PDU 214 Methods of Observation & Interviewing: Observation - Methods & Record Keeping

PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA
SEMESTER GENAP 2015/2016
FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA
Kuliah III - 01 Februari 2016
OBSERVATION: 
Methods & Record Keeping

One Day
Objectives
Mahasiswa mampu memahami tahap
perancangan panduan observasi;1
Mahasiswa mampu menyusun panduan
observasi untuk pengumpulan data sesuai
dengan tujuan.
2

Principles of
Methods &
Record
Keeping

FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati
Different types of information require 
the use of different recording forms.
Regardless of the purpose of the observation 
and the type of record that is to be used, 
several general procedures collectively make up 
a method of observing.
4
(Cartwright & Cartwright, 1984: 30)
“
”

The Process
5
OBSERVATION
PREPARATION COLLECT 
INFORMATION
SUMMARIZE & 
INTERPRETATION

The first step in the process of observation is to determine the purpose. 
If the observer is a researcher, the questions under investigation  
form the purpose.
Because of the different characteristics 
of various records, we will find that certain types 
of records match well with some decisions that is to be made 
using the observational data or the purpose for the observation, 
and not with others.
Preparation
6
OBSERVATION: THE PROCESS
(Cartwright & Cartwright, 1984: 30, 35)
1. THE PURPOSE

If the purpose is well defined, it will dictate the following guidelines 
for the procedure:
• Who will make the observation;
• Who or what will be observed;
• Where the observation will take place (there should be 
a variety of situations included);
• When the observation will occur (there should be diversified 
time periods);
• How the observation will be recorded.
Preparation
7
1. THE PURPOSE

Some basic considerations:
Preparation
8
(Cartwright & Cartwright, 1984: 35-38)
2. PREPARING RECORDS
A certain amount of time and effort 
is required to develop and use 
such records
A precise description of the behaviour 
or event be a part of the development 
of record forms for use in the
observation process
Conduct field tests with the record
forms and make pertinent revisions
before extensive use is made of them
Ample opportunity to observe the
behaviours or events of interest
contained in a well-designed form
The information collected using a record
form will yield meaningful, useful
information on which questions 
can be answered
Make a decision based on 
the evidence exists

Preparation
9
A precise description of the behaviour 
or event be a part of the development 
of record forms for use in the
observation process
The information collected using a record
form will yield meaningful, useful
information on which questions 
can be answered
Make a decision based on 
the evidence exists
Operational
Definitions

Preparation
10
PURPOSE VARIABLE DEFINITION DIMENSION BEHAVIOUR
Purpose of the 
observation, which can 
be used to answer 
the research questions
Psychological 
variable(s)
Conceptual definition
Operational definition Dimension (A)
Dimension (B)
Behaviour (A.1.)
Behaviour (A.2.)
Behaviour (B.1.)
Behaviour (B.2.)

The theory plays 
an important role on preparing 
the observation records.
Preparation
10
PURPOSE VARIABLE DEFINITION DIMENSION BEHAVIOUR
Purpose of the 
observation, which can 
be used to answer 
the research questions
Psychological 
variable(s)
Conceptual definition
Operational definition Dimension (A)
Dimension (B)
Behaviour (A.1.)
Behaviour (A.2.)
Behaviour (B.1.)
Behaviour (B.2.)

Preparation
11
3. TYPES OF RECORDS
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
(F)
(A) ANECDOTAL RECORDS
(B) PARTICIPATION CHARTS
(C) CHECKLISTS
(D) RATING SCALES
(E) BEHAVIOUR TALLYING
(F) CHARTING PROCEDURES

General rules:
Collect Data
12
Being unobtrusive and avoiding
the contrived situation will
enhance the integrity and
objectivity of the observation,
and, probably, the reliability of
the data recorded.
The longer time period, the more
reliable the information
obtained is likely to be;
A long time period provides an
opportunity for systematically
gathering information covering
a variety of situations and
behaviours.
Be Unobtrusive Get Lots of Data

Any records, even excellent ones, are of no value 
unless the information is interpreted.
Information is not gathered as an end in itself; 
the information is a means to an end and that end 
is the making of appropriate decisions to meet 
the purposes of the observation.
Information on which interpretations will be based should be 
gathered over an adequate period of time and in a variety 
of situations to ensure that a reliable sampling of behaviour 
is available before drawing any conclusions.
Summarize & Interpretation
13

The Problems
14
OBSERVATION
7654321

The Problems
14
OBSERVATION
7654321
Inaccuracy Inefficiency
Observer’s
Biases
Subjectivity
Other Errors
(Generosity,
Severity, Central
Tendency, &
Logical)
Observer’s
Recent
Condition
Observer’s
Individual
Characte-
ristics
Making records
precisely and
immediately
Using a variety
of aids (index
cards,
notebooks, etc)
Making some
value judgments
Involving several
independent
observers
Taking
precautions,
using other
methods
Controling the
observer’s
condition to be
neutral
Controling the
observer’s
condition to be
neutral
PROBLEMSSOLUTIONS

Want to Know More?
Cartwright, C.A. & Cartwright, G.P. (1984). Developing observation skills (2nd
ed.).
New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
All illustrations designed by freepik.
19

PDU 214 Methods of Observation & Interviewing: Observation - Methods & Record Keeping

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PDU 214 Methods of Observation & Interviewing: Observation - Methods & Record Keeping