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Trusses in 2-D
Mohammad Tawfik
Introduction to the Finite
Element Method
Trusses in 2-D
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Trusses in 2-D
Mohammad Tawfik
Trusses
• A truss is a set of bars that are connected
at frictionless joints.
• The Truss bars are generally oriented in
the plain.
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Trusses in 2-D
Mohammad Tawfik
Trusses
• Now, the problem lies in the
transformation of the local displacements
of the bar, which are always in the
direction of the bar, to the global degrees
of freedom that are generally oriented in
the plain.
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Trusses in 2-D
Mohammad Tawfik
Equation of Motion

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0
0
0000
0101
0000
0101
2
1
2
2
1
1
F
F
v
u
v
u
h
EA
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Trusses in 2-D
Mohammad Tawfik
Transformation Matrix
   
   
   
    DOF
dTransforme
DOFLocal
v
u
v
u
CosSin
SinCos
CosSin
SinCos
v
u
v
u








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
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
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


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2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
00
00
00
00




    DOF
dTransforme
DOFLocal T 
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Trusses in 2-D
Mohammad Tawfik
The Equation of Motion Becomes
• Substituting into the
FEM:
• Transforming the
forces:
• Finally:
     FTK 
         FTTKT
TT

    FK 
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Trusses in 2-D
Mohammad Tawfik
Recall
      TKTK
T

 
   
   
   
   


















CosSin
SinCos
CosSin
SinCos
T
00
00
00
00
Where:
 















0000
0101
0000
0101
h
EA
K
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Trusses in 2-D
Mohammad Tawfik
Element Stiffness Matrix in Global
Coordinates
 
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   









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








































CosSin
SinCos
CosSin
SinCos
CosSin
SinCos
CosSin
SinCos
h
EA
K
00
00
00
00
0000
0101
0000
0101
00
00
00
00
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Trusses in 2-D
Mohammad Tawfik
Element Stiffness Matrix in Global
Coordinates
 
       
       
       
        




























22
22
22
22
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
SinSinSinSin
SinCosSinCos
SinSinSinSin
SinCosSinCos
h
EA
K
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Trusses in 2-D
Mohammad Tawfik
Example: 4.6.1 pp. 196-201
• Use the finite element analysis to find the
displacements of node C.
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Trusses in 2-D
Mohammad Tawfik
Element Equations
 















0000
0101
0000
0101
1
L
EA
K  















1010
0000
1010
0000
2
L
EA
K
 

















3536.03536.03536.03536.0
3536.03536.03536.03536.0
3536.03536.03536.03536.0
3536.03536.03536.03536.0
3
L
EA
K
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Trusses in 2-D
Mohammad Tawfik
Assembly Procedure
 











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









3536.13536.0103536.03536.0
3536.03536.0003536.03536.0
101000
000101
3536.03536.0003536.03536.0
3536.03536.0013536.03536.1
L
EA
K
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Trusses in 2-D
Mohammad Tawfik
Global Force Vector
 












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





























P
P
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
2
2
2
1
1
3
3
2
2
1
1
Remember!
NO distributed load
is applied to a truss
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Trusses in 2-D
Mohammad Tawfik
Boundary Conditions
02211  VUVU
Remove the corresponding rows and columns






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


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
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






P
P
V
U
L
EA
23536.13536.0
3536.03536.0
3
3
Continue! (as before)
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Trusses in 2-D
Mohammad Tawfik
Results
EA
PL
V
EA
PL
U
3
,828.5 33 
PFF
PFPF
yx
yx
3,0
,,
22
11


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Trusses in 2-D
Mohammad Tawfik
Post-computation
e
e
e
e
e
A
P
A
P 21


























e
e
ee
e
e
u
u
L
EA
P
P
2
1
2
1
11
11
   
   
   
    










































2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
00
00
00
00
v
u
v
u
CosSin
SinCos
CosSin
SinCos
v
u
v
u




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Trusses in 2-D
Mohammad Tawfik
Post-computation
A
P
A
P
2,
3
,0 )3()2()1(
 
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Trusses in 2-D
Mohammad Tawfik
Summary
• In this lecture we learned how to apply the
finite element modeling technique to bar
problems with general orientation in a
plain.

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