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AMPUTATIONS
A GENERAL OVERVIEW
• INTRODUCTION
• INDICATIONS
• TYPES
• LEVELS OF AMPUTATION
• BASIC PRINCIPLES
• AFTER TREATMENT
• COMPLICATIONS
INTRODUCTION
• DEFN-REMOVAL OF THE DISEASED,NON
FUNCTIONING,PROTRUDING BODY PART
• DERIVED FROM LATIN WORD “AMPUTARE”
MEANING ‘CUTTING AROUND’
• INCIDENCE:AGE-50-75 YRS
SEX-MALES[75%]
LIMBS-LOWER LIMB[85%]
INDICATIONS
• POOR CIRCULATION -POVD, DIABETES
• INJURY
TRAUMA-3/5 STRUCTURES GROSSLY AND
IRRIVERSIBLY INJURED
FROST BITE,BURNS
• INFECTIONS
FULMINANT GAS GANGRENE,C/C
OSTEOMYELITIS,INFECTED NON UNIONS,C/C
INFECTED TROPHIC ULCER
• TUMOURS
NOWADAYS DECREASED BECAUSE OF
SEVERAL LIMB SALVAGE TECHNIQUES
• CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
most common indication in children
TYPES
• CLOSED AMPUTATIONS
FLAPS ARE FASHIONED AND ARE CLOSED PRIMARILY
ALONG WITH SURGERY.
• OPEN AMPUTATIONS
FLAPS ARE NOT CLOSED PRIMARILY
LATER REVISED AMPUTATION, REAMPUTATION OR
PLASTIC REPAIR
1.GUILLOTINE TECHNIQUE
ALL THE TISSUES ARE CUT AT THE SAME LEVEL.IN
SEVERE CRUSH INJURIES AND SEVERE INFECTIONS.
• CIRCULAR AMPUTATION
WITH FLAPS RETAINED FOR LATER
DELAYED SUTURING.
OTHER TYPES
• REVISION AMPUTATION-for ideal stump
• REAMPUTATION
• EARLY AMPUTATION
SO GROSS THAT THERE IS NO
ALTERNATIVE
• INTERMEDIATE AMPUTATION
AFTER TEMPORARILY SALVAGING THE LIMBS
DEGREE OF DAMAGE JUSTIFY EARLY
AMPUTATION
• LATE AMPUTATION
PAINFUL SYMPTOMATIC MALUNION OR NON
UNION
LEVELS OF AMPUTATIONS
• HIGHER THE LEVEL OF AMPUTATION GREATER IS
THE DIFF TO RESTORE ABILITY
• AMPUTATION STUMP SHOULD BE LONG
ENOUGH
• IF A JOINT IS ARTHRODESED,SECTION AT JOINT
LEVEL OR ABOVE
• POVD-LEVEL SHOULD BE BELOW THE DISTAL
MOST ARTERIAL PULSATION
• IN ELDERLY FRAIL-BK AMPUTATION
• OTHERWISE KNEE DISARTICULATION
• IN CLINICAL PRACTICE
COLOUR AND TEMP OF THE SKIN BEFORE
SURGERY
APPEARANCE OF FREE CAPILLARY BLEEDING
FROM CUT SURFACES ON OPERATION
UPPER LIMB
• SHOULDER DISARTICULATION
• SHORT ABOVE ELBOW
• STANDARD ABOVE ELBOW
• LOW ABOVE ELBOW
• ELBOW DISARTICULATION
• SHORT BELOW ELBOW
• MEDIUM BELOW ELBOW
• LONG BELOW ELBOW
• WRIST DISARTICULATION
LOWER LIMB AMPUTATIONS
BASIC PRINCIPLES
• ANAESTHESIA-GA OR SAB
• TOURNIQUET
CONTRA INDICATED IN ISCHAEMIC LIMB AND
ATHEROSCLEROSIS
EXSANGUINATION PRIOR TO TOURNIQUET
APPLICATION-CONTRA INDICATED IN INFECTED
LIMBS AND MALIGNANCIES
• SKIN FLAPS-GOOD
COVERAGE,MOBILE,ADEQUATE LENGTH
• MUSCLES
SECTIONED 5 CM DISTAL TO BONY SECTION
1.MYODESIS-SUTURING TO BONE
(CI-ISCHAEMIC LIMB)
2.MYOPLASTY-OPPOSING MUSCLES ARE
SUTURED
ADVANTAGES-
• SHAPE OF THE STUMP GOOD
• INSULATE CUT NERVE ENDINGS
• MUSCLES ORIGINATING PROXIMALLY
PROVIDE GOOD LEVERAGE
• PHANTOM PAIN MAY BE PREVENTED
• PREVENT RETRACTION &PAINFUL MUSCLE
CONTRACTION
• BLOOD VESSELS
DOUBLE LIGATION AND CUT
• NERVES
PULLED AND CUT SO THAT IT RETRACTS INTO THE
STUMP
• BONES
PERIOSTEAL STRIPPING MINIMISED
• DRAIN
48-72 HRS
AFTER PROGRAMME
• DRESSINGS
1.RIGID DRESSING-POP CAST
DECREASED STUMP EDEMA,EARLY
HEALING,LESS POST OP PAIN,TEMPORARY
PROSTHETIC FITTING
2.SOFT DRESSING-SOFT BANDAGES AND
ELASTOCREPE BANDAGES
REHABILITATION
• BEGIN ASAP
• GOALS –REDUCE EDEMA, INCREASE
STRENGTH, PREVENT CONTRACTURES,
MAXIMISE FUNCTIONAL INDEPENDENCE.
• BALANCE & COORDINATION ACTIVITIES FOR
GAIT TRAINING.
• WALKING AIDS
• ALSO VOCATIONAL TRAINING, PAIN MNGMT,
PSYCHO EDUCATION.
COMPLICATIONS
• HAEMATOMA
• INFECTIONS
• NECROSIS
• CONTRACTURES
• PAINFUL NEUROMAS
• PHANTOM LIMB
PREVENTED BY TREATMENT OF NERVES AT
THE SURGERY,MYOPLASTIC PROCEDURES AND
PROPER STUMP BANDAGING AND STUMP
EXERCISES.
STUMP
• IDEAL LENGTH
• IDEAL SHAPE
• MUSCULAR
• GOOD POWER OF MUSCLES
• NO FIXED DEFORMITY
• FULL AND FREE MOVTS OF JOINT ABOVE
• INFN FREE
• NON ADHERENT INCISION SCAR
• ABSENCE OF NEUROMA
CAN BE ACHIEVED BY
• STUMP DRAINAGE
• STUMP SPLINTING
• STUMP BANDAGING
• STUMP EXERCISES EARLY
• STUMP HYGEINE
SYME’S AMPUTATION
ANKLE DISARTICULATION,REMOVAL OF
MALLEOLI AND ANCHORING HEEL PAD TO THE
WEIGHT BEARING AREA
• TWO POINTS 1.75 CM BELOW LAT
MALLEOLUS AND 2.5 CM BELOW MED
MALLEOLUS ARE JOINED INFRONT OF THE
ANKLE AND ALSO VERTICALLY ACROSS THE
HEEL PAD
• ANT INCISION DEEPENED-TALUS AND
CALCANEUM REMOVED LEAVING ALL SOFT
TISSUE IN THE FLAP
• MEDIAL AND LATERAL MALLEOLI ALONG
WITH A THIN SLICE OF TIBIA REMOVED
• DON’T TRIM ‘’DOG EARS’’
• ADV-PATIENT CAN WALK WITHOUT A
PROSTHESIS
LIS FRANCS AMPUTATION
• AMPUTATION THROUGH MIDDLE OF THE
FOOT
• SEVERE EQUINUS DEFORMITY
FRICTION IN ANTERO POSTERIOR PRT OF
STUMP
CHOPARTS AMPUTATION
• AMPUTATION THROUGH MID TARSAL JOINT
• SUBTALAR FUSION AND ELONGATON OF
TENDO ACHILLES
• DISCARDED BCOZ OF SAME REASON
PIGROFF’S AMPUTATION
• ANT PART OF CALCANEUM IS CUT ACROSS
AND RAW BONE IS FIXED TO THE RAW
UNDERSURFACE OF TIBIA
• CALCANEAL TUBEROSITY -WEIGHT BEARING
AREA
BOYD’S AMPUTATION
• TALUS IS EXCISED
• CALCANEUM IS ADVANCED AND ATTACHED
TO THE RAW UNDERSURFACE OF TIBIA
• STABLE LOAD BEARING SURFACE
THANK YOU

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Amputations

  • 2. • INTRODUCTION • INDICATIONS • TYPES • LEVELS OF AMPUTATION • BASIC PRINCIPLES • AFTER TREATMENT • COMPLICATIONS
  • 3. INTRODUCTION • DEFN-REMOVAL OF THE DISEASED,NON FUNCTIONING,PROTRUDING BODY PART • DERIVED FROM LATIN WORD “AMPUTARE” MEANING ‘CUTTING AROUND’ • INCIDENCE:AGE-50-75 YRS SEX-MALES[75%] LIMBS-LOWER LIMB[85%]
  • 4. INDICATIONS • POOR CIRCULATION -POVD, DIABETES • INJURY TRAUMA-3/5 STRUCTURES GROSSLY AND IRRIVERSIBLY INJURED FROST BITE,BURNS • INFECTIONS FULMINANT GAS GANGRENE,C/C OSTEOMYELITIS,INFECTED NON UNIONS,C/C INFECTED TROPHIC ULCER
  • 5. • TUMOURS NOWADAYS DECREASED BECAUSE OF SEVERAL LIMB SALVAGE TECHNIQUES • CONGENITAL ANOMALIES most common indication in children
  • 6. TYPES • CLOSED AMPUTATIONS FLAPS ARE FASHIONED AND ARE CLOSED PRIMARILY ALONG WITH SURGERY. • OPEN AMPUTATIONS FLAPS ARE NOT CLOSED PRIMARILY LATER REVISED AMPUTATION, REAMPUTATION OR PLASTIC REPAIR 1.GUILLOTINE TECHNIQUE ALL THE TISSUES ARE CUT AT THE SAME LEVEL.IN SEVERE CRUSH INJURIES AND SEVERE INFECTIONS.
  • 7. • CIRCULAR AMPUTATION WITH FLAPS RETAINED FOR LATER DELAYED SUTURING. OTHER TYPES • REVISION AMPUTATION-for ideal stump • REAMPUTATION
  • 8. • EARLY AMPUTATION SO GROSS THAT THERE IS NO ALTERNATIVE • INTERMEDIATE AMPUTATION AFTER TEMPORARILY SALVAGING THE LIMBS DEGREE OF DAMAGE JUSTIFY EARLY AMPUTATION • LATE AMPUTATION PAINFUL SYMPTOMATIC MALUNION OR NON UNION
  • 9. LEVELS OF AMPUTATIONS • HIGHER THE LEVEL OF AMPUTATION GREATER IS THE DIFF TO RESTORE ABILITY • AMPUTATION STUMP SHOULD BE LONG ENOUGH • IF A JOINT IS ARTHRODESED,SECTION AT JOINT LEVEL OR ABOVE • POVD-LEVEL SHOULD BE BELOW THE DISTAL MOST ARTERIAL PULSATION • IN ELDERLY FRAIL-BK AMPUTATION • OTHERWISE KNEE DISARTICULATION
  • 10. • IN CLINICAL PRACTICE COLOUR AND TEMP OF THE SKIN BEFORE SURGERY APPEARANCE OF FREE CAPILLARY BLEEDING FROM CUT SURFACES ON OPERATION
  • 11. UPPER LIMB • SHOULDER DISARTICULATION • SHORT ABOVE ELBOW • STANDARD ABOVE ELBOW • LOW ABOVE ELBOW • ELBOW DISARTICULATION • SHORT BELOW ELBOW • MEDIUM BELOW ELBOW • LONG BELOW ELBOW • WRIST DISARTICULATION
  • 13. BASIC PRINCIPLES • ANAESTHESIA-GA OR SAB • TOURNIQUET CONTRA INDICATED IN ISCHAEMIC LIMB AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS EXSANGUINATION PRIOR TO TOURNIQUET APPLICATION-CONTRA INDICATED IN INFECTED LIMBS AND MALIGNANCIES • SKIN FLAPS-GOOD COVERAGE,MOBILE,ADEQUATE LENGTH
  • 14. • MUSCLES SECTIONED 5 CM DISTAL TO BONY SECTION 1.MYODESIS-SUTURING TO BONE (CI-ISCHAEMIC LIMB) 2.MYOPLASTY-OPPOSING MUSCLES ARE SUTURED ADVANTAGES- • SHAPE OF THE STUMP GOOD
  • 15. • INSULATE CUT NERVE ENDINGS • MUSCLES ORIGINATING PROXIMALLY PROVIDE GOOD LEVERAGE • PHANTOM PAIN MAY BE PREVENTED • PREVENT RETRACTION &PAINFUL MUSCLE CONTRACTION
  • 16. • BLOOD VESSELS DOUBLE LIGATION AND CUT • NERVES PULLED AND CUT SO THAT IT RETRACTS INTO THE STUMP • BONES PERIOSTEAL STRIPPING MINIMISED • DRAIN 48-72 HRS
  • 17. AFTER PROGRAMME • DRESSINGS 1.RIGID DRESSING-POP CAST DECREASED STUMP EDEMA,EARLY HEALING,LESS POST OP PAIN,TEMPORARY PROSTHETIC FITTING 2.SOFT DRESSING-SOFT BANDAGES AND ELASTOCREPE BANDAGES
  • 18. REHABILITATION • BEGIN ASAP • GOALS –REDUCE EDEMA, INCREASE STRENGTH, PREVENT CONTRACTURES, MAXIMISE FUNCTIONAL INDEPENDENCE. • BALANCE & COORDINATION ACTIVITIES FOR GAIT TRAINING. • WALKING AIDS • ALSO VOCATIONAL TRAINING, PAIN MNGMT, PSYCHO EDUCATION.
  • 19. COMPLICATIONS • HAEMATOMA • INFECTIONS • NECROSIS • CONTRACTURES • PAINFUL NEUROMAS • PHANTOM LIMB PREVENTED BY TREATMENT OF NERVES AT THE SURGERY,MYOPLASTIC PROCEDURES AND PROPER STUMP BANDAGING AND STUMP EXERCISES.
  • 20. STUMP • IDEAL LENGTH • IDEAL SHAPE • MUSCULAR • GOOD POWER OF MUSCLES • NO FIXED DEFORMITY • FULL AND FREE MOVTS OF JOINT ABOVE • INFN FREE • NON ADHERENT INCISION SCAR • ABSENCE OF NEUROMA
  • 21. CAN BE ACHIEVED BY • STUMP DRAINAGE • STUMP SPLINTING • STUMP BANDAGING • STUMP EXERCISES EARLY • STUMP HYGEINE
  • 22. SYME’S AMPUTATION ANKLE DISARTICULATION,REMOVAL OF MALLEOLI AND ANCHORING HEEL PAD TO THE WEIGHT BEARING AREA
  • 23. • TWO POINTS 1.75 CM BELOW LAT MALLEOLUS AND 2.5 CM BELOW MED MALLEOLUS ARE JOINED INFRONT OF THE ANKLE AND ALSO VERTICALLY ACROSS THE HEEL PAD
  • 24. • ANT INCISION DEEPENED-TALUS AND CALCANEUM REMOVED LEAVING ALL SOFT TISSUE IN THE FLAP • MEDIAL AND LATERAL MALLEOLI ALONG WITH A THIN SLICE OF TIBIA REMOVED • DON’T TRIM ‘’DOG EARS’’ • ADV-PATIENT CAN WALK WITHOUT A PROSTHESIS
  • 25. LIS FRANCS AMPUTATION • AMPUTATION THROUGH MIDDLE OF THE FOOT • SEVERE EQUINUS DEFORMITY FRICTION IN ANTERO POSTERIOR PRT OF STUMP
  • 26. CHOPARTS AMPUTATION • AMPUTATION THROUGH MID TARSAL JOINT • SUBTALAR FUSION AND ELONGATON OF TENDO ACHILLES • DISCARDED BCOZ OF SAME REASON
  • 27. PIGROFF’S AMPUTATION • ANT PART OF CALCANEUM IS CUT ACROSS AND RAW BONE IS FIXED TO THE RAW UNDERSURFACE OF TIBIA • CALCANEAL TUBEROSITY -WEIGHT BEARING AREA
  • 28. BOYD’S AMPUTATION • TALUS IS EXCISED • CALCANEUM IS ADVANCED AND ATTACHED TO THE RAW UNDERSURFACE OF TIBIA • STABLE LOAD BEARING SURFACE