Lettuce is an annual plant from the sunflower family that forms a rosette of leaves. It has four main types - crisphead, butterhead, loose-leaf, and romaine. Crisphead forms firm heads while butterhead has soft, waxy leaves. Loose-leaf does not form heads and romaine has loose heads with narrow leaves. Lettuce grows best between 12-20 degrees C and requires moderate watering. Pests and diseases include downy mildew, septoria leaf spot, and lettuce mosaic virus. Lettuce is harvested by hand and must be quickly cooled to prevent wilting.

1. Ilyana A. Causing ENFT-3A

2. INTRODUCTION
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lactuta sativa L.
COMMON NAME: Lettuce, Tshilai
• It’s an annual plant of the aster or sunflower family Asteraceae
• It is easily cultivated but it requires relatively low temperature to
prevent it from flowering quickly
• The plant is a lactiferous herb

3. Parts of the Lettuce
STEM
• Lettuce has a shortened fleshy
stem 10 to 15 cm tall. The stem
elongates and branches in a
paniculate manner during the
reproductive phase. Each branch
terminates in a homogamous
capitulum with ligulate,
hermaphrodite pale yellow
leaves.
LEAVES
• It produces a rosette of smooth,
radical, spirally arranged leaves.

4. Classification
1. Crisphead or Iceberg
Lettuce
2. Butterhead Lettuce
3. Loose-leaf Lettuce
4. Cos or Romaine Lettuce

5. • Crisphead or Iceberg Lettuce
This type is widely grown in the country and it is characterized by firm heads and crisp, curly leaves.
The outer leaves are dark green, while the inner ones are pale and lack chlorophyll. Cultivars in this
group include Great Lakes, Del Rio, Del Oro, Frosty, Wintercrisp and Winter Supreme that are cold
tolerant. Aviram, Commander, Tropical Emperor, Empire 2000, Summer Gold and Victory are cultivars
within this group that are better adapted to warmer conditions. The cultivars are also well adapted for
field growing and for long-distance shipments.
• Butterhead Lettuce
The butterhead lettuce forms a head that is somehow similar to that of cabbage in shape and has soft,
waxy, flexible leaves. It is sensitive to hot weather. Cultivars in this group include Kragramer Sommer
and All Year Round. Butterhead lettuce is more popular in Europe and is less adapted to field growing
or long distance shipments.

6. • Loose-leaf Lettuce
This group does not form heads and is characterized by soft leaves. It is represented by cultivars such
as Grand Rapids. It grows well both in the open field and under protection and can be shipped over
longer distances.
• Cos or Romaine Lettuce
The cos lettuce has a loose head with narrow, soft leaves. The outer leaves are dark green, coarse and
have heavy ribs while the inner foliage is lighter. It is more resistant to cold than the other groups. This
type is usually grown in open fields.

7. Climatic and Soil Requirements
• Temperature
Lettuce is a cool season crop that grows best within a temperature range of 12 °C to 20 °C. It does not
suffer from light frosts and winter cold except near maturity. Severe frost before harvest can scorch
leaves and heads. Temperatures above 27 °C affect head development and plant edible quality and
also promote premature seed stalk development. High temperatures also inhibit germination and can
cause a high incidence of tipburn.
• Rainfall
The crop has high moisture requirements and not more than 50 % of the available water in the root
zone should be depleted before irrigation.
• Soil
The plant grows well on a wide variety of soils ranging from light sand to heavy clay, however,
best results are obtained on fertile loams that are rich in organic matter. A pH between 5.5 and 7
is optimum. Lettuce should be grown on soils with a high water-holding capacity and proper
drainage for good root growth and plant performance.

8. • Septoria leafspot (Septoria lactucae)
This disease is widespread and damaging in
hot weather.
Symptoms:
Characterized by spots or patches of white to
grayish, talcum powder like growth. Tiny,
pinhead sized, spherical structures that are
first white, later yellow-brown and finally
black, may be present singly or in groups.
Control:
Spraying with copper hydroxide

9. • Downy mildew (Bremia lactucae)
occurs frequently during cool, moist
weather in spring or early autumn and in
cool, humid areas in summer
Symptoms
Light green or yellow lesions on the upper
surface of the leaves are first noticed on
older leaves. The lesions later become
necrotic, limited by veins and angular. A
white downy mold is also noticed on the lower leaf
surface.
Control
Use disease-free seeds. Always practice crop
rotation

10. • Sclerotinia rot
Symptoms
Infected plant initially wilts on hot
days. A severe wet rot is seen on the
stem near the soil. This rot spreads to the
roots and into the head, which becomes wet
and slimy. A white, cottony mold develops
on rotted tissue. Hard, irregular, black
sclerotia can be seen in the white mold and rotted
tissue. The outer leaves wither and drop flat,
followed by the inner ones, if the
base of the leaf has rotted.
Control
Rotation with non-host plants such as
onions. Use only registered chemicals

11. • Bacterial rot complex
caused by a combination of bacteria that
occur on the leaf surfaces without causing
damage. The bacteria get into the leaves
and cause rotting when the plant is
stressed or damaged.
Symptoms
leafspots which start off under water-
soaked conditions and later turn brown,
before developing soft head rot and
dying.
Control
Use disease-free seeds and always try to
plant disease-resistant cultivars. Discard
infested plants and remove these from the
field. Always keep your field free of weeds.

12. • Lettuce mosaic virus
The disease is seed-borne and is transmitted by the green peach aphid
Symptoms
Vein clearing followed by mottling, recurving of the leaves and
increased marginal frilliness results from early infections. Infected,
mature plants are yellow and stunted and cannot be harvested.
Controls
Use disease-free seeds and always try to plant disease-resistant cultivars.
Always keep your field free of weeds.

13. Harvesting
• Harvesting Maturity
The heading types are harvested when the heads are fully grown and firm while the loose-leaf types
are picked when the leaves have reached the required size. Lettuce should be harvested when full size,
but just before maturity. You want it young and tender.
• Harvesting Methods
Lettuce is harvested by hand by cutting off the plant just above the soil surface to keep most of the
outer leaves around the head. Harvesting should be done very early in the morning because lettuce
wilts rapidly.
Note:
Mature lettuce gets bitter and woody and it will go bad
quickly

14. Post-harvest Handling
Lettuce contains more than 95 % water and has a short shelf life. Therefore the crop should
be moved into a cool, airy, shady area free from strong winds directly after harvesting.
1. Sorting and Grading
• Leaves that are loose, discolored, damaged, soiled and diseased are removed. The butt
ends are cut cleanly for packing. Leaf, butterhead and cos types are cut, trimmed and tied
into compact bundles before being placed in cartons. Lettuce is graded according to head
size. Good quality lettuce is free from wilting, seeding or bitter taste and is firm, fresh,
clean and crispy.
2. Packing
• Packing may be done in the field or in a packing shed.
Lettuce is packed in two-or four-layered crates or cartons
and packed according to head-size groups.

15. 3. Storage
• Lettuce can be stored for three weeks if kept at 0.5 °C to 4 °C and 95 % relative humidity.
It should not be stored with products that give off ethylene, such as apples, pears or
cantaloupes, because ethylene increases russet spotting. The crisp head and cos lettuce
types have a longer shelf life than the butterhead and the loose-leaf types.
4. Transport
• Lettuce should be transported in refrigerated vehicles. A controlled atmosphere of 2 %
carbon dioxide and 3 % oxygen is recommended if lettuce has to be shipped to long-
distance markets for a month. It is said that the reduction in decay achieved by 2 %
carbon dioxide outweighs the danger of damage.

16. References

17. Quick Review

18. 1. The lettuce is part of which family?
a. Rose Family
b. Sunflower Family
c. Cabbage Family

19. 2. These are cultivars under the classification of Crisphead or
Iceberg that are cold tolerant except:
a. Del Rio
b. Empire 2000
c. Great Lakes
d. Wintercrisp

20. 3. These are characteristics of a lettuce except
a. free from seeding or bitter taste
b. firm texture
c. has soiled leaves

21. 4. It is a disease that is seed-borne and is transmitted by the
green peach aphid.
a. Lettuce mosaic virus
b. Downy mildew
c. Sclerotinia rot

22. 5. What can you do to control the disease Septoria leafspot
(Septoria lactucae)
a. Use disease-free seeds
b. Keeping your field free of weeds
c. Spraying with copper hydroxide
d. Rotation with non-host plants such as onions

23. Further Research

24. What is the difference
between
Lettuce and Cabbage

25. Lettuce
Astereceae family
Have lesser calories and
more
Vitamin A and Potassium
Mostly eaten raw
Cabbage
Brassicaceae family
Has more Vitamin C and
fiber
Eaten after it’s been
steamed, boiled, stir fry,
braised or sauteed

26. LETTUCE FLOWER AND SEED