance to heat and drought.
• It is primarily used in China, Japan, and areas of California with heavy soils.
Swingle citrumelo:
• It is tolerant of tristeza virus and Phytophthoraparasitica and moderately resistant to salt
and freezing.
• This rootstock selection was hybridized from the Duncan grapefruit (Citrus
paradisiMacfadyen) and the Poncirustrifoliata (L.) Raf. byWalter Tennyson Swingle in
Eustis, Florida, in 1907. It was released by the USDepartment of Agriculture to
nurserymen in 1974.

Citrus
Troyer citrange and Carrizo citrange:
• These reasonably vigorous rootstocks are resistant to Phytophthoraparasitica, nematodes, and
tristeza virus and show good cold tolerance.
• They also are highly polyembryonic, so growers can obtain multiple plants from a single seed.
Citrange, however, does not do well in clay, calcareous or high-pH soils, and is sensitive to
salinity. It is not feasible as rootstock for mandarin scions, as it overgrows them by producing
branches of its own in competition with the grafted budwood.[3]
• Citranges are hybrids of the Washington navel orange and the Poncirustrifoliata. The original
crosses, made in the early 1900s by the U.S. Department of Agriculture with the intention of
producing cold tolerant scion varieties, were later identified as suitable for use as rootstocks.
• The commercial use of these rootstocks began in Australia in the 1960s. The Troyer variety
generally is found in California, while the Carrizo variety is used in Florida.
Cleopatra mandarin:
• It is tolerant of salinity and soil alkalinity and also suitable for shallow soils.
• It is used primarily in Spain, Australia, and Florida. Dade County, for example, has
85% calcareous soil, a typical trait of land that has been under water.
• The Cleopatra mandarin, originated in India and introduced into Florida from Jamaica in the
mid-nineteenth century, has been distributed and tested as a rootstock throughout the world.
Nowadays, however, it is considered an inferior rootstock because it is sensitive to many
diseases, grows slowly, and is difficult to propagate.

Citrus
• Benton citrange
• C-35 citrange (search for 'citrange')
• Cleopatra mandarin
• Emperor
• Flying dragon
• Hybrid 639
• Poncirustrifoliata
• Rough lemon
• Sweet orange
• Swingle citrumelo
• Troyer & Carrizo citrange
• Volkameriana

Sapota
• Khirni
• Pala
• Adams apple
• Star apple
• Mee tree
• Mahua

Guava
• Psidium friedrichsthalianum
• Psidium guajava
• Arrayán for dwarfing effect
• “Brazilian cas” and the “casCriollo” rootstocks exhibited
an intermediate effect on vegetative vigor.

Recent advances and commercial propagation technique in fruit crops

Recent advances and commercial propagation technique in fruit crops

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