SlideShare ist ein Scribd-Unternehmen logo
1 von 57
Downloaden Sie, um offline zu lesen
Quality Control Techniques
For Food Safety
Quality
• Food quality is a sensory property that includes appearance, taste, nutritional value
(nutrient content), health benefit (functional ingredient) or safety (chemical,
physical, biological).
• It includes those attributes which affect consumer‟s choice for a product.
Need For Quality Food
•Major challenge for food industry is to maintain the food quality ; the reason being
well aware consumers.
•For this reason food industry has to adopt certain techniques in order to meet the
growing need of maintaining food quality; this is known as food quality control.
•The main issue which is considered while quality control process is to deteriorate the
level of microbes and other contaminants in food.
Techniques
Ultrasound : Energy derived from sound waves
Irradiation: Energy derived from ionising radiations
Cold Plasma Technique: Energy derived from plasma
Ultrasound
What is Ultrasound?
• It is a form of energy generated by sound waves of frequencies
that are too high to be detected by human ear, i.e. above 16 kHz.
•Ultrasound can propagate in gases, liquids and solids.
•Considered to be technologies that were developed to minimize
processing and maximize quality and safety in food
•These applications include improvement in microbial
inactivation, food preservation, manipulation of food texture and
food analysis.
Physics of Ultrasound
• The sound waves travel effectively through liquids which are comprised of closely compacted
molecules
• Sound is transmitted as sequential sine waves whose height represents amplitude or loudness.
• A single full cycle is measured from peak to peak, and the number of these cycles per one
second represents the frequency. The frequency is described in Hertz [Hz] which by convention
is in honor of the German physicist Heinrich Hertz for his work on electromagnetic
transmission.
How can Ultrasound be applied in Food ?
• Ultrasound when propagated through a biological structure induces compressions and
depressions of the particles and a high amount of energy is imparted.
In food industry, the application of ultrasound
can be divided based on range of frequency:
low power ultrasound
high power ultrasound
Low Power Ultrasound:
• Low energy [low power, low intensity] ultrasound
Principles of LPU for Food Analysis:
• It uses a small power level that the waves cause no physical and chemical alteration
in the properties of the material through which it passes.
• This property is been utilized for non-invasive analysis and monitoring of various
food materials during processing and storage to ensure quality and safety.
• Ultrasonic velocity (v) is determined by density (ρ) and elasticity (E) of the medium,
according to the Newton-Laplace equation (Blitz, 1963).
Newton-Laplace Equation:
•The Newton-Laplace equation is the starting point for the determination of
isentropic properties of solution, using the speed of sound u and density (ρ).
•This equation implies that the ultrasound velocity of the solid form of a material
is larger than that of its liquid form.
•In food industry, the sensitivity of ultrasound velocity to molecular
organizations and intermolecular interactions makes UVM – Ultrasound Velocity
Measurements suitable for determining composition, structure, and physical state
of different food materials.
•It also helps in detection of foreign bodies and defects in processed and
packaged food.
Why Low Power ?
• Can provide information about the physiochemical
properties of food materials, their composition,
structure and physical state.
• The major advantage of this technique over other
traditional techniques is that the measurement is
so rapid and non-destructive.
Applications of Low Power Ultrasound
• In Meat Technology
• In Fruits and Vegetables
• In Cereal products
• Ultrasonic monitoring for food freezing
High Power Ultrasound:
• High energy [high power, high intensity] ultrasound
• 20 and 500 kHz
• Disruptive and enforce effect on the physical, mechanical, or
biochemical properties of foods. These effects are promising in food
processing, preservation and safety.
The chemical and biochemical effects are effective tools for sterilizing equipments, preventing
contamination of food processing surfaces by pathogenic bacteria and removal of bacterial
biofilms.
Principle of HPU
 Factors that affect power ultrasound are energy, intensity, pressure, velocity and temperature.
 Where, Pa is the acoustic pressure (a sinusoidal wave), which is dependent on time (t),
frequency (f) and the maximum pressure amplitude of the wave.
 Pa max is related to the power input or intensity (I) of the transducer:
 I = Pa max/ 2ρv , where ρ is the density of the medium and v is the sound velocity in the
medium.
Mechanical Chemical and Biological Effects:
Why HPU ?
Ultrasonic Inactivation of Microorganism
• The most common techniques currently used to inactivate microorganisms in food
products are conventional thermal pasteurization and sterilization.
• Thermal processing does kill vegetative microorganisms and some spores; however, its
effectiveness is dependent on the treatment temperature and time.
• The magnitude of treatment, time and process temperature is also proportional to the
amount of nutrient loss, development of undesirable flavors and deterioration of
functional properties of food products.
• High power ultrasound is known to damage or disrupt biological cell walls which will
result in the destruction of living cells.
• Unfortunately very high intensities are needed if ultrasound alone is to be used for
permanent sterilization. However, the use of ultrasound coupled with other
decontamination techniques, such as pressure, heat or extremes of pH is highly
applicable.
 Thermosonic (heat plus sonication),
 manosonic (pressure plus sonication),
 and manothermosonic (heat plus pressure plus sonication) treatments are likely the best
methods to inactivate microbes, as they are more energy – efficient and effective in
killing microorganisms.
 The advantages of ultrasound over heat pasteurizationinclude:
Minimizing of flavor loss, greater homogeneity and significant energy savings.
 The effectiveness of an ultrasound treatment is dependent on the type of bacteria
being tested, amplitude of the ultrasonic waves, exposure time, volume of food being
processed, the composition of food and the treatment temperature.
Ultrasound in Food Industry
• Major Significance to Industry and Consumers
• Better quality and Healthy Food
• High Efficiency
• Saves Energy and Costs
Food Irradiation
Quality control techniques for food safety
Process involved
• packaged food is passed through a radiation chamber on a conveyor belt
• It is passed through a radiation beam, like a large flashlight, instead of
coming in direct contact with the radioactive materials
How does Food Irradiation Works?
• Food is exposed to a carefully measured amount
of intense ionizing radiation.
• When food is irradiated, the radiation energy
breaks the bonds in the DNA molecules of
microorganism. Thus, the organism dies or
becomes unable to reproduce.
• Frozen foods take larger radiation dose to kill
microbes.
• The effectiveness of the process depends on the
organism‟s sensitivity to irradiation.
• The food irradiation process uses three types of ionizing radiation sources:
 cobalt-60 gamma sources : most commonly used as they can deeply penetrate
into food
 electron beam generators
 x-ray accelerators
 gamma rays
Dose Effects
• Absorbed dose is measured as the quantity of radiation imparted per unit of mass of a
specified material.
• The unit of absorbed dose is the gray (Gy) where 1 gray is equivalent to 1 joule per
kilogram.
• Low doses (up to 1 kGy) inhibit sprouting in tuber, bulb and root vegetables, inhibit
the growth of asparagus and mushrooms, and delay physiological processes (ripening,
etc.) in fruits
• Medium doses (1 to 10 kGy) extend the shelf life, eliminate spoilage and pathogenic
microorganisms
• High doses (10 to 50 kGy) can be used for industrial sterilization and decontamination
of certain additives or ingredients
• Parasites and insect pests, which have large amounts of DNA, are rapidly killed by
an extremely low dose of irradiation.
• It takes more irradiation to kill bacteria, because they have less DNA.
• Viruses are the smallest pathogens that have nucleic acid, and they are, in general,
resistant to irradiation at doses approved for foods.
• Another useful effect: it can be used to prolong the shelf life of fruits and vegetables
because it inhibits sprouting and delays ripening.
IMPACT !!
It has been studied that when irradiation is used as
approved on foods:
• Disease-causing microorganisms are reduced or
eliminated
• The nutritional value is essentially unchanged
• The food does not become radioactive
• Irradiation is a safe and effective technology that can
prevent many food borne diseases.
 Considering its potential role in the reduction of post-harvest losses, providing safe
supply of food and overcoming quarantine barriers, food irradiation has received
wider government approvals during the last decade.
 There is also a trend towards increased commercialization of irradiated food.
 Currently, there are 47 irradiation facilities in some 23 countries being used for
treating foods for commercial purposes.
Current Scenario
Advantages
• kill many insects and pests that infest foods like grains, herbs and spices without
appearing to affect them
• kill or considerably reduce the level of dangerous micro organisms in foods such as
salmonella and campylobacter in raw meat and poultry.
• Listeria in ready to eat foods like hot dogs
• Delay or stop normal ripening and decay processes so that foods can be stored for
longer
• Irradiation can successfully replace the fumigation treatment of cocoa beans and
coffee beans and disinfest dried fish, dates, dried fruits, etc.
• One of the most important advantages of food irradiation processing is that it is a
cold process which does not significantly alter physico-chemical
characters of the treated product.
• It can be applied to food after its final packaging
Quality control techniques for food safety
Are irradiated foods still nutritious?
• Their nutritional value doesn’t change
• levels of the Vitamin - Thiamine are slightly reduced, but not enough to result in
vitamin deficiency.
• no significant changes in the amino acid, fatty acid, or vitamin content of food.
• the changes induced by irradiation are so minimal that it is not easy to determine
whether or not a food has been irradiated.
• A big advantage of irradiated food, is that it is a cold process: the food is still
essentially “raw”, because it hasn‟t undergone any thermal process.
Disadvantages
• Is used on a very limited range of foods as it is an expensive technology
• Affects some important constituents of foods, for example, vitamin E levels can
be reduced by 25% after irradiation and vitamin C by 5-10%
• Radiation doses at the levels recommended will not kill all micro organisms, 90%
may be destroyed so need to handle with care otherwise remaining organisms can
reproduce rapidly
• Ineffective against viruses - as they are the smallest pathogens that have DNA or
RNA, and they are relatively resistant to irradiation at the levels approved for
foods.
• Prions, such as the one that causes “mad cow” disease (bovine spongiform
encephalopathy, or BSE), have no DNA, so they also are not affected by irradiation
at the levels approved for foods.
• Can create new substances called Radiolytic products. While this does not mean
that the food is radioactive, there is considerable controversy over whether these
products are unique and if so whether they are dangerous.
Quality control techniques for food safety
Cold Plasma Technology
Current Scenario
• Preferences of the consumers have shifted
towards healthy, tasty foods, which are readily
available, ready to eat and easily stored
• Challenge to Food Industries – providing such
foods in a form suitable for distribution and
mass production without affecting texture,
flavour, and color, is technically complex and
expensive.
What is Cold Plasma Technology ?
• Cold Plasma Technology is a novel, non thermal food processing technology that uses
energetic and reactive gases to inactivate contaminating microbes in food products ( E.g..
meat, poultry, etc.,)
• Plasma is a mixture of positive and negative charges as well as neutral particles and
photon. Plasma exist over a massive range in temperatures and densities.
• It is estimated that 99% of the known universe is in a plasma state. The sun and stars are
examples of natural plasmas
Generation of Plasma
• Man-made plasma can be generated at low temperatures typically by applying a
voltage to a gas. The electric field generated from the applied voltage can accelerate
any free electrons in the gas.
• Accelerated electrons collide with gas atoms to excite or ionise them. Ionisation of
gas atoms releases more electrons; this cascaded reaction can generate a rich
abundance of highly reactive chemical species which are capable of inactivating a
wide range of microorganisms including food borne pathogens and spoilage
organisms.
Quality control techniques for food safety
Quality control techniques for food safety
Cold Plasma Technology in Foods
• Cold Plasma Technology in food Industry
relies on gas discharge technology - an
effective, economical, environmentally safe
method for critical cleaning.
• The vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) energy is very
effective in the breaking most organic bonds
(i.e., C-H, C-C, C=C, C-O, and C-N) of surface
contaminants. This helps to break apart high
molecular weight contaminants.
• A second cleaning action is carried out by the oxygen
species created in the plasma (O2+, O2-, O3, O, O+,
O-, ionised ozone, excited oxygen, and free electrons).
• These species react with organic contaminants to form
H2O, CO, CO2, and lower molecular weight
hydrocarbons.
• The resulting surface is ultra-clean/sterilised. The
plasma activated atoms and ions cause molecular
„sandblasting‟ and can break down organic
contaminants.
Cold plasma can be used for decontamination of
products where micro-organisms are externally located.
Unlike light ( UV decontamination), plasma flows
around objects, which means „Shadows Effects‟ do not
occur ensuring all parts of a product are treated.
For products such as cut vegetables and fresh meat,
there is no mild surface decontamination technology
available currently, cold plasma could be used for this
purpose.
Can also be used to disinfect surfaces before packaging
or included as packaging process
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AC2q4TsDHrY
Quality control techniques for food safety
Quality control techniques for food safety
• Illustration – Sterilization capability of Cold
plasma
• E.coli – inoculated in to 3 Petri dishes.
• One dish was left as a control with no plasma
exposure, another was exposed for 30s of plasma
treatment, and a third was exposed for 120
seconds.
• The bacterial kill zone was
progressively higher with longer
plasma exposure
Quality control techniques for food safety
• Common pathogen – Unprocessed meat – 70%
Salmonella
• Plasma Torch - Applied for 180s,
• Plasma eliminated or subsequently reduced low levels
of bacteria from both skinless chicken and chicken
skin itself.
• Plasma is used as a method for killing Salmonella on
egg shells.
• Askild Holck, senior research scientist at Nofima:
“By using plasma treatment, we have
succeeded in removing 99.5 per cent of all
bacteria on the egg shell but because this is a
gentle method, the egg yolk and white are unaffected."
Bacteria‐free eggs with plasma technology.
Quality control techniques for food safety
Concerns !!
• Important aspects of this technology are still immature,
particularly with respect to its use with food nutrition
• We do not know how cold plasma inactivates spores or how
the cold plasma – specifically the electronically excited
molecules – interact with the food or packaging materials, or
the stability of the plasma for large-scale commercial
operation.
• Need to determine optimum operating conditions for a given
application - Safety of treated products.
What's Next ??
References
 T.J. Mason, L. Paniwnyk, J.P. Lorimer. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 3 (1996), The uses of
ultrasound in food technology, Pages S253-S260
Retrieved from http://www.vscht.cz/ktk/www_324/studium/konzervace/pdf/ultrazvuk.pdf
 Hao Feng, Gustavo V.Barbosa-Canovas, Jochen Weiss. Ultrasound technologies for Food
and Bioprocessing. Food engineering series, pages 1-10
Retrieved from
http://books.google.ca/books?id=jHRczaYL18C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_sum
mary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
 Erika Kress-Rogers and Christopher J.B. Brimelow, Woodhead publishing in food science
and technology, Instrumentation and sensors for the food industry-second edition. Pages
361-390
 Zbigniew J. Dolatowski, Joanna Stadnik, Dariusz Stasiak ,Application of ultrasound in food
technology, Acta Sci. Pol., Technol. Aliment. 6(3) 2007, 89-99
References
 http://rspublication.com/ijeted/may-12/89.pdf
 http://ccr.ucdavis.edu/irr/how_food_irr.shtml
 http://www.stockandland.com.au/news/agriculture/horticulture/generalnews/irradiatio
n-pros-and-cons/2665981.aspx
Quality control techniques for food safety
Presented by
• Naveen Cheema [300774182]
• Navdeep Bains [300769430]
• Basani Prashanth Reddy [300778111]
• Romil Patel [300779128]
• Bharath Battina [300776818]
• Jithin M J [300778750]

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Was ist angesagt?

Ultrasound in food preservation
Ultrasound in food preservationUltrasound in food preservation
Ultrasound in food preservationMaya Sharma
 
Cold plasma technology in food processing
Cold plasma technology in food processingCold plasma technology in food processing
Cold plasma technology in food processingMohsinAga1
 
Pulsed light technology in food processing
Pulsed light technology in food processingPulsed light technology in food processing
Pulsed light technology in food processingMaya Sharma
 
Radio frequency cooking
Radio frequency cookingRadio frequency cooking
Radio frequency cookingSURAJKUMAR1229
 
Irradiation in foods processing
Irradiation in foods processingIrradiation in foods processing
Irradiation in foods processingDIPTI DHOBA
 
Novel non thermal preservation technologies
Novel non thermal preservation technologiesNovel non thermal preservation technologies
Novel non thermal preservation technologiesRavi Kant Agrawal
 
Hurdle technology for food preservation
Hurdle technology for food preservationHurdle technology for food preservation
Hurdle technology for food preservationDeepak Verma
 
ACTIVE PACKAGING
ACTIVE PACKAGINGACTIVE PACKAGING
ACTIVE PACKAGINGNandhu Lal
 
Extrusion Technology in Food Processing
Extrusion Technology in Food Processing Extrusion Technology in Food Processing
Extrusion Technology in Food Processing Dr. Ganesh Shelke
 
Microwave Food Processing
Microwave Food ProcessingMicrowave Food Processing
Microwave Food ProcessingNalaka Nugapola
 
Intermediate moisture foods
Intermediate moisture foodsIntermediate moisture foods
Intermediate moisture foodsPoshadri Achinna
 
Emerging technologies in food processing
Emerging technologies in food processingEmerging technologies in food processing
Emerging technologies in food processingRahul1154
 

Was ist angesagt? (20)

Ultrasound in food preservation
Ultrasound in food preservationUltrasound in food preservation
Ultrasound in food preservation
 
Cold plasma technology in food processing
Cold plasma technology in food processingCold plasma technology in food processing
Cold plasma technology in food processing
 
Pulsed light technology in food processing
Pulsed light technology in food processingPulsed light technology in food processing
Pulsed light technology in food processing
 
Aseptic packaging
Aseptic packagingAseptic packaging
Aseptic packaging
 
Hurdle technology
Hurdle technology Hurdle technology
Hurdle technology
 
Dehydro freezing, freeze drying, IQF
Dehydro freezing, freeze drying, IQFDehydro freezing, freeze drying, IQF
Dehydro freezing, freeze drying, IQF
 
Radio frequency cooking
Radio frequency cookingRadio frequency cooking
Radio frequency cooking
 
Irradiation in foods processing
Irradiation in foods processingIrradiation in foods processing
Irradiation in foods processing
 
Novel non thermal preservation technologies
Novel non thermal preservation technologiesNovel non thermal preservation technologies
Novel non thermal preservation technologies
 
Hurdle technology for food preservation
Hurdle technology for food preservationHurdle technology for food preservation
Hurdle technology for food preservation
 
Pulsed light pptt
Pulsed light ppttPulsed light pptt
Pulsed light pptt
 
ACTIVE PACKAGING
ACTIVE PACKAGINGACTIVE PACKAGING
ACTIVE PACKAGING
 
Extrusion Technology in Food Processing
Extrusion Technology in Food Processing Extrusion Technology in Food Processing
Extrusion Technology in Food Processing
 
Microwave Food Processing
Microwave Food ProcessingMicrowave Food Processing
Microwave Food Processing
 
Intermediate moisture foods
Intermediate moisture foodsIntermediate moisture foods
Intermediate moisture foods
 
Ultrasound processing
Ultrasound processingUltrasound processing
Ultrasound processing
 
Emerging technologies in food processing
Emerging technologies in food processingEmerging technologies in food processing
Emerging technologies in food processing
 
Food irradiation
Food irradiationFood irradiation
Food irradiation
 
Hurdle technology
Hurdle technologyHurdle technology
Hurdle technology
 
Food Irradiation
Food IrradiationFood Irradiation
Food Irradiation
 

Andere mochten auch

Quality food safety awareness power point
Quality  food safety awareness  power pointQuality  food safety awareness  power point
Quality food safety awareness power pointTony Garcia-Bosque
 
Ultrasound: A novel technology in processing industry
Ultrasound: A novel technology in processing industryUltrasound: A novel technology in processing industry
Ultrasound: A novel technology in processing industryprathiksha hatti
 
FOOD SAFETY NOTES-QUALITY ASSURANCE
FOOD SAFETY NOTES-QUALITY ASSURANCEFOOD SAFETY NOTES-QUALITY ASSURANCE
FOOD SAFETY NOTES-QUALITY ASSURANCEParminder Mitter
 
Monitoring food service operations ii daily food cost
Monitoring food service operations ii daily food costMonitoring food service operations ii daily food cost
Monitoring food service operations ii daily food costRajendra Nabar
 
Novel approaches in seafood preservation techniques_Dr. Irshad A., LPT Divisi...
Novel approaches in seafood preservation techniques_Dr. Irshad A., LPT Divisi...Novel approaches in seafood preservation techniques_Dr. Irshad A., LPT Divisi...
Novel approaches in seafood preservation techniques_Dr. Irshad A., LPT Divisi...Dr. IRSHAD A
 
Novel techniques of food processing
Novel techniques of food processingNovel techniques of food processing
Novel techniques of food processingAakriti .
 
Dielectric, ohmic, infrared_heating for food products
Dielectric, ohmic, infrared_heating for food productsDielectric, ohmic, infrared_heating for food products
Dielectric, ohmic, infrared_heating for food productsramavatarmeena
 
DIELCTRIC PROPERTIES OF FOOD
DIELCTRIC PROPERTIES OF FOOD DIELCTRIC PROPERTIES OF FOOD
DIELCTRIC PROPERTIES OF FOOD Aafaq Malik
 
Electrical Heating 02-02
Electrical Heating 02-02Electrical Heating 02-02
Electrical Heating 02-02Vijay Raskar
 
Dielectric PROPERTIES OF FOOD
Dielectric PROPERTIES OF FOODDielectric PROPERTIES OF FOOD
Dielectric PROPERTIES OF FOODAafaq Malik
 
Radio frequency food processing technology
Radio frequency food processing technologyRadio frequency food processing technology
Radio frequency food processing technologyDinindu Madhuka
 
Organic Production System and Irradiation Technology in the Production of Saf...
Organic Production System and Irradiation Technology in the Production of Saf...Organic Production System and Irradiation Technology in the Production of Saf...
Organic Production System and Irradiation Technology in the Production of Saf...Bureau of Agricultural Research
 
Participatory Guarantee System (PGS) An Approach for Organic Quality Management
Participatory Guarantee System (PGS) An Approach for Organic Quality ManagementParticipatory Guarantee System (PGS) An Approach for Organic Quality Management
Participatory Guarantee System (PGS) An Approach for Organic Quality ManagementFAO
 
The Organic Food: Why? How?
The Organic Food: Why? How?The Organic Food: Why? How?
The Organic Food: Why? How?Adam Jetking
 

Andere mochten auch (20)

Quality food safety awareness power point
Quality  food safety awareness  power pointQuality  food safety awareness  power point
Quality food safety awareness power point
 
Ultrasound: A novel technology in processing industry
Ultrasound: A novel technology in processing industryUltrasound: A novel technology in processing industry
Ultrasound: A novel technology in processing industry
 
FOOD SAFETY NOTES-QUALITY ASSURANCE
FOOD SAFETY NOTES-QUALITY ASSURANCEFOOD SAFETY NOTES-QUALITY ASSURANCE
FOOD SAFETY NOTES-QUALITY ASSURANCE
 
Monitoring food service operations ii daily food cost
Monitoring food service operations ii daily food costMonitoring food service operations ii daily food cost
Monitoring food service operations ii daily food cost
 
Food quality
Food  quality Food  quality
Food quality
 
Food quality notes
Food quality notesFood quality notes
Food quality notes
 
Novel approaches in seafood preservation techniques_Dr. Irshad A., LPT Divisi...
Novel approaches in seafood preservation techniques_Dr. Irshad A., LPT Divisi...Novel approaches in seafood preservation techniques_Dr. Irshad A., LPT Divisi...
Novel approaches in seafood preservation techniques_Dr. Irshad A., LPT Divisi...
 
Novel techniques of food processing
Novel techniques of food processingNovel techniques of food processing
Novel techniques of food processing
 
Dielectric, ohmic, infrared_heating for food products
Dielectric, ohmic, infrared_heating for food productsDielectric, ohmic, infrared_heating for food products
Dielectric, ohmic, infrared_heating for food products
 
DIELCTRIC PROPERTIES OF FOOD
DIELCTRIC PROPERTIES OF FOOD DIELCTRIC PROPERTIES OF FOOD
DIELCTRIC PROPERTIES OF FOOD
 
Electrical Heating 02-02
Electrical Heating 02-02Electrical Heating 02-02
Electrical Heating 02-02
 
Dielectric PROPERTIES OF FOOD
Dielectric PROPERTIES OF FOODDielectric PROPERTIES OF FOOD
Dielectric PROPERTIES OF FOOD
 
RF Heating Systems
RF Heating SystemsRF Heating Systems
RF Heating Systems
 
Radio frequency food processing technology
Radio frequency food processing technologyRadio frequency food processing technology
Radio frequency food processing technology
 
Organic Production System and Irradiation Technology in the Production of Saf...
Organic Production System and Irradiation Technology in the Production of Saf...Organic Production System and Irradiation Technology in the Production of Saf...
Organic Production System and Irradiation Technology in the Production of Saf...
 
NTUC Organic Assurance Programme
NTUC Organic Assurance ProgrammeNTUC Organic Assurance Programme
NTUC Organic Assurance Programme
 
Organic Valley - Quality Food Products for Health Conscious Consumers
Organic Valley - Quality Food Products for Health Conscious ConsumersOrganic Valley - Quality Food Products for Health Conscious Consumers
Organic Valley - Quality Food Products for Health Conscious Consumers
 
Organic food
Organic foodOrganic food
Organic food
 
Participatory Guarantee System (PGS) An Approach for Organic Quality Management
Participatory Guarantee System (PGS) An Approach for Organic Quality ManagementParticipatory Guarantee System (PGS) An Approach for Organic Quality Management
Participatory Guarantee System (PGS) An Approach for Organic Quality Management
 
The Organic Food: Why? How?
The Organic Food: Why? How?The Organic Food: Why? How?
The Organic Food: Why? How?
 

Ähnlich wie Quality control techniques for food safety

Ähnlich wie Quality control techniques for food safety (20)

ultrasonic processing.pptx
ultrasonic processing.pptxultrasonic processing.pptx
ultrasonic processing.pptx
 
Ultrasonication.pptx
Ultrasonication.pptxUltrasonication.pptx
Ultrasonication.pptx
 
IRRADIATION new.pptx
IRRADIATION new.pptxIRRADIATION new.pptx
IRRADIATION new.pptx
 
WHAT IS FOOD IRRADIATON
WHAT IS FOOD IRRADIATONWHAT IS FOOD IRRADIATON
WHAT IS FOOD IRRADIATON
 
FOOD IRRADIATION.
FOOD IRRADIATION.FOOD IRRADIATION.
FOOD IRRADIATION.
 
Presentation (10).pdf
Presentation (10).pdfPresentation (10).pdf
Presentation (10).pdf
 
Food Irradiation
Food IrradiationFood Irradiation
Food Irradiation
 
Food irradiation
Food irradiationFood irradiation
Food irradiation
 
Ultrasound in Food
Ultrasound in FoodUltrasound in Food
Ultrasound in Food
 
OUM-NESTLE 2008 3
OUM-NESTLE 2008 3OUM-NESTLE 2008 3
OUM-NESTLE 2008 3
 
Nutrient Sensitive Technologies (1).pptx
Nutrient Sensitive Technologies  (1).pptxNutrient Sensitive Technologies  (1).pptx
Nutrient Sensitive Technologies (1).pptx
 
food Irradiation.pptx
food Irradiation.pptxfood Irradiation.pptx
food Irradiation.pptx
 
IRRADIATION.pptx
IRRADIATION.pptxIRRADIATION.pptx
IRRADIATION.pptx
 
Ambient temperature food processing .pptx
Ambient temperature food processing .pptxAmbient temperature food processing .pptx
Ambient temperature food processing .pptx
 
pulsed x ray ppt FST 504.pptx
pulsed x ray ppt FST 504.pptxpulsed x ray ppt FST 504.pptx
pulsed x ray ppt FST 504.pptx
 
Global food security
Global food securityGlobal food security
Global food security
 
Processing and Preservation by Non-thermal Methods.pdf
Processing and Preservation by Non-thermal Methods.pdfProcessing and Preservation by Non-thermal Methods.pdf
Processing and Preservation by Non-thermal Methods.pdf
 
New emerging technology in food processing
New emerging technology in food processingNew emerging technology in food processing
New emerging technology in food processing
 
Presentation nm1
Presentation nm1Presentation nm1
Presentation nm1
 
FST 507.ppt
FST 507.pptFST 507.ppt
FST 507.ppt
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen

Piping techniques in decorating cakes and cupcakes.
Piping techniques in decorating cakes and cupcakes.Piping techniques in decorating cakes and cupcakes.
Piping techniques in decorating cakes and cupcakes.Jolyn Sambrano
 
Empowering Communities: Food Donation NGO Making a Difference
Empowering Communities: Food Donation NGO Making a DifferenceEmpowering Communities: Food Donation NGO Making a Difference
Empowering Communities: Food Donation NGO Making a DifferenceLovely Foundation
 
merchant-banking.pdf FDAFDASFDSASAAAAAAAAAAAA
merchant-banking.pdf FDAFDASFDSASAAAAAAAAAAAAmerchant-banking.pdf FDAFDASFDSASAAAAAAAAAAAA
merchant-banking.pdf FDAFDASFDSASAAAAAAAAAAAATechnet5
 
Food Supplement Directive No. 333-2020.pdf
Food Supplement Directive No. 333-2020.pdfFood Supplement Directive No. 333-2020.pdf
Food Supplement Directive No. 333-2020.pdfMohamed Miyir
 
employability assessment form brasserie of light
employability assessment form brasserie of lightemployability assessment form brasserie of light
employability assessment form brasserie of lightmarwaahmad357
 
Beet Kvass The Probiotic-Rich, Fermented Tonic from Eastern Europe
Beet Kvass The Probiotic-Rich, Fermented Tonic from Eastern EuropeBeet Kvass The Probiotic-Rich, Fermented Tonic from Eastern Europe
Beet Kvass The Probiotic-Rich, Fermented Tonic from Eastern EuropeGarden Goddess, LLC
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen (6)

Piping techniques in decorating cakes and cupcakes.
Piping techniques in decorating cakes and cupcakes.Piping techniques in decorating cakes and cupcakes.
Piping techniques in decorating cakes and cupcakes.
 
Empowering Communities: Food Donation NGO Making a Difference
Empowering Communities: Food Donation NGO Making a DifferenceEmpowering Communities: Food Donation NGO Making a Difference
Empowering Communities: Food Donation NGO Making a Difference
 
merchant-banking.pdf FDAFDASFDSASAAAAAAAAAAAA
merchant-banking.pdf FDAFDASFDSASAAAAAAAAAAAAmerchant-banking.pdf FDAFDASFDSASAAAAAAAAAAAA
merchant-banking.pdf FDAFDASFDSASAAAAAAAAAAAA
 
Food Supplement Directive No. 333-2020.pdf
Food Supplement Directive No. 333-2020.pdfFood Supplement Directive No. 333-2020.pdf
Food Supplement Directive No. 333-2020.pdf
 
employability assessment form brasserie of light
employability assessment form brasserie of lightemployability assessment form brasserie of light
employability assessment form brasserie of light
 
Beet Kvass The Probiotic-Rich, Fermented Tonic from Eastern Europe
Beet Kvass The Probiotic-Rich, Fermented Tonic from Eastern EuropeBeet Kvass The Probiotic-Rich, Fermented Tonic from Eastern Europe
Beet Kvass The Probiotic-Rich, Fermented Tonic from Eastern Europe
 

Quality control techniques for food safety

  • 2. Quality • Food quality is a sensory property that includes appearance, taste, nutritional value (nutrient content), health benefit (functional ingredient) or safety (chemical, physical, biological). • It includes those attributes which affect consumer‟s choice for a product.
  • 3. Need For Quality Food •Major challenge for food industry is to maintain the food quality ; the reason being well aware consumers. •For this reason food industry has to adopt certain techniques in order to meet the growing need of maintaining food quality; this is known as food quality control. •The main issue which is considered while quality control process is to deteriorate the level of microbes and other contaminants in food.
  • 4. Techniques Ultrasound : Energy derived from sound waves Irradiation: Energy derived from ionising radiations Cold Plasma Technique: Energy derived from plasma
  • 6. What is Ultrasound? • It is a form of energy generated by sound waves of frequencies that are too high to be detected by human ear, i.e. above 16 kHz. •Ultrasound can propagate in gases, liquids and solids. •Considered to be technologies that were developed to minimize processing and maximize quality and safety in food •These applications include improvement in microbial inactivation, food preservation, manipulation of food texture and food analysis.
  • 7. Physics of Ultrasound • The sound waves travel effectively through liquids which are comprised of closely compacted molecules • Sound is transmitted as sequential sine waves whose height represents amplitude or loudness. • A single full cycle is measured from peak to peak, and the number of these cycles per one second represents the frequency. The frequency is described in Hertz [Hz] which by convention is in honor of the German physicist Heinrich Hertz for his work on electromagnetic transmission.
  • 8. How can Ultrasound be applied in Food ? • Ultrasound when propagated through a biological structure induces compressions and depressions of the particles and a high amount of energy is imparted. In food industry, the application of ultrasound can be divided based on range of frequency: low power ultrasound high power ultrasound
  • 9. Low Power Ultrasound: • Low energy [low power, low intensity] ultrasound Principles of LPU for Food Analysis: • It uses a small power level that the waves cause no physical and chemical alteration in the properties of the material through which it passes. • This property is been utilized for non-invasive analysis and monitoring of various food materials during processing and storage to ensure quality and safety. • Ultrasonic velocity (v) is determined by density (ρ) and elasticity (E) of the medium, according to the Newton-Laplace equation (Blitz, 1963).
  • 10. Newton-Laplace Equation: •The Newton-Laplace equation is the starting point for the determination of isentropic properties of solution, using the speed of sound u and density (ρ). •This equation implies that the ultrasound velocity of the solid form of a material is larger than that of its liquid form. •In food industry, the sensitivity of ultrasound velocity to molecular organizations and intermolecular interactions makes UVM – Ultrasound Velocity Measurements suitable for determining composition, structure, and physical state of different food materials. •It also helps in detection of foreign bodies and defects in processed and packaged food.
  • 11. Why Low Power ? • Can provide information about the physiochemical properties of food materials, their composition, structure and physical state. • The major advantage of this technique over other traditional techniques is that the measurement is so rapid and non-destructive.
  • 12. Applications of Low Power Ultrasound • In Meat Technology • In Fruits and Vegetables • In Cereal products • Ultrasonic monitoring for food freezing
  • 13. High Power Ultrasound: • High energy [high power, high intensity] ultrasound • 20 and 500 kHz • Disruptive and enforce effect on the physical, mechanical, or biochemical properties of foods. These effects are promising in food processing, preservation and safety.
  • 14. The chemical and biochemical effects are effective tools for sterilizing equipments, preventing contamination of food processing surfaces by pathogenic bacteria and removal of bacterial biofilms. Principle of HPU  Factors that affect power ultrasound are energy, intensity, pressure, velocity and temperature.  Where, Pa is the acoustic pressure (a sinusoidal wave), which is dependent on time (t), frequency (f) and the maximum pressure amplitude of the wave.  Pa max is related to the power input or intensity (I) of the transducer:  I = Pa max/ 2ρv , where ρ is the density of the medium and v is the sound velocity in the medium. Mechanical Chemical and Biological Effects:
  • 15. Why HPU ? Ultrasonic Inactivation of Microorganism • The most common techniques currently used to inactivate microorganisms in food products are conventional thermal pasteurization and sterilization. • Thermal processing does kill vegetative microorganisms and some spores; however, its effectiveness is dependent on the treatment temperature and time. • The magnitude of treatment, time and process temperature is also proportional to the amount of nutrient loss, development of undesirable flavors and deterioration of functional properties of food products.
  • 16. • High power ultrasound is known to damage or disrupt biological cell walls which will result in the destruction of living cells. • Unfortunately very high intensities are needed if ultrasound alone is to be used for permanent sterilization. However, the use of ultrasound coupled with other decontamination techniques, such as pressure, heat or extremes of pH is highly applicable.  Thermosonic (heat plus sonication),  manosonic (pressure plus sonication),  and manothermosonic (heat plus pressure plus sonication) treatments are likely the best methods to inactivate microbes, as they are more energy – efficient and effective in killing microorganisms.
  • 17.  The advantages of ultrasound over heat pasteurizationinclude: Minimizing of flavor loss, greater homogeneity and significant energy savings.  The effectiveness of an ultrasound treatment is dependent on the type of bacteria being tested, amplitude of the ultrasonic waves, exposure time, volume of food being processed, the composition of food and the treatment temperature.
  • 18. Ultrasound in Food Industry • Major Significance to Industry and Consumers • Better quality and Healthy Food • High Efficiency • Saves Energy and Costs
  • 21. Process involved • packaged food is passed through a radiation chamber on a conveyor belt • It is passed through a radiation beam, like a large flashlight, instead of coming in direct contact with the radioactive materials
  • 22. How does Food Irradiation Works? • Food is exposed to a carefully measured amount of intense ionizing radiation. • When food is irradiated, the radiation energy breaks the bonds in the DNA molecules of microorganism. Thus, the organism dies or becomes unable to reproduce. • Frozen foods take larger radiation dose to kill microbes. • The effectiveness of the process depends on the organism‟s sensitivity to irradiation.
  • 23. • The food irradiation process uses three types of ionizing radiation sources:  cobalt-60 gamma sources : most commonly used as they can deeply penetrate into food  electron beam generators  x-ray accelerators  gamma rays
  • 24. Dose Effects • Absorbed dose is measured as the quantity of radiation imparted per unit of mass of a specified material. • The unit of absorbed dose is the gray (Gy) where 1 gray is equivalent to 1 joule per kilogram. • Low doses (up to 1 kGy) inhibit sprouting in tuber, bulb and root vegetables, inhibit the growth of asparagus and mushrooms, and delay physiological processes (ripening, etc.) in fruits • Medium doses (1 to 10 kGy) extend the shelf life, eliminate spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms • High doses (10 to 50 kGy) can be used for industrial sterilization and decontamination of certain additives or ingredients
  • 25. • Parasites and insect pests, which have large amounts of DNA, are rapidly killed by an extremely low dose of irradiation. • It takes more irradiation to kill bacteria, because they have less DNA. • Viruses are the smallest pathogens that have nucleic acid, and they are, in general, resistant to irradiation at doses approved for foods. • Another useful effect: it can be used to prolong the shelf life of fruits and vegetables because it inhibits sprouting and delays ripening.
  • 26. IMPACT !! It has been studied that when irradiation is used as approved on foods: • Disease-causing microorganisms are reduced or eliminated • The nutritional value is essentially unchanged • The food does not become radioactive • Irradiation is a safe and effective technology that can prevent many food borne diseases.
  • 27.  Considering its potential role in the reduction of post-harvest losses, providing safe supply of food and overcoming quarantine barriers, food irradiation has received wider government approvals during the last decade.  There is also a trend towards increased commercialization of irradiated food.  Currently, there are 47 irradiation facilities in some 23 countries being used for treating foods for commercial purposes. Current Scenario
  • 28. Advantages • kill many insects and pests that infest foods like grains, herbs and spices without appearing to affect them • kill or considerably reduce the level of dangerous micro organisms in foods such as salmonella and campylobacter in raw meat and poultry. • Listeria in ready to eat foods like hot dogs • Delay or stop normal ripening and decay processes so that foods can be stored for longer • Irradiation can successfully replace the fumigation treatment of cocoa beans and coffee beans and disinfest dried fish, dates, dried fruits, etc.
  • 29. • One of the most important advantages of food irradiation processing is that it is a cold process which does not significantly alter physico-chemical characters of the treated product. • It can be applied to food after its final packaging
  • 31. Are irradiated foods still nutritious? • Their nutritional value doesn’t change • levels of the Vitamin - Thiamine are slightly reduced, but not enough to result in vitamin deficiency. • no significant changes in the amino acid, fatty acid, or vitamin content of food. • the changes induced by irradiation are so minimal that it is not easy to determine whether or not a food has been irradiated. • A big advantage of irradiated food, is that it is a cold process: the food is still essentially “raw”, because it hasn‟t undergone any thermal process.
  • 32. Disadvantages • Is used on a very limited range of foods as it is an expensive technology • Affects some important constituents of foods, for example, vitamin E levels can be reduced by 25% after irradiation and vitamin C by 5-10% • Radiation doses at the levels recommended will not kill all micro organisms, 90% may be destroyed so need to handle with care otherwise remaining organisms can reproduce rapidly • Ineffective against viruses - as they are the smallest pathogens that have DNA or RNA, and they are relatively resistant to irradiation at the levels approved for foods.
  • 33. • Prions, such as the one that causes “mad cow” disease (bovine spongiform encephalopathy, or BSE), have no DNA, so they also are not affected by irradiation at the levels approved for foods. • Can create new substances called Radiolytic products. While this does not mean that the food is radioactive, there is considerable controversy over whether these products are unique and if so whether they are dangerous.
  • 36. Current Scenario • Preferences of the consumers have shifted towards healthy, tasty foods, which are readily available, ready to eat and easily stored • Challenge to Food Industries – providing such foods in a form suitable for distribution and mass production without affecting texture, flavour, and color, is technically complex and expensive.
  • 37. What is Cold Plasma Technology ? • Cold Plasma Technology is a novel, non thermal food processing technology that uses energetic and reactive gases to inactivate contaminating microbes in food products ( E.g.. meat, poultry, etc.,) • Plasma is a mixture of positive and negative charges as well as neutral particles and photon. Plasma exist over a massive range in temperatures and densities. • It is estimated that 99% of the known universe is in a plasma state. The sun and stars are examples of natural plasmas
  • 38. Generation of Plasma • Man-made plasma can be generated at low temperatures typically by applying a voltage to a gas. The electric field generated from the applied voltage can accelerate any free electrons in the gas. • Accelerated electrons collide with gas atoms to excite or ionise them. Ionisation of gas atoms releases more electrons; this cascaded reaction can generate a rich abundance of highly reactive chemical species which are capable of inactivating a wide range of microorganisms including food borne pathogens and spoilage organisms.
  • 41. Cold Plasma Technology in Foods • Cold Plasma Technology in food Industry relies on gas discharge technology - an effective, economical, environmentally safe method for critical cleaning. • The vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) energy is very effective in the breaking most organic bonds (i.e., C-H, C-C, C=C, C-O, and C-N) of surface contaminants. This helps to break apart high molecular weight contaminants.
  • 42. • A second cleaning action is carried out by the oxygen species created in the plasma (O2+, O2-, O3, O, O+, O-, ionised ozone, excited oxygen, and free electrons). • These species react with organic contaminants to form H2O, CO, CO2, and lower molecular weight hydrocarbons. • The resulting surface is ultra-clean/sterilised. The plasma activated atoms and ions cause molecular „sandblasting‟ and can break down organic contaminants.
  • 43. Cold plasma can be used for decontamination of products where micro-organisms are externally located. Unlike light ( UV decontamination), plasma flows around objects, which means „Shadows Effects‟ do not occur ensuring all parts of a product are treated. For products such as cut vegetables and fresh meat, there is no mild surface decontamination technology available currently, cold plasma could be used for this purpose. Can also be used to disinfect surfaces before packaging or included as packaging process
  • 47. • Illustration – Sterilization capability of Cold plasma • E.coli – inoculated in to 3 Petri dishes. • One dish was left as a control with no plasma exposure, another was exposed for 30s of plasma treatment, and a third was exposed for 120 seconds. • The bacterial kill zone was progressively higher with longer plasma exposure
  • 49. • Common pathogen – Unprocessed meat – 70% Salmonella • Plasma Torch - Applied for 180s, • Plasma eliminated or subsequently reduced low levels of bacteria from both skinless chicken and chicken skin itself.
  • 50. • Plasma is used as a method for killing Salmonella on egg shells. • Askild Holck, senior research scientist at Nofima: “By using plasma treatment, we have succeeded in removing 99.5 per cent of all bacteria on the egg shell but because this is a gentle method, the egg yolk and white are unaffected." Bacteria‐free eggs with plasma technology.
  • 52. Concerns !! • Important aspects of this technology are still immature, particularly with respect to its use with food nutrition • We do not know how cold plasma inactivates spores or how the cold plasma – specifically the electronically excited molecules – interact with the food or packaging materials, or the stability of the plasma for large-scale commercial operation. • Need to determine optimum operating conditions for a given application - Safety of treated products.
  • 54. References  T.J. Mason, L. Paniwnyk, J.P. Lorimer. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 3 (1996), The uses of ultrasound in food technology, Pages S253-S260 Retrieved from http://www.vscht.cz/ktk/www_324/studium/konzervace/pdf/ultrazvuk.pdf  Hao Feng, Gustavo V.Barbosa-Canovas, Jochen Weiss. Ultrasound technologies for Food and Bioprocessing. Food engineering series, pages 1-10 Retrieved from http://books.google.ca/books?id=jHRczaYL18C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_sum mary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false  Erika Kress-Rogers and Christopher J.B. Brimelow, Woodhead publishing in food science and technology, Instrumentation and sensors for the food industry-second edition. Pages 361-390  Zbigniew J. Dolatowski, Joanna Stadnik, Dariusz Stasiak ,Application of ultrasound in food technology, Acta Sci. Pol., Technol. Aliment. 6(3) 2007, 89-99
  • 55. References  http://rspublication.com/ijeted/may-12/89.pdf  http://ccr.ucdavis.edu/irr/how_food_irr.shtml  http://www.stockandland.com.au/news/agriculture/horticulture/generalnews/irradiatio n-pros-and-cons/2665981.aspx
  • 57. Presented by • Naveen Cheema [300774182] • Navdeep Bains [300769430] • Basani Prashanth Reddy [300778111] • Romil Patel [300779128] • Bharath Battina [300776818] • Jithin M J [300778750]