Keynote address delivered at the SUNY COTE Summit, February 2015. This talk (1) connects the concepts of democratizing innovation, permissionless innovation, and infrastructure to education, (2) clearly defines "open," briefly reviews research on the student success impacts of using OER, (3) discusses open pedagogy, (4) discusses the ethic of open, and (5) closes with a list of three things faculty can do to start being more open in their practice.

1. Thoughts on Open
David Wiley
@opencontent
http://lumenlearning.com/

2. Unless otherwise noted
this presentation is licensed CC BY 4.0

3. Talking to “My People”

4. “Permissionless Innovation”
Adam Thierer
“Democratizing Innovation”
Eric Von Hippel

5. Don't EVER make the mistake [of
thinking] that you can design
something better than what you get
from ruthless massively parallel trial-
and-error with a feedback cycle.
That's giving your intelligence
_much_ too much credit.
Linus Torvalds
Creator of Linux

6. Infrastructure and Innovation

7. Relatively inexpensive
Broad permissions

8. If Broadband Cost…
$500 / month?
$5000 / month?
Does Amazon or Google exist?
Do online courses exist?

9. If Broadcast Licenses…
were necessary to publish video?
were necessary to publish text?
Does YouTube or Twitter exist?
Do online courses exist?

10. thrives when the costs and obstacles
to experimenting are low

11. Outcomes Assessments Resources Credentials
Education Infrastructure

12. Outcomes Assessments Resources Credentials
Relatively expensive
Very narrow permissions

13. Relatively Expensive
Only those with significant capital
can afford to experiment

17. $0
$200
$400
$600
$800
$1,000
$1,200
$1,400
$1,600
$1,800
Tuition Textbooks
Annual Costs
$1288
$1666

18. Textbook Pricing in Context
Streaming Access to… Cost…
Netflix – 10k Movies and Episodes $7.99 / month
Hulu Plus – 45k Movies and Episodes $7.99 / month
CourseSmart – 1 Biology Textbook $19.67 / month

19. A Wizard of Earthsea
Studying from texts
written in
disappearing ink

20. “Disappearing Ink” Strategies
Buyback, rental, e-books
online subscriptions

22. Very Narrow Permissions
ALL Rights Reserved

25. “You may not take any Online Course offered by Coursera or
use any Statement of Accomplishment as part of any tuition-
based or for-credit certification or program for any college,
university, or other academic institution without the express
written permission from Coursera. Such use of an Online
Course or Statement of Accomplishment is a violation of these
Terms of Use.”

26. Permissions are Critical

27. If I have seen further
it is by standing on
the shoulders of
giants.
Isaac Newton

28. All Rights
Reserved
Copyright
=
Spiked
Shoulder
Pads

29. Hiding Behind Fair Use and TEACH
Small-scale innovations must
remain hidden and kept quiet

30. Outcomes Assessments Resources Credentials
Relatively expensive
Very narrow permissions

31. Trouble with Costs and Permissions?

32. Open
Outcomes
Open
Assessments
Open
Educational
Resources
Open
Credentials
Open Education Infrastructure

33. Open
Outcomes
Open
Assessments
Open
Educational
Resources
Open
Credentials
Open Education Infrastructure

34. Which “open”?

35. open ≈ free

36. free is assumed online

37. open = free + permissions

38. Open
1. Free and unfettered access
2. Perpetual, irrevocable 5R permissions

39. • Make and own a copyRetain
• Use in a wide range of waysReuse
• Adapt, modify, and improveRevise
• Combine two or moreRemix
• Share with othersRedistribute
The 5Rs

40. retain is fundamental

41. • Make and own a copyRetain
• Use in a wide range of waysReuse
• Adapt, modify, and improveRevise
• Combine two or moreRemix
• Share with othersRedistribute
The 5Rs

43. License Comments
No one can definitively say what
“noncommercial” means, including
Creative Commons
Creates license incompatibility issues with
other openly licensed materials
Mandated by foundations and
governments, adopted by modern projects

45. License Comments
No one can definitively say what
“noncommercial” means, including
Creative Commons
Creates license incompatibility issues with
other openly licensed materials
Mandated by foundations and
governments, adopted by modern projects

46. Open
1. Free and unfettered access
2. Perpetual, irrevocable 5R permissions

47. “Faux-pen”
1. Free (possibly gated) access
2. All rights reserved (or stronger)

48. Open
1. Democratizes innovation (Free)
2. Permits innovation (CC BY)

49. “Education enabled by the
Internet”

51. ©

52. Copyright
Regulates
Handwriting Printing Press Internet
Copying
of a textbook
$1000s per
copy
$1s per copy $0.0001s per
copy
Distributing
a textbook
$1000s per
copy
$1s per copy $0.0001s per
copy

53. Tech
Enables
Law
Forbids

58. traditionally © materials
+ internet

60. openly licensed materials
+ internet

62. Tech
Enables
Open
Permits

63. Open Is Worth Defending
And must be defended vigorously

64. 64
Textbook Costs and Student Success
Outcomes
Six-year
graduation
rate for
open access
institutions
33%
Avg. annual textbook
cost per college
student
$1,200
Costs growing
3x
inflation
Cost
students go without
textbooks due to cost
6 in 10
take fewer
courses
due to
textbook
cost
35%
Access
of community college
students achieve
credential goals
<50%

65. 65
Internet, Textbook Costs, Student Success
Outcomes
Six-year
graduation
rate for
open access
institutions
?%
Avg. annual textbook
cost per college
student
< $50
Costs
dropping
Cost
students go without
textbooks due to cost
0 in 10
take fewer
courses
due to
textbook
cost
0%
Access
of community college
students achieve
credential goals
?%

67. Project Kaleidoscope

68. Participants
• 4,909 treatment
• 11,818 control
• 50 undergraduate courses
• 130 teachers
• 8 institutions
Submitted to Computers & Education

69. Method
Quasi-experimental design with:
• Propensity Score Matching
• Dependent variables: Completion; C or
Better; Credits Enrolled This Term; Next
Term
• Independent variable: Textbook condition
• Covariates: age, gender, and race

70. Results
Increased:
• Completion (X2
res = +2.9, -2.9)
• C or Better (X2
res = -2.5, +2.7)
• Credits this term t(8101) = 27.81, p < .01
• Credits next term F(1, 6440) = 154.08,
p <.01

71. Developmental Math
Published in Educause Review

72. From textbook and MyMathLab ($170)
To OER and MyOpenMath ($5)

73. 73
% Completing with C or Better
48.4%
60.2%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Spring
2011
No OER
Spring
2013
All OER

74. “Mad” “Glad”
“Sad” “Rad”
Cost
Completing with C or Better
Student Success per Dollar
0 100%
$200

75. “Mad” “Glad”
“Sad” “Rad”
Cost
Completing with C or Better
Pearson
Student Success per Dollar
0 100%
$200

76. “Mad” “Glad”
“Sad” “Rad”
Cost
Completing with C or Better
Pearson
OER
Student Success per Dollar
0 100%
$200

77. Completing with C or Better
Student Success per Dollar
0 100%
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Cost
$250
$0

78. Associates of Business
“Z Degree”
Graduate without ever buying a textbook
World’s first “all-OER” degree
~30% cheaper for students

79. When a student drops, it..
Slows down their graduation
Costs the institution tuition dollars
(refunds)

80. (182 * .89 * $164.35 * 3) in-state + (182 * .11 *
$358.95 * 3) out-of-state = $101,042 annual INTRO
Submitted to EPAA
INTRO Model

81. impact.lumenlearning.com

82. Open
Outcomes
Open
Assessments
Open
Educational
Resources
Open
Credentials
Open Education Infrastructure
What are we defending?

83. Open
Outcomes
Open
Assessments
Open
Educational
Resources
Open
Credentials
Open Pedagogy
Open Sustainability / Business Models
Open Education Infrastructure

84. Open Pedagogy
The set of things you can do when
outcomes, assessments, and resources
are open that you cannot do otherwise.

90. PM4ID

91. PM4ID

92. “Open”
Re-professionalizes Faculty (+IDs)
You are the experimenter
You are the innovator
You’re in control
(Stop abdicating to Pearson!)

93. Beware Closed Platforms
Has the vendor locked up the content so
that it’s “teacher-proof”?
(Open” values local knowledge)

94. Beware Closed Platforms
Are there secret
All Rights Reserved algorithms?
“Trust me, I’m from Knewton”

95. Humility and Wonder
Facilitate the unexpected
Enable serendipitous reciprocity

96. Do Unto Others
Add more value than you extract
Make it easier for the next guy

97. Own, Don’t Access
“Access” is a war on ownership of private property
If you can’t 5R it, you don’t own it

98. Proxy Selfishness
Be selfish on behalf of others
Maximize your potential to be useful
Empower yourself by empowering others

99. Gratitude
Pay it forward
Our moral obligation to one another

100. GREAT
So what do I do?

101. 1. Openly License Your Syllabus
Including your learning outcomes

102. 2. Replace Your Textbook
With open educational resources

103. 3. Openly License Your Assessments
Performance assessments first
Test item banks next

104. Conversation
@opencontent
@LumenLearning
http://lumenlearning.com/