This document discusses Pakistan's relationship with the United Nations from its emergence as a nation in 1947 to its contributions to UN peacekeeping missions. It covers Pakistan's disputes with neighboring countries such as Afghanistan and India over issues like borders and water rights. It also summarizes several UN peacekeeping missions involving Pakistan such as those in Congo, Bosnia, Somalia, and Sierra Leone. Pakistan has been one of the top contributors of troops to UN peacekeeping and has played an important role in many missions over the decades.

1. Pakistan – United Nations Relations From the top

2. Emergence of Pakistan 14th August 1947 30th September 1947 Afghanistan’s sole vote in opposition to Pakistan’s admission.

3. Water Dispute

4. Causes of the dispute Steps taken: Interim agreement on May 4th 1948 Approached the World Bank in 1952 Indus Water Treaty 1960

5. Terms of the IWT Pakistan – Indus, Jhelum, Chenab India – Sutlej, Ravi, Beas Ten years of uninterrupted water supply Dams financed by: WB loans Compensation money from India

6. Rising concerns

7. Baglihar Dam – Initiated in 1990s and inaugurated on October 10, 2008 1 of the 67 projects underway Steps taken: Formal notice in 2003 Approached WB in 2005 Verdict in 2007

8. Peacekeeping Missions

9. Define: Peacekeeping Missions Unique and dynamic instrument 1st PK mission in 1948 Currently: 63 PK missions Goals of PK missions: Maintain Ceasefires Use of military observers Lightly armed troops

10. Kashmir issue UNITED NATIONS MILITARY OBSERVER GROUP IN INDIA AND PAKISTAN (UNMOGIP) By: SehrishNayyer

11. Kashmir : the oldest dispute in UN agenda The Kashmir dispute is the oldest unresolved international conflict in the world today. India's forcible occupation of the State of Jammu and Kashmir in 1947 is the main cause of the dispute. India claims to have ‘signed' a controversial document, the Instrument of Accession, on 26 October 1947 with the Maharaja of Kashmir

12. UN Ceasefire Indo-Pakistan war of 1947: This is also called the First Kashmir War. The United Nations was invited by India to mediate the quarrel. The UN mission insisted that the opinion of the Kashmiris must be ascertained. The UN Security Council passed Resolution 47 on 21 April 1948. The war ended in December 1948 with the Line of Control dividing Kashmir into territories administered by Pakistan (northern and western areas) and India (southern, central and northeastern areas).

13. The Disputed Territory : Shown in green is Kashmiri region under Pakistani control. The orange-brown region represents Indian-controlled Jammu and Kashmir while the Aksai Chin is under Chinese occupation.

14. United Nations Military Observer Group In India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) Mission facts Location: The ceasefire line between India and Pakistan in the State of Jammu and Kashmir Headquarters: Islamabad (November-April) / Srinagar (May-October) Duration:January 1949 to present

15. In January 1948, the Security Council adopted resolution 39 (1948) , establishing the United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan (UNCIP) to investigate and mediate the dispute. In April 1948, by its resolution 47 (1948) , the Council decided various measures including the use of observers to stop the fighting. The first team of unarmed military observers, which eventually formed the nucleus of the United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP), arrived in the mission area in January 1949 to supervise, in the State of Jammu and Kashmir, the ceasefire between India and Pakistan and to assist the Military Adviser to UNCIP. On 30 March 1951, following the termination of UNCIP, the Security Council, by its resolution 91 (1951) decided that UNMOGIP should continue to supervise the ceasefire in Jammu and Kashmir.

16. UNMOGIP's functions were to observe and report, investigate complaints of ceasefire violations and submit its finding to each party and to the Secretary-General. At the end of 1971, hostilities broke out again between India and Pakistan. When a ceasefire came into effect on 17 December 1971, a number of positions on both sides of the 1949 ceasefire line had changed hands. In July 1972, India and Pakistan signed an agreement defining a Line of Control in Kashmir which, with minor deviations, followed the same course as the ceasefire line established by the Karachi Agreement in 1949. Following renewed hostilities of 1971, UNMOGIP has remained in the area to observe developments pertaining to the strict observance of the ceasefire of 17 December 1971 and report thereon to the Secretary-General.

17. Completed Peacekeeping Operations Of UN

18. GOAL : Itwas established to supervise the ceasefire along the India-Pakistan border (except in the State of Jammu and Kashmir )and the withdrawal of all armed personnel to the positions held by them before 5 August 1965. After the withdrawal of the troops by India and Pakistan had been completed, UNIPOM was terminated Location Of Operation: Along the India-Pakistan border between Kashmir and the Arabian Sea Headquarters: Lahore (Pakistan)/Amritsar (India) Duration: September 1965 - March 1966 Chief Officer: Major-General B.F. Macdonald (Canada)

20. rise to numerous border conflicts.

21. Between October 1947 and January 1949, there were battles in Kashmir between Indian and Pakistani troops: the first India-Pakistan war

22. The Security Council resolution on 21 April 1948 which called upon both parties to implement a ceasefire

24. Resolution 211 of 20 September 1965, the Security Council called for a new ceasefire and asked Secretary-General U Thant "to provide the necessary assistance to ensure supervision of the ceasefire and withdrawal of all armed personnel"

25. India and Pakistan agreed to a ceasefire, which took effect on 22 September

26. The ceasefire in Jammu and Kashmir themselves was overseen by UNMOGIP

27. The ceasefire in the India-Pakistan border region from Kashmir to theArabian Sea coast was overseen by the new United Nations India-Pakistan Observation Mission (UNIMPOM)

32. On 10 January, India and Pakistan announced publicly that they were prepared to withdraw all military personnel back to the position they had been in before 5 August 1965

33. This withdrawal completed by 25 February

35. BACKGROUND In 1979, Soviet forces entered Afghanistan. UNGA deplored the armed intervention and called for immediate withdrawal of Soviet troops. UN Undersecretary General visited the region in 1981. Held extensive discussions with the Governments of Afghanistan and Pakistan. Both parties accepted his four point agenda that started the negotiating process.

36. Geneva negotiations Undersecretary General acted as an intermediary in a series of negotiations between Afghanistan and Pakistan. The conclusion of Geneva Accords was expedited by Soviet Government desire to withdraw its forces. In Feb 1988 Soviet announced that it would start withdrawing its troops in May. In April 1988, Undersecretary General announced that settlement had been finalized.

37. Four points of Geneva Accords Non-interference and Non-intervention. A declaration of International guarantees. Return of refugees Interrelationship for the settlement of situations relating to Afghanistan.

38. Mandate of UNGOMAP Mandate of UNGOMAP was derived from the Accords. Included the monitoring of: Non-interference and non-intervention by parties in each other’s affairs. Return of refugees Withdrawal of Soviet forces.

39. UNGOMAP Deployed Accords were signed on 14th April 1988 and UNSC confirmed its agreements and measures. 50 military observers from ten different countries were appointed in the mission. Headquarters were established in Kabul and Islamabad

40. Monitoring the Withdrawal Soviet forces were present in 17 of the 30 provinces and controlled 18 main garrisons on 14th May,1988. UNGOMAP developed a map indicating the location of garrisons route to be used crossing points on border that troops would use.

42. Two phases of withdrawal In first phase on 15th Aug 1988, 50% of the soviet troops had been withdrawn by air and land. In second phase on 12th Feb the remaining garrisons had been evacuated. UNGOMAP visited the garrisons. Confirmed that withdrawal had been done in accordance with the stipulations of fourth instrument of Geneva Accords.

43. Non-intervention and Non-interference Numerous complaints of intervention were lodged by both parties. Outposts were established in Peshawar and Quetta to carry out investigations Nature of the terrain and security conditions prevailing in the area hampered the work of inspection teams.

44. Voluntary return of refugees UNGOMAP maintained close relationship with UNHCR. UNGOMAP monitored the situation inside Afghanistan and informed UNHCR of the safety conditions for the return of refugees. Up to 5 mn refugees were living in Pakistan and Iran. Only a limited number of refugees could return because fighting continued in Afghanistan.

45. Termination of UNGOMAP Duration of UNGOMAP mandate envisaged in Accord was 20 month after May,1988. UNSC extended the UNGOMAP mandate for two months because return of refugees was not completed. UNGOMAP mandate formally ended on 15th March, 1990.

46. Conclusion Mujahideen resistance were neither party to the negotiations nor to the Geneva Accords. They refused to accept the terms of agreement. As a result civil war continued during and after the withdrawal which posed difficulties for UNGOMAP.

47. Pakistan’s Military Contribution to the UN Peacekeeping Missions Involving Pakistan Presented by: RaafayHaider Khan

48. Completed Missions Congo (1960 – 1964) West New Guinea (1962 – 1963) Kuwait (1991 – 1993) Haiti (1993 – 1996) Cambodia (1992 – 1993) Bosnia (1992 – 1996) Somalia (1992 – 1996) Sierra Leone (1999 – 2005) Current Deployment Democratic Republic of Congo (1999 – Present) Liberia (2003 – Present) Burundi (2004 – Present) Cote d’Ivoire (2004 – Present) Sudan (2005 – Present) At a Glance…

49. UN peacekeeping force in Congo, est. after UNSC resolution 143 (July 14th 1960) Sent in during the Congo Crisis Logistic support Organized by ASC Contribution: 400 troops, Ordnance, Transport Units, and Staff Personnel Zero Casualties Operation of the United Nations in Congo (August 1960 to May 1964)

50. Congo?

51. Exclusive responsibility of United Nations Temporary Executive Authority given to Pakistan Pakistani Composite force: 14 Punjab Regiment, two companies of 18 Punjab Regiment Prevented skirmishes b/w Papuans and Indonesian troops Chinese Premier Chou-En-Lai said, “The only example in United Nation’s history, when a United Nation military force had gone in, performed its role honestly and came out, was Pakistan’s military contingent to Indonesia.” Contribution: 1,500 Troops Zero Casualties United Nations Security Force in New Guinea (October 1962 - April 1963)

52. New Guinea?

53. Est. on April 9th ,1991 after the Gulf War (Res. 689) Kuwait – extreme post war problems Pak offered services for land reclamation Was assigned the most difficult are (North) Contribution:1,136 troops and civilians Zero Casualties United Nations Iraq-Kuwait Observation Mission (December 1991 to October 1993)

54. Est. during 1991 coup and military rule in Haiti PAKBAT (March 1995) Patrolling North, Northeast, and Central regions of Cape Haitien Significant role in holding free and fair elections Earned goodwill Pakistan School Mr. Enerique ter Horst, UNSC’s special representative in Haiti said, “since the arrival of Pakistan Battalion in Haiti the United Nations has realized that Pakistan Army is not only a formidable fighting force but peace keepers and peace builders in the best sense of the word. The way in which they have participated in the reconstruction and humanitarian assistance programmes beyond the call of duty to ensue stable environment, makes me confident that United Nations shall very soon attain the objectives of its mission in Haiti.” Contribution : 525 Troops Zero Casualties United Nations Mission in Haiti (1993 to 1996)

55. Haiti?

56. 2nd Battalion Azad Kashmir Regiment dispatched Carried out peacekeeping operations with great professionalism Hearts and Minds Tremendous goodwill towards peacekeepers Contribution: 1,106 troops, mine clearance, and staff Zero Casualties United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (March 1992 to November 1993)

57. Cambodia?

58. Pakistan sent two battalions on UN request, PAKBAT-1 & PAKBAT-2, to Bosnia and Croatia in May 1994 Carried out tasks with total commitment Managed and coordinated unforeseen events Contribution: 3,000 troops Casualties: 6 United Nations Protection Forces in Bosnia (March 1992 to February 1996)

59. Bosnia?

60. Pakistan first to respond to UN call Initiated mission in Mogadishu with 500 soldiers (14 September 1992) Enlargement scale and scope of mission – cumulative force increased to 37,000 UNISOM – 1 became UNITAF Olympic Hotel Incident Major General Thomas M. Montgomery, Deputy Commander of the United Nations Forces in Somalia in a television interview said, “Many of the soldiers are alive today because of the willingness and skill of the Pakistani soldiers who worked jointly in a rescue operation with Malaysian and American soldiers in most difficult and dangerous combat circumstances." He thanked the people and Pakistan Army for sending, "such splendid soldiers to Somalia who we feel proud to serve with. Pakistani soldiers have been completely dependable even in the most difficult circumstances. They have shouldered a huge and dangerous load for UNOSOM and the Somali people.“ Contribution: 7,200 troops Casualties: 39 United Nations Operation in Somalia I (March 1992 to February 1996)

61. Somalia?

62. Force of 17,500 was gathered under res. 1346 Pakistan largest contributor – sent composite force of three battalion groups and one engg. Battalion The whole force was lead by Pakistani Commander SajjadAkram from October 2003 to September 2005 Contribution: 5,000 troops Casualties: 6 United Nations mission in Sierra Leone (October 1999 to December 2005)

63. Sierra Leone?

64. Pakistan is currently the most contributing nation to the peacekeeping missions of the UN Has 10,175 troops serving in current missions Pakistan/ Pakistan Army has therefore developed strong relations with many UN members Current Deployment/ Conclusion

65. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in Pakistan

67. Spring 1979 – Pakistan asks help from UNHCR

68. First assistance agreement was signed in November 1979

69. From 1979 to 1990 – 3.3 million registered refugees

70. 1985 – around 300 refugee camps

71. The camps received monthly rationed food from World Food Programme

72. UNHCR provided – shelter, healthcare, education and vocational training

74. Each provincial commissioner was assisted by district administrators.

76. Provide protection and assistance to Afghan refugees in their camps and settlements in the areas of health, education, water and sanitation

77. Identify solutions for non-Afghan refugees in Pakistan

79. More than 1000 non-afghans seeking asylum

80. Mainly Somalis, Iraqis and Iranians

82. Under the RIPAC project, Smart cards are issued to Afghans

83. Up to 30 projects are implemented under the RAHA initiative

84. Continue to provide humanitarian assistance to people of concern through registration

85. More effective safety measures enhance staff security.

87. There are five programme areas: Communicable Diseases - Tuberculosis Control - Malaria Control - Polio Eradication Initiative Primary Health Care/Maternal, Neonatal and Child Health - Primary health care - Maternal and newborn care - Sustainable Development Health Promotion - Mental health - Non-communicable diseases - Health of Elderly - Tobacco free initiatives - Food safety and nutrition Health System Development Emergency Preparedness and Response

89. 1995 – DOTS was implemented

90. Treatment success rate reached 86 %

91. At present Pakistan is a member of WHO Global Roll Back Malaria (RBM)

92. WHO provides technical and financial support to RBM

93. Objectives of RBM programmes: - To reduce malaria morbidity by the end of year 2010 - To reduce malaria mortality to minimum - To prevent and control malaria outbreaks

95. Dec 2008 – 127 NGOs, 731 Village developmental committees, 107 community citizen boards, 15 health committees, 26 women organizations and 58 youth groups were functional in 9 BDN districts

96. WHO provided technical support to nutritional wing of MOH