FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE HORMONES

DR NILESH KATE
MBBS,MD
ASSOCIATE PROF
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY
FEMALE
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM 1

OBJECTIVES.
 An Overview of the female Reproductive
system.
 Primary sex organs
 Female internal genitalia
 Female external genitalia.
 Ovaries
 Functional Anatomy
 Functions of Ovaries.
Tuesday, May 8, 2018

ENDOCRINE FUNCTION OF
OVARIES
 To produce female sex hormones
 Oestrogens
 Progesterone

OESTROGENS
 C-18 steroid.
 3 forms
 Oestradiol - Principal & most potent (90%)
 Oestrone – weak ovarian oestrogen.
 Oestriol – Degradation product of Oestradiol or
Oestrone.

BIOSYNTHESIS
CHOLESTEROL
PREGNENOLONE
PROGESTERONE 17HYDROXY-PREGNENOLONE
17ά HYDROXYPROGESTERONE DHEA
ANDROSTENEDIONE
TESTOSTERONE
OESTRONE 17 B OESTRADIOL
OESTRIOL

PLASMA LEVELS
 Normal adult women
In early follicular phase – 36 microgm/D
Just Before Ovulation – 380 microgm/ D
During mid-luteal phase–250 microgm/D
 After menopause – 50 microgm/D
 TRANSPORT – 2 forms
 Bound – 98%(60% to albumin, 38% -β-Globulin)
 Free – 2%

METABOLISM AND EXCRETION
OF OESTROGEN
 Liver
 Catabolism – at C-16 & C-2,C-4
 Conjugation – with Glucoronic & Sulphuric
acid
 Excretion –
 urine
 bile

FUNCTIONS OF OESTROGENS
 Reproductive actions
1 Embryonic life
2 Prepubertal stage
3 Puberty
4 Adult woman

 Growth and development of genital organs
1 Ovaries…
2 Fallopian tubes…
3 Uterus…
4 Cervix…
5 vagina…
6 External genitalia…
 Appearance of secondary sex characters.
AT PUBERTY

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
OF GENITAL ORGANS
 Ovaries – increase in size, starts ovarian cycle
 Fallopian tubes- becomes functional, more
ciliated & motility increases.
 Uterus – enlarges, thickness increases, begins
menstrual cycle.
 Cervix – enlarges, onset menstrual cycle
 Vagina – Increase in size, change in
epithelium.

IN ADULT WOMAN
Maintenance of pregnancy and
parturition
Breast development

Receptor/hormone Complex
mRNA
Protein
Aldosterone
Cortisol
Testosterone
Estrogen
Progesterone
Thyroxine
MODE OF ACTION
Direct Gene Activation

OTHER ACTIONS
BMW-CVS
 Effect on Bones
 Effect on metabolism
Protein
Fat
 Water and electrolyte balance
 Effect on CNS
 Effect on vasculature
 Effect on Skin

EFFECT ON BONES
 Accelerate linear growth
of bones at puberty by
osteoblastic activity.
 Enlarges hip & widens
inlet of pelvic bone to
facilitate child birth
 Maintain balance
between bone formation
& bone resorption

EFFECT ON METABOLISM
 Protein – Causes positive nitrogen balance
due to growth promoting effect.
 Fat – causes fat deposition in subcutaneous
tissue, breast & thigh.

WATER AND ELECTROLYTE
BALANCE
 Causes salt & water retention in body &
causes premenstrual tension

EFFECT ON CNS
 Resposible for oestrous behaviour &
increases libido.

EFFECT ON VASCULATURE
 Vasodilator & anti-vasoconstrictor effect.

EFFECT ON SKIN
 Makes skin soft &
more vascular.
 Makes sebaceous
glands secretions thin
 So synthetic
oestrogens also used
as a part of treatment
of acne.

THERAPEUTIC USES
 Menopausal symptoms
 Postmenopausal osteoporosis.
 Atherosclerosis
 Contraceptive with progesterone.
SIDE EFFECT
Uterine and Breast cancer.

PROGESTERONE
 C-21 steroid mainly
for maintenance of
pregnancy.
 Also called prostagens.

PROGESTERONE
 Site – In non-pregnant
women by corpus
luteum & after
pregnancy by placenta
& by adrenal cortex &
testes in males.
 Synthesis – from
Cholesterol.

PLASMA LEVELS &
TRANSPORT
 Plasma levels – in early follicular phase 9 ng/dl &
late 18ng/dl.
 Transport-
 Bound (98%) form – 80% - albumin, 38% - transcortin
 Free form (2%)

METABOLISM AND EXCRETION
 Metabolism –
 Progesterone to Pregnanediol & 17α hydroxy-
progesterone to Pregnanetriol
 Then conjugated with glucoronic acid & sulphuric acid to
form water soluble substances
 Excretion- urine & Bile.

FUNCTIONS
 Uterus - Endometrium – responsible for
secretory phase & prepare endometrium to
receive zygote.
 Uterine motility – Decreases uterine motility
 Endocervix – cervical secretions –thick & viscid
& ferning pattern disappears.

FUNCTIONS
 Vagina – thickend epithelium, cornified &
infiltrated with leucocytes.
 Fallopian Tubes – increases epithelial
secretions rich in nutritive materials
 Breast – Causes lobular & alveolar growth of
breast.
 During pregnancy – main function to maintain
pregnancy.

FUNCTIONS
 Other actions
 Thermogenic Effect – increases basal body
temperature by 0.5 0C
 Effect on CNS – Decreases appetite & produce
somnolence
 Effect on Respiration – Increases sensitivity of
centers for CO2
 Effect on Metabolism – Decreases serum HDL &
acts as Proatherogenic.

OTHER OVARIAN HORMONES
 Inhibin – inhibit FSH release
 Activin – activate FSH secretions
 Relaxin – during pregnancy relaxes pubic
symphysis & pelvic joints, softens & dilates
uterine cervix & fascilitate delivery.
 Ovarian Androgen – Responsible for acne
vulgaris, libido & pubic hair.

HORMONAL CONTROL OF
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
CYCLES.

OBJECTIVES.
 Role of Hypothalamus
 Role of anterior Pituitary gland
 Role of ovaries.

Hormonal Regulation of
Ovarian & Menstrual Cycles
 Role of Hypothalamus.
 1. Hypothalamus
releases GnRH.
Through Hypothalamo-
hypophyseal portal
system.

 This release is
influenced by
 Dopamine
 Endorphins
 Ratio of FSH :LH
 Gonadal Hormones –
oestrogen,
progesterone
 Light & dark cycle.

 Role of Anterior
Pituitary gland.
 2. GnRH stimulates
anterior pituitary to
release FSH &LH.
 FSH stimulates a
follicle to grow &
produce Estrogen.
 (Mainly Theca
Interna)
FSH & LH

 Role of Anterior
Pituitary gland.
 Thus rise in FSH conc
increases oestradiol
conc to reach peak
 “Oestrogen Surge”
FSH & LH

 3. Negative Feedback
Effect.
 By moderately
elevated & consistent
Oestrogen levels on
FSH levels.
FSH & LH
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

Menstrual & Ovarian Cycles
 4. POSITIVE
FEEDBACK EFFECT.
 Rising levels of
Estrogen cause
anterior pituitary to
increase production
& storage of LH.
FSH & LH
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
POSITIVE FEEDBACK

5. High estrogen causes
LH to be released in a
burst & the
endometrium to thicken
(Proliferative Phase).
This sudden rise in LH
conc “ LH surge”
FSH & LH
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
POSITIVE FEEDBACK

Ovulation occurs 9 hrs
after “ LH surge”.
Stimulation for
Ovulation also depend
on FSH:LH ratio
So at the same time FSH
levels also increases “
FSH surge”
FSH & LH
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
POSITIVE FEEDBACK

 6. High LH stimulates
first meiotic division
of primary oocyte.

7. High LH triggers
Ovulation.
High LH causes
ruptured follicle to
become a Corpus
Luteum.
FSH
Estrogen
Estrogen
LH

 8. Corpus luteum
produces
Progesterone.
 Increased
Progesterone,
oestradiol & Inhibin-B
inhibit FSH & LH
secretion by Negative
Feedback effect.
FSH
Estrogen
Estrogen
LH
Progesterone
X
X

 After ovulation FSH &
LH levels falls to very
low levels.
 & Progesterone
produces secretary
phase of endometrial
cycle.
 Depend on fertilization.
FSH
Estrogen
Estrogen
LH
Progesterone
X
X

IF FETRILIZATION OCCURS
 CORPUS LEUTEUM
persists
 Secrete Oestrogen &
Progesterone till 8
weeks of pregnancy.
 Later function taken
over by Placenta by 12
weeks.
FSH
Estrogen
Estrogen
LH
Progesterone
X
X

IF FETRILIZATION DOES NOT
OCCURS
 11. Diminishing levels
of FSH & LH cause
corpus luteum to
deteriorate
(Luteolysis) & so
Oestrogen &
progesterone levels
falls sharply.
Estrogen
FSH
LH
ProgesteroneX
X
X

IF FETRILIZATION DOES NOT
OCCURS
 Diminishing levels of
Estrogen & Progesterone
cause
 Spiral arteries to spasm ( by
action of PGF2α
 And then relax leads to
withdrawal bleeding.
 12. Diminishing levels of
Estrogen & Progesterone
cause inhibition of FSH & LH
to end & thickened
Endometrium to slough
(menses).
Estrogen
FSH
LH
ProgesteroneX
X
X

 13. Increasing levels
of FSH cause a new
cycle to begin.
FSH

Cycle of Ovulation and
Menstruation

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
 Peak secretion of oestrogen occurs
 Just before ovulation
 Mid-luteal phase
 At the time of ovulation
 Secreted at the same rate during all phases of
menstrual cycle.

 In large doses, oestrogen produces:
 Act directly on hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
to inhibit gonadotropin secretion.
 Positive feedback on LH secretion.
 Inhibit secretion of FSH.
 Inhibit secretion of LH.

 Not an effect on progesterone
a) Prepares the endometrium for implantation.
b) Promotes breast development.
c) Stimulate ovulation.
d) Increases basal body temperature.

 Corpus luteum maintains pregnancy upto………
wks
a) 8
b) 12
c) 20
d) 28

 Oestrogen acts on
 Cellular membrane receptors
 Cytoplasmic receptors
 Nuclear receptors
 Mitochondrial receptors.

 Ovulation coincides with
 Increased progesterone
 GnRH release.
 LH surge
 Decreased oestrogen.

 Luteal phase of menstrual cycle is
characterized by
 Variable length.
 Secretion of oestrogen
 Low basal body temperature.
 Secretion of progesterone.

 In the event of pregnancy the mean span of
corpus luteum is lengthened by :
 Placental hormone
 Ovarian hormone
 Anterior pituitary hormone.
 Calcitonin.

 Spot the false statement.
 Oestrogen control endometrial proliferation.
 Prolactin influence secretary phase.
 Corpus luteum maintains pregnacy.
 Degeneration of corpus luteum establishes
menstruation.

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE HORMONES

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