2. poverty
• Poverty is not only a challenge for
India, as more than one-fifth of the
world’s poor live in India alone; but
also for the world, where about 300
million people are not able to meet
their basic needs.
Madan Kumar
M.A.,M.A.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,M.B.A.,
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3. Meaning
• Poverty refers to a state in which an
individual is unable to fulfil even the
basic necessities of life. The
minimum requirements included
food, clothing, housing, education
and health facilities.
Madan Kumar
M.A.,M.A.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,M.B.A.,
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4. Who are poor?
• Starvation and hunger are the key
features of the poorest house-holds. The
poor lack basic literacy and skills and
have very limited economic
opportunities. Poor people also face
unstable employment.
Madan Kumar
M.A.,M.A.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,M.B.A.,
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5. Poor in Urban and Rural areas
• Urban areas - ?
• Rural areas – landless, two days meals,
lack basic literacy and skill and have very
limited economic opportunities.
Madan Kumar
M.A.,M.A.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,M.B.A.,
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6. Characteristics of Poor People
• Hunger and starvation
• Poor health
• Debt trap
• Weak bargaining power
• Lack of facilities of electricity and water
• Gender inequality
• Identification on the basis of occupation
• Migration to urban areas.
Madan Kumar
M.A.,M.A.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,M.B.A.,
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7. Measures of Poverty
• Relative poverty is also interpreted in terms of
inequality of income within the country ..in India,
share of 20 % of low income group of people in the
national income is barely 8.5% while that of 20 % of
high income group of people is 46.2 %
• Absolute poverty in India, persons who spend ₹816
on consumption in rural areas and 1000 in urban
areas per month at 2011-2012 prices are treated as
those below the poverty line (Calorie intake)
Madan Kumar
M.A.,M.A.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,M.B.A.,
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8. How are poor people identified ?
• In pre independent India , Dadabhai Naoroji was the first to
discuss the concept of a poverty line ..jail cost of living…he
assumed that one-third population consisted of children and
half of them consumed very little while the other half
consumed half of adult diet…three forth of the adult jail cost
living
• in post independence
• 1962 – the planning commission formed study group
• 1979 – task force on projection of Minimum needs and
Effective Consumption Demand
• 1989 and 2005- expert group
Madan Kumar
M.A.,M.A.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,M.B.A.,
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9. Categorizing poverty
• The chronic poor, transient and non poor
• Poor and non poor
Madan Kumar
M.A.,M.A.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,M.B.A.,
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10. • Chronic poor- who are always poor
sometimes have a little more money
• Transient poor- regularly move in and out of
poverty
• Non poor – never poor
• Poor – the absolutely poor
Madan Kumar
M.A.,M.A.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,M.B.A.,
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11. Poverty line
• Monthly Per Capita Expenditure
• Calories in take = 2400 calories for rural
person 2100 calories for urban person
• 2011 -12 =₹ 816 rural area ₹1000 urban area
Madan Kumar
M.A.,M.A.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,M.B.A.,
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12. • Limitation of poverty
Madan Kumar
M.A.,M.A.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,M.B.A.,
12
13. Poor in India
• Head count ratio
• The official data given by Planning commission
it is estimated on the basis of consumption
expenditure data collected by NSSO
• In 1973-74 more than 320 million people were
BPL that is 55% of total population
• 2011 – 12 come down to 270 million i.e 22 %
of total population
Madan Kumar
M.A.,M.A.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,M.B.A.,
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14. • 1990s the absolute poor in rural area declined
but urban increased marginally
• The gap between rural and urban areas of
absolute poverty was same in 1999-2000 and
has widened in 2011 – 12
• Odisha, Madhya Pradesh , Bihar and Uttar
Pradesh are still far above the national
poverty level.
• West Bengal and Tamil Nadu reduced
Madan Kumar
M.A.,M.A.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,M.B.A.,
14
15. Causes of poverty
• Impact of British rule in Indian economy-India
started exporting food gains and as a result as
as many as 26 million people died in famines
between 1875 and 1900
• Economic condition of farmers since
independence and sate indebtedness
• High growth rate of poplution
• Widespread of unemployment
• Low level of capital formation
Madan Kumar
M.A.,M.A.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,M.B.A.,
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16. • Lack of infrastructure
• Inequalities of income and wealth
• Rise in general price level
• Lower level of education
• Social factors
• Political factor
• Improper utilisation of resources
Madan Kumar
M.A.,M.A.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,M.B.A.,
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17. Measures to remove poverty
• Solving poverty by accelerating the pace of
economic growth
• Solving poverty by reduction in inequalities of
income and wealth
Fiscal measures
Legislative measures
• Solving poverty through popluation control
Madan Kumar
M.A.,M.A.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,M.B.A.,
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18. Other measures
• Agricultural development
• Control over inflation
• Increasing in generation of employment
opportunities
• Minimum needs programme for the poor
• Regional balanced growth
• Development of industries
• Public distribution system should be
strengthened
• Provision of social security
Madan Kumar
M.A.,M.A.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,M.B.A.,
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19. Policies and programmes towards
poverty alleviation
• Growth oriented approach
rapid increase in GDP and per capita income
Rapid industrial development
Populaation control
Benefits of economic growth have not trickled
down
Madan Kumar
M.A.,M.A.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,M.B.A.,
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20. Specific poverty alleviation
programme
• Rural employment generation programme-
khadi and village industries commission
• Prime minister’s rozgar yojana –VIII plan 7 lakh
micro enterprices – 2003-2005, 3.5 million
people got employment
• Swarna jayanti shahari rozgar yojana – centre
sate ratio 75:25 .in DEC. 1997 urban self
emplyment programme and urban wage
employment programme started
Madan Kumar
M.A.,M.A.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,M.B.A.,
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21. • Swarnajayanti gram swarozgar yojana –April 1
1999- micro enterprise-SHG- National rural
livelihood mission
• Sampoorna grameen rozgar yojana – Sep 2001
– wage employment – unskilled workers –
shared by centre and state
• Mahatma gandhi national rural emeployment
gurantee act, 2005- NREGS Feb 2006,-National
food for work programme
Madan Kumar
M.A.,M.A.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,M.B.A.,
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22. Meeting minimum needs of poor
• Through public expenditure on social consumption needs
• Improvement in health and education
• This approach – fifth five year plan
• Three major food and nutritinal status are PDS , Integrated
Child Development Scheme and Mid day meals scheme.
• PMGY
• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana
• Pradhan Mnatri Gramodaya Yojana (Gramin Awas)
• Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya yojana –Rural drinking water
projects
Madan Kumar
M.A.,M.A.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,M.B.A.,
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23. Social Security Programmes
• National Old Age Pension Scheme
• National Family Benefit Scheme
• National Maternity Benefit Scheme
• Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana – 2014-
• 1 lakh accident insurance and ₹30000 life
insurance
Madan Kumar
M.A.,M.A.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,M.B.A.,
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24. Critical evaluation of PAP
• Achievements
Brought down BPL from 37.2%in 2004-05 to
about 28% in 2011-12
Wage rate have increased due to legislative
measures
The three approch reduces poverty level.
Madan Kumar
M.A.,M.A.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,M.B.A.,
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25. • Shortcomings of PAPs
due to unequal distributionof land and oter
assets the benefits form direct poverty
alleviation programmes have been
appropriated by the non poor
Compared to the magnitude of poverty ,
programme is not sufficient
These programme are depend on government
and banks ----
Madan Kumar
M.A.,M.A.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,M.B.A.,
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