This document provides an overview of cranial nerves, with a focus on the trigeminal nerve (CN V). It discusses the organization of the nervous system and related terminologies. It then describes each of the 12 cranial nerves and provides detailed information on CN V, including its sensory and motor roots, nuclei, and three divisions (ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular). The document outlines the course and branches of each division of CN V.

2. CRANIAL NERVES PART 1

3. CONTENTS
Introduction.
Organization of Nervous System.
Related Terminologies.
Cranial Nerves.
Detailed study of
V. Trigeminal nerve
VII. Facial nerve
IX. Glossopharyngeal nerve
X. Vagus nerve
XII. Hypoglossal nerve
References.

4. INTRODUCTION
 The nervous system is the most important
organization which controls and integrates the
different bodily functions and likewise maintains a
stability of the internal environment despite
extreme changes in the external environment.
 This system is absolutely necessary for the
reception , storage and release of different sensory
and motor informations for regulating or initiating a
particular behaviour of the individual.
 It is a very complicated system; structures and
organs are specialised for different specific
purposes.

5. NERVOUS SYSTEM
CENTRAL
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
BRAIN
SPINAL
CORD
SOMATIC AUTONOMOUS
CRANIAL
NERVES
12 PAIRS
SYMPATHETI
C
PARASYMPATHETI
C
SPINAL
NERVES
31 PAIRS
ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS
SYSTEM

6. RELATED TERMINOLOGIES
 NEURON:
It is the structural and
functional unit of the
nervous system and
consists of a nerve cell
body with all its processes.

7.  NUCLEUS:
A mass of grey matter,
composed of nerve cells,
in any part of the brain or
spinal cord.
 GANGLION:
It is a group of nerve
cell bodies situated
outside the brain and
spinal cord.
Cranial nerve nuclei as projected on to
the dorsal aspect of the brain stem.

8.  TRACT:
A bundle or group
of nerve fibers in
the brain or spinal
cord.
 NERVE:
A bundle of
neuronal
processes outside
the central nervous
system.
 PLEXUS:
A network or
interjoining of
nerves.

9.  VISCERAL NERVES:
Nerves which supply (or bring information from) the
different viscera, the organs within the body cavity.
These nerves are better known as autonomic nerves.
 SOMATIC NERVES:
They supply somatic structures (skin and muscles).

10.  AFFERENT NERVE:
These fibres bring information from the periphery to
the CNS. (or ) from one part of the CNS to another part.
(e. g. from the spinal cord to the brain). All afferent
nerves are sensory.
 EFFERENT NERVE:
Carry commands to the organ supplied. (or) they carry
command from one part of the CNS to another part
(e.g. from brain to spinal cord). All efferent nerves are
motor.

11.  GENERAL:
Refers to stimuli conducted throughout the entire
body, common to both cranial and spinal
nerves.Eg: touch, pressure, vibration, pain,
thermal sensation and proprioception .
 SPECIAL:
Afferent information is encoded by highly
specialized sense organs and transmitted to the
brain in certain cranial nerves (I, II, VII, VIII, IX)
Ex; olfaction, vision, taste, hearing and vestibular
function.

12. Cranial nerves
 I.Olfactory nerve
 II.Optic nerve
 III.Occlumotor nerve
 IV.Trochlear nerve
 V.Trigeminal nerve
 VI.Abducens nerve
 VII.Facial nerve
 VIII.Vestibulocochlear
nerve
 IX.Glossopharyngeal nerve
 X.Vagus nerve
 XI.Accessory nerve
 XII.Hypoglossal nerve

13. Classification
 Sensory cranial nerves
I. Olfactory
II. Optic
VII. Vestibulocochlear
 Motor cranial nerves
III. Occluomotor
IV. Trochlear
VI. Abducent
XI. Accessory
XII. Hypoglossal
 Mixed cranial nerves
V. Trigeminal
VII. Facial
IX. Glossopharyngeal
X. Vagus

15. TRIGEMINAL NERVE
 It is the fifth (V) cranial nerve
 The largest cranial nerve
 It is a mixed nerve, contains both
sensory & motor fibres.
 It is attached to the ventral
surface of the pons, near its
upper border, by a large sensory
and a small motor, root---the
latter being placed medial and
anterior to the former.

16. Sensory and motor root
of the trigeminal nerve
The two roots then enter the middle cranial
fossa.

17. Superior
view of the
middle
cranial
fossa
showing
some of its
contents

18. Sensory root of trigeminal nerve
 The fibres of this root arise from the semilunar (gasserian)
ganglion.
 They enter the brain stem through the side of pons.
Semilunar ganglion:
 neural crest
 Unipolar neurons
 Crescent shaped
 Meckel’s cavity
 Peripheral & central
processes

19. Peripheral branches V1 ophthalmic
V2 maxillary
V3 mandibular divisions
Central branches
(sensory roots)
ascending
descending branches

20. Motor root of trigeminal nerve
 consists of fibres that arise in the motor nucleus located
in upper pons
 Pons – medial side of semilunar ganglion – foramen
ovale – to join mandibular division immediately below
the base of the skull.
 Motor supply to the muscles of mastication– masticator
nerve.

21. Nuclei of the trigeminal nerve
 Sensory nuclei
Mesencephalic
Primary sensory
Spinal
 Motor nucleus

22.  Mesencephalic nucleus
•Consists of afferent fibres that accompany the fibres
of the motor root.
•Entering the pons from the peripheral distribution of
the of the mandibular division of the trigeminal
nerve,these fibres ascend to the mesencephalic
nucleus of the trigeminal nerve.
•This nucleus serves as an afferent station that
receives proprioceptive impulses from the
temporomandibular joint,the periodontal
membrane,the maxillary and mandibular teeth, and
the hard palate.
•The mesencephalic nucleus also receives afferent
impulses from stretch receptors in the muscles of

23. Primary sensory nucleus
 Lies in the upper part of the pons.
 Lateral to the motor nucleus.
 Mainly concerned in mediation of
poprioceptive impulses touch and
preassure(from the region to which the
trigeminal nerve is distributed).

24. Spinal (bulbospinal) nucleus:
• Caudal to the sensory nucleus.
• Forms ventral trigeminothalamic tract.
• Convey pain & temp from the entire
Trigeminal area.

25. Motor nucleus
Lies in the upper part of the pons in the
dorsal part.
It is situated mesial to the main sensory
nucleus

26. Functional components
 General somatic affarent:
transmit exteroceptive impulses of touch pain and
thermal senses from the skin of the face and forehead,
mucous membranes of nasal cavities, oral cavity, nasal
sinuses, and floor of the mouth; the teeth; the anterior
two thirds of the tongue; and extensive portions of the
cranial dura.

27. Proprioceptive impulses (deep preassure and kinesthesis)
are conveyed from the teeth, periodontium, hard palate and
temporomandibular joint receptors.
The nerve also conveys afferent fibers from stretch receptors
in the muscles of mastication.

28. Special viceral efferent:
fibers innervate the muscles of
mastication, the tensor tympani and the
tenor veli palatini muscles, anterior belly of
digastric.

29. Divisions of the trigeminal nerve
Opthalmic V1
Maxillary V2
Mandibular V3

30. Opthalmic division V1
 First division of the trigeminal nerve
 Smallest of the three branches
 Its fibres are sensory,or afferent, from the scalp, the
skin of the forehead, the upper eyelid lining the frontal
sinus, the conjunctiva of the eyeball, the lacrimal gland,
and the skin of the lateral angle of the eye. It also
transmits sensory impulses from the sclera of the eye
ball & the lining of the ethmoid cells.
 Leaves ant. medial part of ganglion – cavernous sinus –
superior orbital fissure – orbit
 In the middle cranial fossa
nervus tentori – dura
communication br.
Occlumotor
Trochlear
Abducent

31. Branche
s
Lacrimal
Frontal Nasocilliary

33. Lacrimal nerve
 Smallest of the three branches
 It passes in to the orbit at the lateral angle
of the superior orbital fissure.
 Then courses in an anterolateral direction
to reach the lacrimal gland.
Structures supplied
Lacrimal gland
Sensory from the skin of upper eyelid &
Lateral part of Eyebrow region.
Sensory from the conjunctiva of the lateral part of upper eyelid

34. Frontal nerve
 Largest of three branches.
 Direct continuation of the ophthalmic division.
 It enters the orbit by way of the superior orbital fissure.
 At about the middle of the orbit the frontal nerve divides
in to two branches: supraorbital and supratrochlear
nerves.
Supraorbital nerve Supratrochlear nerve
Largest branch of frontal n. Smallest branch of frontal n.
Leave the orbit through supra
orbital foramen
Passes toward the medial
angle of the orbit
Sensory from the medial part
of the upper eyelid , the skin of
the forehead and scalp to the
vertex of the skull
Sensory from the medial part
of the upper eyelid and the
lower medial part of the
forehead
Sensory from the lining of the
frontal sinus
Sensory from the conjuctivae
of the upper eyelid

35. Supra-trochlear : Smaller
• Supplies: conjunctiva and skin of medial aspect
of upper eyelid.
Lower and mesial aspects of forehead.
Supra-orbital : Larger
• Supplies : Upper eyelid
• Skin of the forehead and scalp as far back as
lambdoid suture.
FRONTAL NERVE
Medial
branch,
supraorbital
nerve
Supratrochlear
nerve
Frontal nerve
Ophthalmic
nerve
Lateral branch,
supraorbital
nerve

36. Nasocilliary nerve
 It enters the orbit through the superior orbital fissure.
Branches
In the orbit
In the nasal
cavity
On the face
In nasal cavity:
Supply mucous membrane lining the cavity.
Terminal branches on the face:
Sensory to skin of medial part of both eyelids,
lacrimal sac, lacrimal caruncle. Also skin over the
side of the bridge of the nose.

37. NASOCILLIARY NERVE
Enters orbit through Superior orbital fissure
Branches
Short ciliary nerves
: sensory fibres from
ciliary ganglion to
eyeball
Long ciliary nerves :
iris and cornea
Infratrochlear nerve :
skin of both
eyelids,adjoining sides
of nose,lacrimal sac
and caruncle
Posterior ethmoidal
nerve : ethmoidal and
sphenoidal sinuses
Anterior ethmoidal
nerve : medial and
lateral internal nasal
branches
Infratrochlear
nerve
Short ciliary
nerves
Posterior
ethmoidal
nerve
Anterior
ethmoidal
nerve
Nasociliary
nerves

38. In the orbit
1. Long root of ciliary ganglion
2. Long ciliary nerves
3. Posterior ethmoid nerve
sensory
no relay
eyeball
short ciliary nerves
Two to three
branches
Iris & cornea
Post ganglionic fibres
From sup. Cervical
ganglion. Posterior ethmoid
canal
Muc mem. Of
post.ethmoidal cells
Sphenoid sinus

39. 4. Anterior ethmoid nerve
Nasociliary – continues anteriorly in medial
of orbit
Supplies mucous membrane of anterior
ethmoid cells & frontal sinus.
In the upper part of nasal cavity it divides in
to two sets of anterior nasal branches
External nasal branches
Skin over the tip and ala of
the nose
Internal nasal branches
Divide in the upper
anterior part of the
nasal cavity
Medial/ septal
Sensory to muc mem
of that region
Lateral
Muc mem of ant ends– sup & middle
Nasal conchae
Ant lat nasal wall

40. Applied anatomy
Ciliary ganglion
 It is topographically related to this nerve but
functionally to oculomotor .
Autonomic ganglia
In case of injury to opthalmic nerve, there is
loss of “ corneal blink reflex”

41. Maxillary nerve V2
 The maxillary nerve is entirely sensory in function.
Trigeminal
ganglion
Lateral wall of
cavernous sinus
Leaves skull
through foramen
rotundum
Pterygo-palatine
fossa
Inferior orbital
fissure
Orbital cavity
Infra orbital
foramen

42. Branches
Branches
given off in
the middle
cranial fossa
Branches in
the
pterygopalatin
e fossa
Branches in
the
infraorbital
groove and
canal
Terminal
branches on
the face

43. Branches of the maxillary
division
Middle cranial fossa
Middle meningeal nerve
Pterygo-palatine fossa
1. Zygomatic nerve
zygomaticotemporal
zygomaticofacial
2. Pterygo-palatine nerves
orbital
nasal
a. posterior superior lateral nasal branches
b. nasopalatine
palatine greater palatine
middle palatine
posterior palatine
pharyngeal
3. Posterior superior alveolar
GREATER
PALATINE
POSTERIO
R
PALATINE
NASOPALATINE

45. Infraorbital canal
Middle superior alveolar
Anterior superior alveolar
Face
Inferior palbebral
External nasal
Superior labial
1 PSA branches
2 Infra orbital n.
3 Maxillary nerve
4 Foramen rotundum
5 Greater palatine
6 Nasopalatine

46. Applied anatomy
Sphenopalatine ganglion
 It is topographically related to this nerve but
functionally to facial nerve .
 It is the largest peripheral parasympathetic
ganglion
Autonomic ganglia
In case of injury to opthalmic nerve, there is
loss of “ sneeze reflex”

47. Mandibular division V3
 Largest of the three divisions of the Vth
nerve.
 Formed by union of large sensory &
small motor bundle of fibers.
 Sensory fibers arise from semilunar
ganglion.
 Motor fibers derived from motor cells
located in the medulla oblongata.

48. Course of the mandibular
nerve
Sensory root :
Trigeminal ganglion
Motor root :
Medulla oblongata
Exit cranium
through foramen
ovale
Unite to form the
main trunk
After 2-3 mm
divides to form
Anterior and
Posterior divisions

49. Branche
s
Main trunk
Anterior
trunk
Posterior
trunk

50. Branches from main trunk
a) nervous spinosus: arises
outside the skull – passes into
middle cranial fossa to supply
dura & mastoid cells
b) nerve to internal
Pterygoid muscle: motor
Internal pterygoid
tensor veli palatini
tensor tympani

51. Branches from the anterior trunk
Anterior trunk supplies (sensory & motor)
skin & mucous membrane of the cheek,
buccal gingivae &lower molars.It passes
downward & forward where it divides:
1.Branch to external pterygoid muscle
2.Branch to masseter muscle
3.Branches to temporal muscles
a. Anterior deep temporal nerve
b. Posterior deep temporal nerve
4.Buccal (long buccal) nerve

52. Branches from the posterior
trunkmainly sensory with some motor components
1.Auriculotemporal
2.Lingual
3.Inferior alveolar

54. Auriculotemporal nerve
 Arises by a medial & lateral root.
 The roots embrace the middle
meningeal artery & unite just below
the foramen spinosum
 Deep to Lateral pterygoid– between
sphenomandibular ligament & neck
of condyle.
 Crosses zyg arch upwards and
divides
Branches:
i. Parotid: sensory, secretory,
vasomotor .
ii. Articular: post TMJ
iii. Auricular: skin of helix & tragus
iv. Meatal : skin lining meatus &
tympanic membrane
v. Terminal: scalp over temporal
region

55.  Communications of auricotemporal nerve:
1. Two roots of the nerve ,each root receives
communicating fibers from the otic ganglion.
These fibers are postganglionic parasympathetic
secretory fibers that have come from the
glossopharyngeal nerve by way of lesser
superficial petrosal nerve. They control the
secretion of the parotid gland.
2. Communicating branches of postganglionic
sympathetic fibres – vasomotor to parotid.
3. Communicating branches to facial – purely
sensory.

56. Lingual nerve
- Medial to Lateral
Pterygoid muscle –
descends – lies
between medial
pterygoid & ramus
of mandible in
pterygo mand space.
- Contributes sensory
fibers to the mucous
membrane of the floor
of mouth & gingiva on
lingual surface of
mandible. Also to
bicuspids & 1st
molars.

57. Communications of
the lingual nerve:
 As the lingual nerve
passes medial to the
lateral pterygoid
muscle it is joined by
corda tympani nerve,
which conveys
secretory fibres from
the facial nerve.
 These
parasympathetic
fibers control the
submandibular &

58. Inferior alveolar nerve
 largest of the branches of the
post div of mandibular nerve.
 Medial to ramus, in the
pterygomandibular space, it
enters the mand. Foramen
 It is distributed throughout the
body of mandible
 In the canal – apical fibres to
dental pulp, also to periodontal
membrane.
 At the mental foramen – mental
nerve, incisive nerve

59. At mental foramen, div into 2 branches
 Mental nerve : leaves the mental foramen, supplies skin
of the chin, lower lip & mm of lower lip. sensory
 Incisive nerve: fine incisive plexus to supply cuspids &
incisors
 Before entering mandibular foramen, gives off
mylohyoid branch
Dwn & frwd in
mylohyoid groove.
Motor fibres: mylohyoid,
ant belly of digastric.
Sensory:mandibular
incisors

60. Autonomic ganglia associated
with mandibular branch
 Submandibular ganglion: peripheral
parasympathetic ganglion.
Topographically related to lingual
nerve, but functionally related to corda
tympani branch of facial.
 Otic ganglion: peripheral
parasympathetic ganglion.
Topographically intimately related to
mandibular nerve, but functionally to
glossopharyngeal nerve.

61. Applied anatomy
Trigeminal neuralgia/Tic Douloureux
characterised by extremely severe lancinating
pain that occurs in paroxysms, limited to one or
more branches of Trigeminal n.
Etiology:
 Idiopathic Vascular compression
 Progressive degeneration
 Intra-cranial tumor
 Peripheral nerve injury

62. Clinical features:
- Older adults, Female predilection
- Right side affected more
- Intense shooting stabbing pain
- Electric shock-like
- Unilateral
- Maxillary > Mandibular > Ophthalmic
- Trigger zone

63. Treatment of trigemial
neuralgia
 Carbamazepine – 100mg thrice daily, titrated over 1-5
weeks till remission.
1.Peripheral nerve- a. cryosurgery
b. peripheral neurotomy
2.Gasserian ganglion- a.Thermocoagulation
b. Glycerol injection
3.Brain stem- Microvascular decompression of nerve root

64. Frey’s syndrome:
damage to auriculotemporal nerve & subsequent
reinnervation of sweat glands.
C/F: Flushing & sweating on the invovled side of the face
Treatment: severing the nerve
 Sensory distribution of trigeminal nerve explains why
headache is a common symptom in invovlement of
- the nose (common cold, boils )
- the PNS ( sinusitis )
-teeth & gums ( infections & inflamns )
-eyes ( refractive errors, glaucoma )
-meninges (meningitis )

65. Posterior superior alveolar nerve
block
Complication
s-
Hematoma
This is
produced
by inserting
the needle
far too
posteriorly
in to the
pterygoid
plexus of
veins
1 maxillary nerve
2 posterior superior alveolar branches

68. CRANIAL NERVES PART 2

69. CONTENTS
Introduction.
Organization of Nervous System.
Related Terminologies.
Cranial Nerves.
Detailed study of
V. Trigeminal nerve
VII. Facial nerve
IX. Glossopharyngeal nerve
X. Vagus nerve
XII. Hypoglossal nerve
References.

71. FACIAL NERVE
 It is the seventh cranial nerve (VII)
 It is the nerve of the second branchial
arch
 It is both motor and sensory

72. Nuclei of the facial nerve
 Motor nucleus
 Superior
salivatory
nucleus
 Lacrimatory
nucleus
 Nucleus of
tractus
solitarius

74. Central connections
Motor nucleus
Upper part of face :
Cortico-nuclear fibres
from motor cortex of
both sides.
Lower part of face:
Cortico-nuclear fibres
from opposite
cerebral hemisphere.

75. Functional components
 Special visceral efferent
muscles of 2nd branchial
arch
 General visceral efferent
secretomotor
 Special visceral afferent
taste sensation from
anterior 2/3rd of tongue
and palate
 General somatic afferent
part of skin of the ear

76. Course
The course of the facial nerve can be
divided in to
 Intracranial
 Extracranial

77. Intracranial
course

78. Structures in the left internal accoustic
meatus

79. Extracranial course
Superficial to
styloid
process
Pierces surface of
parotid gland
Runs forward
Temporo-facial and
Cervico-facial
trunks
Divides into 5

80. Branches
In the facial canal 1. Greater petrosal nerve
2. Nerve to stapedius
3. Chorda tympani
At the stylomastoid foramen 1. Posterior Auricular
2. Digastric (posterior belly)
3. Stylohyoid
Terminal branches within
the parotid gland
1. Temporal
2. Zygomatic
3. Buccal
4. Marginal mandibular
5. Cervical
Communicating branches with
adjacent cranial and spinal
nerves

82. Applied anatomy
 Supra nuclear paralysis
 Infranuclear paralysis

84. Infranuclear paralysis
 Lesion 1outside the
stylomastoid foramen
 Lesion 2 in the facial
canal and involving the
corda tympani nerve
 Lesion 3 higher in the
facial canal and involving
the stapedius muscle
 Lesion 4 involving the
geniculate ganglion
 Lesion 5 in the internal
auditory meatus
 Lesion 6 at the
emergence of facial nerve

85. Bell’s Palsy
 Definition: Bell’s palsy is defined as an idiopathic
paresis or paralysis of the facial nerve of sudden
onset(unilateral lower motor neuron paralysis of
sudden onset, not related to any other disease
elsewhere in the body).
 Etiology
 Symptoms

86. Treatment
 Physiotherapy
 Steroids - prednisolone 1mg/kg body
wt for 10-14 days with a gradual
tapering
 Proper care of the eye
 Antivirals
Chronic sequeale Hyperkinesia
Hypokinesia

88. GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL
NERVE
 IX Cranial nerve
 Mixed
 Nerve of third branchial arch
 Ganglia
• Detached part of inferior
• No branchesSuperior
• Larger
Inferior

89. Nuclei of the Glossopharyngeal
nerve
 Nucleus
ambiguus
 Inferior
salivatory
nucleus
 Nucleus of
tractus
solitarius

90. Functional components

91. SVE
GVE
AFFEREN
T

92. Course - Intracranial
3-4 rootlets
Medulla
oblongata
Root trunk
Presents 2
ganglia
Jugular foramen

93. Course - Extracranial
Internal jugular vein and
Internal carotid artery
Internal and External
carotid arteries
Side of the pharynx
Submandibular region
Lingual
Branches
Tonsillar
Branches

94. Branches
 Tympanic
 Carotid
 Pharyngeal
 Muscular
 Tonsillar
 Lingual

95. Applied Anatomy
Glossopharyngeal neuralgia
Rare
Paroxysmal pain
Trigger zone
May be associated with vagal symptoms
Etiology : Tumours and vascular abnormalities
Treatment :
Carbamazepine
Surgical section of nerve
Percutaneous radiofrequency thermocoagulation
Microvascular decompression

97. VAGUS NERVE
X cranial nerve
Extensive (vague)
course
3 parts- Cervical
Thoracic
Abdominal
Cervical part presents 2 ganglia
Inferior Superior

98. Nuclei of the vagus nerve
 Neucleus
ambiguus
 Dorsal
nucleus of
vagus
 Nucleus of
solitary tract
 Spinal
nucleus of
trigeminal
nerve

99. Functional components

100. Course
Medulla oblongata
Jugular foramen
Carotid Sheath
Root of the neck
Right/Left Vagus

101. Branches
JUGULAR FORAMEN
Meningeal
Auricular
NECK
Pharyngeal branches
Superior laryngeal
Branches to carotid body
Cardiac branches
Right recurrent laryngeal
THORAX
Cardiac
Left recurrent laryngeal
Pulmonary
Oesophageal
ABDOMEN
Gastric
Coelic
Hepatic

102. Applied Anatomy
1. Clinical testing
2. Paralysis of the vagus nerve
3. Irritation of the auricular branch of the vagus
4. Stimulation of the auricular branch
5. Irritation of the recurrent laryngeal nerve
6. Communication with facial nerve

104. Hypoglossal Nerve
 XII cranial nerve
 Motor
 Supplies all muscles of the tongue,
except palatoglossus muscle

105. Nuclei & Functional
components
 Hypoglossal
nucleus:
elongated
nucleus
 Functional
components:
General
somatic
efferent

106. 10- 15 rootlets through medulla oblongata
Two bundles
Pierce dura mater
Lower part of the canal – single nerve trunk
Hypoglossal canal
Between internal jugular
vein and internal carotid artery
It decends between internal
jugular vein & internal carotid artery in
front of the vagus deep to the parotid gland ,the
styloid process, post. belly of diagastric,stylohyoid, and
posterior auricular & occipital arteries
Course

107. At the lower border of
post. Belly of diagastric it
curves forwards, hooks round
the lower sternomastoid branch
Of occipital artery crosses IC &
EC arteries & the loop of the
lingual artery & enters
submandibular region
Rests on hyoglossus muscle
Deep to mylohyiod muscle
Pierces genioglossus
Substance of the tongue

108. Branches
 Meningeal
 Descendin
g
 Thyrohyoid
 Muscular

109. Applied Anatomy
 Clinical testing---by asking the patient
to protrude his tongue.
 Lesion produces paralysis of the
tongue of that side.
 Inranuclear lesion – gradual atrophy of
paralyzed half of the tongue.
 Supranuclear lesion – paralysis
without wasting.

110. A clinicians complete knowledge of the
anatomy of the cranial nerves and its
applied aspect is necessary for
providing treatment and preventing
complications in routine clinical
practice.

111. References
1) Human anatomy BD Chaurasia. Vol 3, 3rd edition.
2) Grays anatomy 39th edition.
3) Handbook Of Local Anaesthesia, Malamed 5th edition.
4) Burkets Oral medicine-10th edition.
5) Lee Mc Gregor’s synopsis of surgical anatomy 12th edition.
6) Monheim’s local anesthesia & pain control in dental practice.7th edition.
7) Human physiology Chatterjee 10th edition.
8) Correlative neuroanatomy and functional neurology Chusid 16th edition.
9) Stedmans medical dictionary 21st edition.
10) Textbook of OMFS Neelima Malik 1st edition.
11) Textbook of human neuroanatomy Inderbir Sing 6th edition.
12) Cranial nerves functional anatomy Stanley Monkhouse.
13) Electronic media.