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SMS1084 Dr. Mohanad R. Alwan
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Peripheral Nervous System ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Structure of a Nerve ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
 
Parasympathetic ganglion
Classification of Nerves ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Spinal Nerves ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Spinal Nerves
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Pns 7-
Nervous System Central Nervous System (CNS) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)(involuntary ) Somatic nervous System (voluntary) Sympathetic Nervous System Parasympathetic Nervous System
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Stimulus Sensory System CNS Response (Brain / spinal cord) (neurone) Motor System (neurone) Somatic system (voluntary) Autonomic system (involuntary) Striated muscle Smooth muscle & glands Effe ctor
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Muscle Motor Neuron Interneuron Skin receptors Sensory Neuron Brain
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Structure of spinal nerves: Somatic pathways dorsal root dorsal root ganglion ventral root spinal nerve dorsal ramus ventral ramus dorsal horn ventral horn somatic sensory nerve (GSA) somatic motor nerve (GSE) CNS inter- neuron Mixed Spinal Nerve gray ramus communicans white ramus communicans sympathetic ganglion
 
Autonomic Nervous System ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
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[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Brain Spinal cord SYMPATHETIC Dilates pupil Stimulates salivation Relaxes bronchi Accelerates heartbeat Inhibits activity Stimulates glucose Secretion of adrenaline, nonadrenaline Relaxes bladder Stimulates ejaculation in male Sympathetic ganglia Salivary glands Lungs Heart Stomach Pancreas Liver Adrenal gland Kidney
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[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Brain PARASYMPATHETIC Spinal cord Stimulates salivation Constricts bronchi Slows heartbeat Stimulates activity Contracts bladder Stimulates erection of sex organs Stimulates gallbladder Gallbladder Contracts pupil
 
Summary of autonomic differences Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal Sympathetic division (arousing) Parasympathetic division (calming) Pupils dilate  EYES   Pupils contract Decreases  SALVATION   Increases Perspires  SKIN   Dries Increases  RESPERATION   Decreases Accelerates  HEART   Slows Inhibits  DIGESTION   Activates Secrete stress hormones ADRENAL GLANDS Decrease secretion of stress hormones
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[object Object],A great example is heart rate.  An increase in sympathetic stimulation causes HR to increase whereas an increase in parasympathetic stimulation causes HR to decrease
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Sympathetic CNS ganglion short preganglionic neuron long postganglionic neuron target Parasympathetic CNS ganglion long preganglionic neuron target short  postganglionic neuron Overview of the Autonomic Nervous System Differences between Sympathetic & Parasympathetic Relative Lengths of Neurons
Parasympathetic Overview of the Autonomic Nervous System Differences between Sympathetic & Parasympathetic Neurotransmitters ACh, + NE  (ACh at sweat glands) , + / -, α & ß receptors ACh, + / - muscarinic receptors •  All preganglionics release acetylcholine (ACh) & are excitatory (+) •  Symp. postgangl. — norepinephrine (NE) & are excitatory (+) or inhibitory (-) •  Parasymp. postgangl. — ACh & are excitatory (+) or inhibitory (-) Sympathetic •  Excitation or inhibition is a receptor-dependent & receptor-mediated response Potential for pharmacologic modulation of autonomic responses ACh, +
Point of CNS Origin T1    L2  (thoracolumbar) Brainstem, S2    S4 (craniosacral) Site of Peripheral Ganglia Paravertebral – in sympathetic chain On or near target tissue Length of preganglionic fiber Short Long Length of postganglionic fiber Long Short
NT at Target Synapse Norepinephrine (adrenergic neurons) Acetylcholine (cholinergic neurons) Type of NT Receptors at Target Synapse Alpha and Beta (   and   ) Muscarinic NT at Ganglion Acetylcholine Acetylcholine Receptor at Ganglion Nicotinic Nicotinic
 
 
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Target Organ Parasympathetic Effects Sympathetic Effects Eye (Iris) Stimulates constrictor muscles. Pupil constriction. Stimulates dilator muscles. Pupil dilates. Eye (Ciliary muscle) Stimulates.  Lens accommodates – allows for close vision. No innervation. Salivary Glands Watery secretion. Mucous secretion. Sweat Glands No innervation. Stimulates sweating in large amounts. (Cholinergic) Gallbladder Stimulates smooth muscle to contract and expel bile. Inhibits gallbladder smooth muscle. Arrector Pili No innervation Stimulates contraction. Piloerection (Goosebumps)
Target Organ Parasympathetic Effects Sympathetic Effects Cardiac Muscle Decreases HR. Increases HR and force of contraction. Coronary Blood Vessels Constricts. Dilates Urinary Bladder; Urethra Contracts bladder smooth muscle; relaxes urethral sphincter. Relaxes bladder smooth muscle; contracts urethral sphincter. Lungs Contracts bronchiole (small air passage) smooth muscle. Dilates bronchioles. Digestive Organs Increases peristalsis and enzyme/mucus secretion. Decreases glandular and muscular activity. Liver  No innervations No innervation (indirect effect).
Target Organ Parasympathetic Effects Sympathetic Effects Kidney No innervation. Releases the enzyme renin which acts to increase BP. Penis Vasodilates penile arteries.  Erection. Smooth muscle contraction.  Ejaculation. Vagina; Clitoris Vasodilation.  Erection. Vaginal reverse peristalsis. Blood Coagulation No effect. Increases coagulation rate. Cellular Metabolism No effect. Increases metabolic rate. Adipose Tissue No effect. Stimulates fat breakdown.
Target Organ Parasympathetic Effects Sympathetic Effects Mental Activity No innervation. Increases alertness. Blood Vessels Little effect. Constricts most blood vessels and increases BP.  Exception – dilates blood vessels serving skeletal muscle fibers (cholinergic). Uterus Depends on stage of the cycle. Depends on stage of the cycle. Endocrine Pancreas Stimulates insulin secretion. Inhibits insulin secretion.
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[object Object],[object Object],How does this contribute to the “diffuseness” of sympathetic activity?
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I will open ur mouth like my toy

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  • 13. Nervous System Central Nervous System (CNS) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)(involuntary ) Somatic nervous System (voluntary) Sympathetic Nervous System Parasympathetic Nervous System
  • 14. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
  • 15. Stimulus Sensory System CNS Response (Brain / spinal cord) (neurone) Motor System (neurone) Somatic system (voluntary) Autonomic system (involuntary) Striated muscle Smooth muscle & glands Effe ctor
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  • 18. Structure of spinal nerves: Somatic pathways dorsal root dorsal root ganglion ventral root spinal nerve dorsal ramus ventral ramus dorsal horn ventral horn somatic sensory nerve (GSA) somatic motor nerve (GSE) CNS inter- neuron Mixed Spinal Nerve gray ramus communicans white ramus communicans sympathetic ganglion
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  • 27. Summary of autonomic differences Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal Sympathetic division (arousing) Parasympathetic division (calming) Pupils dilate EYES Pupils contract Decreases SALVATION Increases Perspires SKIN Dries Increases RESPERATION Decreases Accelerates HEART Slows Inhibits DIGESTION Activates Secrete stress hormones ADRENAL GLANDS Decrease secretion of stress hormones
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  • 33. Sympathetic CNS ganglion short preganglionic neuron long postganglionic neuron target Parasympathetic CNS ganglion long preganglionic neuron target short postganglionic neuron Overview of the Autonomic Nervous System Differences between Sympathetic & Parasympathetic Relative Lengths of Neurons
  • 34. Parasympathetic Overview of the Autonomic Nervous System Differences between Sympathetic & Parasympathetic Neurotransmitters ACh, + NE (ACh at sweat glands) , + / -, α & ß receptors ACh, + / - muscarinic receptors • All preganglionics release acetylcholine (ACh) & are excitatory (+) • Symp. postgangl. — norepinephrine (NE) & are excitatory (+) or inhibitory (-) • Parasymp. postgangl. — ACh & are excitatory (+) or inhibitory (-) Sympathetic • Excitation or inhibition is a receptor-dependent & receptor-mediated response Potential for pharmacologic modulation of autonomic responses ACh, +
  • 35. Point of CNS Origin T1  L2 (thoracolumbar) Brainstem, S2  S4 (craniosacral) Site of Peripheral Ganglia Paravertebral – in sympathetic chain On or near target tissue Length of preganglionic fiber Short Long Length of postganglionic fiber Long Short
  • 36. NT at Target Synapse Norepinephrine (adrenergic neurons) Acetylcholine (cholinergic neurons) Type of NT Receptors at Target Synapse Alpha and Beta (  and  ) Muscarinic NT at Ganglion Acetylcholine Acetylcholine Receptor at Ganglion Nicotinic Nicotinic
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  • 40. Target Organ Parasympathetic Effects Sympathetic Effects Eye (Iris) Stimulates constrictor muscles. Pupil constriction. Stimulates dilator muscles. Pupil dilates. Eye (Ciliary muscle) Stimulates. Lens accommodates – allows for close vision. No innervation. Salivary Glands Watery secretion. Mucous secretion. Sweat Glands No innervation. Stimulates sweating in large amounts. (Cholinergic) Gallbladder Stimulates smooth muscle to contract and expel bile. Inhibits gallbladder smooth muscle. Arrector Pili No innervation Stimulates contraction. Piloerection (Goosebumps)
  • 41. Target Organ Parasympathetic Effects Sympathetic Effects Cardiac Muscle Decreases HR. Increases HR and force of contraction. Coronary Blood Vessels Constricts. Dilates Urinary Bladder; Urethra Contracts bladder smooth muscle; relaxes urethral sphincter. Relaxes bladder smooth muscle; contracts urethral sphincter. Lungs Contracts bronchiole (small air passage) smooth muscle. Dilates bronchioles. Digestive Organs Increases peristalsis and enzyme/mucus secretion. Decreases glandular and muscular activity. Liver No innervations No innervation (indirect effect).
  • 42. Target Organ Parasympathetic Effects Sympathetic Effects Kidney No innervation. Releases the enzyme renin which acts to increase BP. Penis Vasodilates penile arteries. Erection. Smooth muscle contraction. Ejaculation. Vagina; Clitoris Vasodilation. Erection. Vaginal reverse peristalsis. Blood Coagulation No effect. Increases coagulation rate. Cellular Metabolism No effect. Increases metabolic rate. Adipose Tissue No effect. Stimulates fat breakdown.
  • 43. Target Organ Parasympathetic Effects Sympathetic Effects Mental Activity No innervation. Increases alertness. Blood Vessels Little effect. Constricts most blood vessels and increases BP. Exception – dilates blood vessels serving skeletal muscle fibers (cholinergic). Uterus Depends on stage of the cycle. Depends on stage of the cycle. Endocrine Pancreas Stimulates insulin secretion. Inhibits insulin secretion.
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  • 51. I will open ur mouth like my toy

Hinweis der Redaktion

  1. key words: peripheral nervous system