2015 x472 class 8 - codes, construction documentation and coordination
1. X472 HVAC System Design Considerations
Class 8 – Codes, Construction
Documentation and Coordination
Todd Gottshall, PE
Western Allied
Redwood City, CA
Reinhard Seidl, PE
Taylor Engineering
Alameda, CA
Fall 2015
Mark Hydeman, PE
Continual Energy, Inc.
mark.hydeman@continual.net
415-602-9982
www.continual.net
2. 2
General
Contact Information
Reinhard: rseidl@taylor-engineering.com
Mark: mark.hydeman@continual.net
Todd: tgottshall@westernallied.com
Text
• None
Slides
• download from web before class
• Log in to Box at https://app.box.com/login
• Username: x472student@gmail.com
• Password: x472_student (case sensitive)
3. 3
Course Outline
Date Class Topic Teacher
9/02/2015 1. Introduction / Systems Overview / walkthrough RS
9/09/2015 2. Generation Systems TG
9/16/2015 3. Distribution Systems RS
9/23/2015 4. Central Plants TG
9/30/2015 5. System Selection 1 - class exercises RS
10/07/2015 6. Specialty Building types (High rise, Lab, Hospital,
Data center)
TG
10/14/2015 7. System Selection 2 - class exercises RS
10/21/2015 8. Construction codes and Project delivery methods TG
10/28/2015 9. 2013 T24 and LEED v4 MH
11/04/2015 10. Life-Cycle Cost Analysis and exam hand-out TG
There are three instructors for this class. Todd Gottshall (TG), Reinhard Seidl (RS)
and Mark Hydeman (MH). The schedule below shows what topics will be covered by
who, and in what order.
6. 6
Design-Bid-Build (Plan Spec)
Sub-Contractors
Install per Plans/Specs
Architect
Owner
General
Contractor
Mech
Elec
Plumbing
Mech
Consultants
(Engineers of Record – EOR)
ElecPlumbing
Fire
IT
Life Safety
Civil
Fire
IT
Life Safety
Traditional
Struct
Project Delivery Methods
7. 7
Design/Build
Sub-Contractors
(Finalize OPR, Design,
Build, EOR)
Architect
Owner
General
Contractor
Mech
Elec
Plumbing
Mech
Consultants
(If Any)
Elec
Plumbing
Fire
IT
Life Safety
Civil
Fire
IT
Life Safety
Growing in Popularity
Struct
Project Delivery Methods
9. 9
Tension of Multiple Goals
Contractual Obligations
Code/Legal Obligations
Standard of Care Obligations (ASHRAE/Industry)
Client Project Requirements
17. 17
Common Components of a
Design Package
Basis of Design
Load/Energy Calcs
Permit and Bid Drawing Sets
Title-24/Code Compliance
System/Equip Selection
Duct/Pipe Layouts
Schematics
Control Diagrams/Control
Points/SOO
Details
Product Specifications
Test and Balance
Procedures
LEED Documentation
20. 20
Construction Codes
Codes
• Regulations governing how buildings are constructed
• Defines “Worst Building” you can build by law
Professional Engineers/Architects
• Licensed to “protecting the health, safety, and welfare of
the public through the regulation of the practice”
21. 21
Professional Engineers
“Responsible Charge” (Business and Profession Code 6703)
• Make, Review, Approve Engineering Decisions
• Develop Standards
• Preparation of Plans and Specifications, Calculations, Reports
• Select or Development of methods of testing to be used in evaluating
completed projects
• Evaluate the character and integrity of the completed project
• Develop and control operating and maintenance procedures
Seal and Signature (Business and Profession Code
6735)
• Final Documents for Permit or Released for Construction: Stamped-
Signed-Dated
• Interim Documents (Prelim, Not for Construction): Name and License
Number
22. 22
Construction Codes
Codes
• Written by different, non- and for-profit entities, released at regular
intervals
• Codes committee members are everyday practictioners like us
• California Building Standards Committee (BSC) adopts a selection of
these codes, and changes them slightly to fit local requirements
• See http://contractormag.com/plumbing/cm_newsarticle_309/ and
• http://www.fireengineering.com/articles/2003/08/california-adopts-nfpa-
5000tm-building-construction-and-safety-codetm-and-nfpa-1-uniform-fire-
codetm.html
Organizations
• IAPMO – International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials
Partnered with ASHRAE and NFPA
• ICC – International Code Council
• ASHRAE – American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-
Conditioning Engineers
• NFPA – National Fire Protection Association
26. 26
California Title 24 Part 6 - Energy
http://www.energy.ca.gov/title24/
2013standards/index.html
USE HOTLINE!!!
27. 27
Local Code Adoption
• California Building Standards Commission adopts codes
on a 3-year cycle. This means they take the original codes
(UMC etc) and alter them slightly to generate the California
version.
• Counties, Cities can again change the California Codes
and adapt them to create their own local codes.
• They can also take portions of other standards and adopt
them as codes (Example: NFPA guidelines adopted as
code)
Examples
• http://www.municode.com/Resources/OnlineLibrary.asp
• http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/ENVI/SFCodes.html
Construction Codes
29. 29
Green Building Ordinances
San Francisco
http://www.sfenvironment.org/downloads/library/sf_green_building_ordinance_2010.pdf
Oakland http://www.zerowasteoakland.com/Page90.aspx
Palo Alto
http://www.cityofpaloalto.org/depts/pln/green_building/default.asp
San Mateo
http://www.energy.ca.gov/title24/2005standards/ordinances/2010-06-
23_san_mateo/MAT_Board_of_Supervisors_Letter_on_Green_Building_Ordinance.pdf
Sunnyvale
http://sunnyvale.ca.gov/Departments/Community+Development/Planning+Division/Current+Projects+Planning/Plan
ning-Green+Buildings.htm
Milpitas http://www.ci.milpitas.ca.gov/government/building/green.asp
San Carlos
http://www.cityofsancarlos.org/generalplanupdate/whats_new_/draft_elements/draft_climate_action_plan/default.asp
Hayward
http://www.ci.hayward.ca.us/municipal/HMCWEB/GreenBuildingRequirementsforPrivateDevelopment.pdf
30. 30
Construction Codes
Permits and Inspections
• 2012 IBC (2013 CBC)
§104 : Duties and Powers
of the Building Official
§105 : Permits
§1.8.4 and 109 : Fees
§110 : Inspections
§111 : Certificate of
Occupancy
http://www.ecodes.biz/ecodes_support/free_resources/2013California/13Building/PDFs/Cha
pter%201%20-%20Administration.pdf
31. 31
Construction Codes
Code Enforcement
• Construction Permit
City Plan Checking Department
Third-party Plan Checker
• Final Inspection for Certificate of
Occupancy
Building Inspector
Fire Inspector
State Fire Marshal (for specific projects
such as hospitals)
{
32. 32
Construction Codes
Code enforcement
• If code defects are not caught during
design, Plan Check and Inspection offer
no protection during construction. PE is
still responsible if defects are not caught.
• Building Inspector has to show what code
rules are being broken in case of conflict
• However, in real life, delaying
construction until dispute is resolved is
often more costly than “giving in”
33. 33
Construction Codes
Code enforcement
• In general, existing buildings and systems
do not have to be “brought up” to meet
the current code during Alterations
• Exceptions may be Fire Life Safety and
Structural systems
39. 39
Types of Smoke/Fire Protection
Shafts
• Fire and Smoke Barrier protecting
occupied floors
• Around vertical openings (Floor
Penetrations)
• 1-Hr: Less than 4 Stories
• 2-Hr: 4 Stories or more
• Requires Bottom
• Duct Penetrations protected by
FSD
41. 41
Corridor
• Rated “Hallway” intended for
protection of the path of egress
• FSDs in duct penetrations not
required if:
• Duct is 0.019” Thick
• No openings to Corridor
• Corridor can’t be used to transfer
air but ceiling plenum in Corridor
may be used
• Corridor can use full height walls or
“Tunnel” with lid
42. 42
CMC
• Ch.3:
• Access, labeling, installation, condensate
• Ch. 4
• Exhaust Air Rates
• Ventilation is superceded by T-24 Energy Code
• Ch. 5 Exhaust
• General Exhaust and Exhaust Ducts and Terminations
• Kitchen Exhaust Systems
• Ch. 6 Ducts
• Smoke Detector in Ducts moving more than 2000 cfm, kill fan
• Ch. 11 Refrigeration
• Definition and scope of a Refrigeration Room (applied mostly to chillers
located indoors)
• Ch. 12 Hydronics
• Piping materials and installation
44. 44
Designing to the Standard of Care
Standard of care
• “The degree of care a reasonable person would take to prevent an injury
to another” (http://www.lectlaw.com/def2/s063.htm)
• “Standard that would be exercised by the reasonably prudent
manufacturer of a product, or the reasonably prudent professional in that
line of work” (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_of_care)
• “[S] the duty to have that degree of learning and skill ordinarily
possessed by reputable (structural engineers), practicing in the same or
similar locality and under similar circumstances. It is (the structural
engineer's) further duty to use the care and skill ordinarily used in like
cases by reputable members of the (structural engineering) profession
practicing in the same or similar locality under similar circumstances, and
to use reasonable diligence and (the structural engineer's) best judgment
in the exercise of professional skill and in the application of learning, in
an effort to accomplish the purpose for which (the structural engineer)
was employed. A failure to fulfill any such duty is negligence”
(http://www.onlineethics.org/CMS/profpractice/ppessays/standard_of_care.aspx)
45. 45
Designing to the Standard of Care
Standard of care
• How do you determine what level of skill and learning other
engineers in your circumstances would use?
• ASHRAE standards are one way of documenting what the
engineering / contracting community has determined as good
practice.
List of TPS (Title, Purpose, Scope) for all ASHRAE
Standards
• http://www.ashrae.org/publications/detail/14891
ASHRAE Bookstore
• http://www.ashrae.org/bookstore
ASHRAE Standards Presentation
• http://www.energycodes.gov/news/2006_workshop/presentations/track_d/b_harrison-
comgreenbuildings_a.ppt
46. 46
Designing to the Standard of Care
Best known ASHRAE Standards
• Standard 90.1 : Energy efficient design of non-residential
buildings (Used in LEED or in other States. See
http://sspc901.ashraepcs.org/
• Standard 62 : Ventilation for Acceptable IAQ (Used in LEED or
in other States). See http://sspc621.ashraepcs.org/
• Standard 55 : Comfort (Thermal Environmental Conditions for
Human Occupancy). (Used in LEED and as Standard of
Care). See http://sspc55.ashraepcs.org/content.html
47. 47
Designing to the Standard of Care
Other ASHRAE Standards
• Websites of Standing Standard Project Committees:
http://www.ashrae.org/publications/detail/15373
• Standard 15: Refrigeration System Safety Standard
• Standard 41: Methods for Measurement
• Standard 62.2 : Ventilation for Residential Buildings
• Standard 103: Testing AFUE of residential furnaces and boilers
• Standard 169: Weather Data for Building Design
• Standard 179P: Testing of Positive Displacement Compressors
• Standard 183: Load Calculations
• Standard 189P: High-Performance Green Buildings
50. 50
Drawing Standards
“Always remember the food chain”
• Who are the drawings for?
• What is the purpose of the drawings?
• How do you get the message across most
efficiently?
• What is expected?
51. 51
Drawing Standards
What is expected?
• No exact definition of drawings and what they should include at
each level. Different people or companies may have different
standards.
• Construction Specifications Institute (CSI)
http://www.csinet.org/s_csi/sec_expand.asp?CID=126&DID=4232
• ASME Engineering Drawing Practices Y14 series
http://catalog.asme.org/home.cfm?SEARCH=y14&SearchWithin=1&CFNoCache=TRUE
• ISO standards for drawing methods, symbols
http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_tc_browse.htm?commid=46086
• Department of Defense MIL-STD 100G
http://www.techstreet.com/cgi-bin/detail?product_id=9157
• CAD Standards http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAD_standards
• Clarify – in your proposal, in your meetings, what you will provide
52. 52
Drawing Standards
Schematic Design SD
• Allow checks for programming: for MEP, this means
Go through different system types / options
Shafts , Mechanical Rooms
Main HVAC runs / space constraints
• Do not need exact sizing (duct, pipe), equipment
selection and schedules, VAV zones, thermostats,
P&ID’s, etc.
• Used in Estimating round to test design against the
initial conceptual design budget
53. 53
Drawing Standards
Design Development DD
• Check code requirements
• Coordinate with other trades – space / layout
• For HVAC:
Prelim. Selection of major equipment. Show on plans
Shafts , Mechanical Rooms
Main HVAC duct and pipe runs / sizes
VFD’s, Fire/smoke dampers
Preliminary schedules (zone count)
• Don’t need to draw any low-side ductwork, diffusers,
etc. Show number of zones.
• Used in Estimating round to test design against the
initial conceptual design budget
54. 54
Drawing Standards
Construction Drawings CD
• All details, required to build systems
• Drawings must relay all required information to someone
who has not been involved in the design process
• Must bear a stamp by the engineer of record
• For HVAC:
All duct, pipe plans (floors, roofs, equipment rooms)
With details (Diffusers, callouts, dampers, installation notes)
Elevations, Schematics, Schedules, Riser diagrams
Control schematics, sequence of operations, points list
• Used in Estimating round to test design against the
initial conceptual design budget
55. 55
Drawing Standards
Construction Drawings CD
• Who determines what types of drawings to use?
Example: Should piping isometric be included?
• Engineer is the ultimate judge of what works and
what doesn’t
• Drawing set should match complexity of building
• Include whatever is necessary to clarify what
needs to be installed and how, so that bids can
be clearly made and compared, and so that
items are constructible
• Tell a good story that someone unfamiliar with
the job can understand by following along in the
drawings
61. 61
Drawing Standards
Construction Drawings CD
• Who determines what types of drawings to use?
• Engineer is the ultimate judge of what works and
what doesn’t
• Drawing set should match complexity of building
• Include whatever is necessary to clarify what
needs to be installed and how, so that bids can
be clearly made and compared, and so that
items are constructible
63. 63
Drawing Standards
Example 2 CD
•Double duct
drawing
•This example
extremely “tight”
but well
readable – no
callouts on
diffusers, all
done by
schedule
•Larger scale
(i.e. ¼” instead
of 1/8”) doubles
number of
drawings
•Note: Elevations
on ducts
•Requires
separate grille
and VAV Box
schedules
67. 67
Drawing Standards
Construction Drawings CD – schedule example
• Should you show diffuser and VAV schedules per sheet or on the front
cover?
• Should you use unique VAV symbols like “VAV 2-13” or typical VAV symbols
like “VAV-8” which is simply an 8” terminal?
• Should you use unique labels for fire/smoke dampers like “FSD-3-9” or use
typical symbols like “FSD-1” for all similar types?
Minimum Requirements
• No ambiguity – 2 different installers will install the same system based
on your drawings
You can show VAV schedules on either the floor plan, or the main
equipment schedule
You can show unique VAV zones in the schedule, or you can show
typical zones (although then you have to define coil HW flow
somewhere else)
• You’re free to show items multiple times, but beware of the additional
engineering overhead and the likelihood of making mistakes!
69. 69
Drawing Standards
Example CD
•Section drawing – shows
only elevations in this area.
Assumption is that mains
stay at the elevations
shown past the mains, or
that other distribution runs
are similar
•Not everything is shown –
no electrical cable trays, no
IT wiring, no sprinklers.
•Make notes on drawing to
indicate what is not shown
•Depending on contract
type, some trades may be
plan and spec, some may
be design/build
76. 76
Drawing Standards
Construction Drawings CD – piping example
• Do you show pipe reducers on your diagram?
• Do you show pipe sizes, manual valves, actuated valves, sensors
on your piping diagram?
Minimum Requirements
• No ambiguity – 2 different installers will install the same
system based on your drawings
You can show valves on either the piping floor plan, the
schematic, or (for coils) a typical coil hookup detail
You can show instruments on the points list, the piping
schematic, the floor plan, a controls schematic
You have to show the items you want installed at least once
• You’re free to show items multiple times, but beware of the
additional engineering overhead and the likelihood of making
mistakes!
84. 84
Drawing Standards
Construction Drawings CD
• Who determines what types of drawings to use?
• Engineer is the ultimate judge of what works and
what doesn’t
• Drawing set should match complexity of building
• Include whatever is necessary to clarify what
needs to be installed and how, so that bids can
be clearly made and compared, and so that
items are constructible
91. 91
Drawing Standards
Shop drawings
• Are created by whoever actually produces the
ductwork or pipe.
• Geared to the limitations of the particular shop
where the products are created to direct what is to
be produced and where it is to be installed.
• Example: Sheets or Rolls of Sheet Metal can be 3
ft, 4 ft, 5 ft or 6 ft wide, depending on the tools
used in the machine shop to make duct and duct
flanges. This changes the length of each piece of
duct that is made.
92. 92
Shop Drawing
Example
Shop drawing
•Note length of
each segment
of duct
•Note
top/bottom
elevations
•Note distance
of ducts from
grid lines
•Hanger
Locations
•Seismic
Locations
93. 93
Shop Drawing
Example
Shop drawing
•Note length of
each segment
of duct
•Note
top/bottom
elevations
•Note distance
of ducts from
grid lines
•Hanger
Locations
•Seismic
Locations
96. 96
Specification Standards
CSI – Construction Standardization Institute
www.csinet.org
Masterformat 1995 – 16 Divisions
• Mechanical, Controls and Plumbing was Div. 15
• Electrical was Div. 16
Masterformat 2004 – 48 Divisions
• Plumbing is Div. 22
• Mechanical is now Div. 23
• Integrated Automation is Div. 25
• Electrical is Div. 26 and 48
• Table of contents and more at
http://www.csinet.org/s_csi/sec.asp?CID=1377&DID=11339
101. 101
Specification Standards
Part 2 – Products
• Defines the “What” of what is to be specified and used in the Project
• The characteristics of the different Duct types, different Pump components, etc.
102. 102
Specification Standards
Part 3 – Execution
• Defines the “How” of how the Products in Part 2 are to be installed, inspected, tested, and adjusted
105. 105
Documentation Terminology
Bidding
• Sealed bids
Usually for government type projects, to “level the playing field” between bidders – all
bids (whether fax/mail) are opened at the same time. Late bids are thrown out.
• RFP – Request for Proposal
Includes the price, but also scope, conditions, schedule and other parameters that
influence price
• RFQ – Request for Qualifications
For evaluating qualifications; to evaluate architectural and engineering teams or pre-
qualifying bidders
• Open Tenders
Open call to all vendors or contractors capable of performing the work
• Restricted Tenders
Pre-qualified or short-listed contractors
• MBE – Minority Business Enterprise
Many state or federal projects require a minimum % of the contracts in a project to
be executed by MBE’s
• ROM – Rough Order of Magnitude
Used only at early stages, to judge viability of a construction approach
Sometimes called budget pricing
107. 107
Documentation Terminology
Drawing terminology
• SD, DD, CD sets – see previous slides and lessons
• Progress Set
Typically somewhere before a complete CD set, example 50% DD set
• Permit Set / Plan Check set
Drawing set that is issued to allow the local authority having jurisdiction (AHJ)
to perform a permit review (or send out for a 3rd party plan check). Like a
submittal review, this procedure is used to test for compliance with code, local
ordinances, zoning restrictions and the like.
A permit set is usually less detailed than a construction document set, although
a CD set can be used for plan check.
• Bid Set
Depending on the way the project is scheduled, bidding may proceed before
drawings are ready for either permitting or construction. For example, a 75%
DD set may be used for bidding, to obtain initial estimates and to allow for
changes should the project budget be exceeded.
• For Construction / Not for Construction
Regardless of the state to which drawings have progressed, they may not be
ready for issue to the field, even though the title block may say “100% CD”. In
such a case, the drawings should be clearly marked “Not for construction” to
prevent someone mistakenly using them to produce materials or order
equipment.
108. 108
Documentation Terminology
Drawing terminology
• Addendum
A supplement that is added after the fact (typically because of an omission).
This does not alter the scope of documents that it builds on, but provides
additional information or instructions.
• Bulletin or Revision
Often used to introduce large changes in the project, originating at the
Architect’s level. Bulletins typically accompanied by re-budgeting (for owner
changes), re-permitting (depending on scope), schedule changes
• SKA, Supplement
SKA=Architectural sketch. Typically a sketch (small format) originating at the
architect, for clarifications or small changes that don’t involve the whole team.
SKM=Mechanical sketch.
• Coordination Drawing / Overlay
Common drawing set used by multiple trades to ensure all systems (MEP,
Fire/Life Safety, IT, etc) will fit into one space. Used to be done with light tables
hence the name “Overlay”, these days typically done in REVIT, PDF,
Navisworks, VEO, others
• Shop Drawing
See earlier slides – used to actually order materials, exact dimensions suited to
the machines available in a particular shop, location of hangers
• As-Built / Record Set
Construction set, amended with notes from the field that are kept during
construction and then incorporated into the construction drawings. Shows
deviations from construction drawings.
110. 110
Documentation Terminology
Efforts required for Coordination
• 3D BIM/REVIT shifting more coordination into
Design Phases
• Establish routing of trades around Arch and
Structural elements
• Coordination during Construction Administration
(i.e.- Construction)
Conflicts with ill-coordinated services (Fire
Sprinklers and Conduits)
Changes to the original design
Questions about / Clarifications of the original design
111. 111
Documentation Terminology
Revisions
• Delta / Clouding / Narrative
Decide how you will show changes. Often, the changes on drawings
have to be clouded after a construction set is issued. The architect
numbers the changes and alerts the team regarding the timing of a
bulletin issue.
Decide on layering standards, and on archiving previous versions of
drawings
Ask the architect what format narratives will be sent in. Request
narratives if the architect was not planning on providing these.
Depending on owners budget constraints, some bulletins may be
rejected once pricing is received, and the project may “roll back” to a
combination of original construction drawings plus a combination of
certain bulletins but not others
• Field changes vs Design team changes
If you are a contractor (especially on design-build jobs), you may
issue revisions to the field at greater frequency than the overall
project bulletin cycle.
Define a method for issuing drawings to the field that allows you to
simply find out (over the phone) which drawing a field foreman is
looking at as you discuss issues.
112. 112
Documentation Terminology
Revisions
• Revision block
identifying issues for
project team and/or
internal changes.
• Drawing with revision
clouds and delta-
notation
• Narrative describing
each change per
sheet.
113. 113
Documentation Terminology
Coordination
• RFI’s – Request For Information
Typically originate in the field, from the installing
contractor or from the team of multiple trades
Don’t understand design
Understand design but can’t build it
Information ambiguous or missing
• Remember the food chain
Always copy your contractual party on RFI’s.
Don’t make decisions for others (i.e., don’t send an
RFI that results in cost impacts directly to the
contractor – go through the owner)
Pick up the phone and talk with various parties
before writing or answering an RFI
114. 114
Implementing sequence of operations
Avoid Interactions that do not follow the “chain of command”
Engineer
General
Contractor
Mechanical
Contractor
Controls
Contractor
Test and Balance
Contractor
Architect
Building
Engineer
Overview – DDC Systems – Implementation