1. Carl Gustav Jung
1875 – 1961

2. Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud
• Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud, are pioneers of
modern psychology. Many people believe
that Jung was a pupil of Freud but even
though Jung was some 20 years younger and
Freud was already well established when they
met, it was more of a collaboration, as Jung
himself asserted on numerous occasions.

3. Collective Unconscious
• Jung and Freud parted their ways over what
they thought was the unconscious. For Freud
the unconscious consisted mostly of repressed
instinctual drives of which the sexual drive
was the most prominent. Jung divided the
unconscious into personal unconscious and
the collective unconscious. Freud never
accepted the existence of the collective
unconscious.

4. The Psyche
Ego
Personal unconscious
complexes
Collective
unconscious
archetypes

5. What characterises the Collective
Unconscious?
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Autonomy of the unconscious
Compensation for one-sided conscious attitude
Creativity – new ideas
Production of Symbols
Archetype – a predisposition and the remnants of
our ancient mind
• Universality of archetypal motives including in
people who couldn’t have prior knowledge of
them

6. Psychological Types
• Temperamental differences between Freud and Jung
also reason for parting
• Jung publishes Psychological Types in 1921, in which he
distinguishes between two basic psychological
orientations that of extraversion and introversion,
terms used to this day
• people can be divided into two types those for whom
external events are more important and real, and
those preoccupied with and more aware of their inner
life. Just like there was no concept of unconscious
before Freud, there was no concept of extraversion and
introversion before Jung.

7. Psychological Functions
• People vary not only according to the degree
of extraversion and introversion, but also
according how well developed are their
psychological functions of:
• thinking
• feeling
• sensation
• Intuition

8. Meyer-Briggs Personality Test
• Not many of us are purely extraverted or
introverted; there is a sliding scale. The degree of
extraversion or introversion is not static; it
changes over time
• Based on the concept of extraversion and
introversion as well as psychological functions,
Mayer-Briggs devised a test which is being used
to this day in personality tests. One of its uses is
testing compatibility between people and
suitability for particular occupations.

9. Psychological Functions
• This diagram represents the relationship between different functions.
Each of us has one rational and one irrational function that is better
developed than its opposite in the diagram.
thinking
rational
sensation irrational
intuition irrational
feeling rational

10. Inferior functions and Individuation
process
• if one of our main functions is strong, the opposite one will be
less developed. Jung called the less developed function an
inferior function. So if someone has well developed thinking
his feeling will be less developed and vice versa.
Correspondingly, in someone with strong preference for
sensation, the intuitive faculty will be weaker and vice versa.
• in order to be a better functioning individual, to become
whole, it is important to develop our inferior functions. Thus
a thinking type would be a more whole individual if he
developed his feeling. Conversely, a feeling person should
aim to develop her thinking faculty. This will assist the
Individuation process.
• The inferior function will be to a large degree unconscious

11. Individuation
• Jung states unequivocally that the purpose of life of every human
being is to become conscious; that everyone’s gain in consciousness
benefits every other human being (not unlike the Buddhist concept
of meditating to benefit all beings) and increases the totality of
consciousness in the Universe. In this way we assist the evolution
of man and the evolution of the Universe. Jung believes that
human consciousness is a fragile life’s experiment.
• Jung calls the process of becoming conscious by assimilating the
material from our unconscious Individuation
• The task of Individuation lays in establishing a dialogue with the
fantasy figures – or the contents of the collective unconscious – and
integrating them into consciousness, hence recovering the value of
the mythopoeic imagination which had been lost to the modern
age, and thereby reconciling the spirit of the time with the spirit of
the depth.

12. Jung’s Philosophy or where these ideas
come from
• Jung was a scientist but he also had a keen interest in philosophy,
mythology, religion, folklore, literature, archeology, anthropology;
he travelled extensively
• His philosophical interests included Kant, Schopenhauer and
Nietzsche. He read Swedenborg, a Swedish scientist and Christian
mystic and Goethe's Faust. He studied the works of the Gnostics.
• He was a psychiatrist with vast clinical experience.
• But above all else since childhood he had intense dreams, visions
and other experiences, which convinced him of the reality of the
Psyche
• He recalls these experiences in his autobiography “Dreams,
Memories, Reflections”
• He explained his ideas in “Man and his Symbols”, a book designed
for a layman, which he wrote just before his death in 1961

13. Ours is an ancient mind
Rational and fantasy thinking
• Jung contrasted directed and fantasy thinking; the former
verbal and logical, the latter passive, associative and
imagistic. The first exemplified by science and the latter by
mythology. Jung claimed that the ancients lacked a
capacity for directed thinking. Has our capacity for fantasy
thinking atrophied?
• fantasy thinking took place when directed thinking ceased.
Transformation and Symbols of the Libido 1921 (the work
published after his split with Freud) was a study of fantasy
thinking and the continuous presence of mythological
themes in the dreams and fantasies of contemporary
individuals.
• For Jung myths were symbols of the libido and they
depicted its typical movements

14. The Red Book
• In 1913 Jung retreated from public life and
undertook “his most difficult experiment”,
which he called “the encounter with the
unconscious”. This experiment lasted until
1930 but was at its most intense during the 4
years between 1913 to 1917.
• He recorded his experiences in the Red Book,
which was not permitted to be published until
2009

15. Illustration from the Red Book

16. Jung was not mad
Jung did not have a mental breakdown
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Jung had three visions that predicted the outbreak of First World War, and were similar to a
psychotic breakdown. He even started to doubt his own sanity.
In Liber Novus Jung notes that the inner voice said that what the fantasy depicted would
become completely real. And it did. I quote: “I was preparing a lecture on
schizophrenia…and kept saying to myself: “I’ll be speaking of myself” . Very likely I go mad
after reading out this paper”. ….The visions pointed to the exact time his reading to the
Congress in Aberdeen was taking place, July 1914. “On July 31 immediately after my lecture , I
learned …that the war had broken out”… on the next day nobody was happier than I. Now I
was sure that no schizophrenia was threatening me”…I understood that my visions and my
dreams came to me from the subsoil of the collective unconscious. What remained for me to
do was to deepen and validate this discovery. This is what I have been trying to do for forty
years”
While discussing active imagination Jung commented: “the reason why the involvement looks
very much like a psychosis is that the patient is integrating the same fantasy material to
which the insane person falls victim because he cannot integrate it but is swallowed up by it”
Studying his fantasies, Jung realised that he was studying the myth creating function of the
mind

17. Carl Gustav Jung