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THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 2005)
       CONSONANTS (PULMONIC)                                                                                                                                                       © 2005 IPA

                                      Bilabial Labiodental Dental                   Alveolar Post alveolar Retroflex     Palatal       Velar           Uvular        Pharyngeal           Glottal
         Plosive                     p b         t d                                                        Ê ∂ c Ô k g q G     /
         Nasal                         m   µ        n                                                         =   ≠   N   –
         Trill                         ı            r                                                                     R
         Tap or Flap                       v        |                                                         «
         Fricative                   F B f v T D s  z S Z                                                   ß Ω ç J x V X Â © ? h H
         Lateral
         fricative                               Ò L
         Approximant                       √        ®                                                            ’             j           ˜
         Lateral
         approximant                                l                                                                         ¥           K
                       Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

       CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC)                                                                              VOWELS
                                                                                                                             Front                         Central                           Back
                           Clicks              Voiced implosives                       Ejectives

              >           Bilabial            ∫     Bilabial                 ’         Examples:
                                                                                                                Close    i         y                       È Ë                      ¨ u
              ˘           Dental              Î     Dental/alveolar          p’        Bilabial
                                                                                                                                    IY                                         U
              !           (Post)alveolar      ˙     Palatal                  t’        Dental/alveolar          Close-mid          e P        e ∏                                    Ø o
              ¯           Palatoalveolar      ƒ     Velar                    k’        Velar                                                    ´
              ≤                               Ï                              s’                                                           E { ‰                                       ø O




                                                                                                                                                                      ò
                          Alveolar lateral          Uvular                             Alveolar fricative       Open-mid


    OTHER SYMBOLS
                                                                                                                                           œ      å
          ∑ Voiceless labial-velar fricative Ç Û Alveolo-palatal fricatives
                                                                                                                Open                         a ”                                      A Å
                                                                                                                                       Where symbols appear in pairs, the one
          w   Voiced labial-velar approximant      » Voiced alveolar lateral flap                                                      to the right represents a rounded vowel.

          Á Voiced labial-palatal approximant Í Simultaneous S and x                                                                       SUPRASEGMENTALS

          Ì Voiceless epiglottal fricative                                                                                                         "        Primary stress
           ¿  Voiced epiglottal fricative     Affricates and double articulations
                                                                                                                                                   Æ
                                                                                                            (




                                              can be represented by two symbols                             kp ts                                           Secondary stress
                                                                                                                                                                      ÆfoUn´"tIS´n
           ÷   Epiglottal plosive
                                                                                                                     (




                                               joined by a tie bar if necessary.
                                                                                                                                                   …        Long               e…
DIACRITICS                           Diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g.             N(                                 Ú        Half-long          eÚ
                   9   Voiceless       n9 d9                ª      Breathy voiced    bª aª 1 Dental                    t 1 d1                          *    Extra-short        e*
    3                                  s3 t 3               0                        b0 a0 ¡ Apical                    t ¡ d¡                      ˘        Minor (foot) group

                                                                                                                                                  ≤
                       Voiced                                      Creaky voiced
                                                                                                                                                            Major (intonation) group
  Ó                    Aspirated       tÓ dÓ           £           Linguolabial      t £  d£ 4 Laminal                 t 4 d4                     .         Syllable break      ®i.œkt
      7                More rounded O7               W             Labialized        tW dW ) Nasalized                     e)                     ≈         Linking (absence of a break)
        ¶              Less rounded    O¶            ∆             Palatalized       t∆ d∆ ˆ Nasal release                 dˆ
          ™            Advanced        u™            ◊             Velarized         t◊  d◊ ¬ Lateral release d¬                                    TONES AND WORD ACCENTS
                                                                                                                                                  LEVEL
                                                                                                                                                                          ˆ
                                                                                                                                                                    CONTOUR

            2          Retracted       e2            ≥             Pharyngealized t≥   d≥         } No audible release d}                  e _   or    âExtra
                                                                                                                                                        high       or     e
                                                                                                                                                                         Rising     ä
  ·                    Centralized     e·            ù             Velarized or pharyngealized :                                           e!          ê    High          e$        ë      Falling


              +        Mid-centralized e+                6                          e6  ( ®6 = voiced alveolar fricative)                  e@          î    Mid           e%        ü      High
                                                                                                                                                                                           rising
                                                                                                                                           e~          ô                  efi        ï
                                                                   Raised                                                                                                                  Low
                                                                                                                                                            Low
                `      Syllabic        n`                  §       Lowered          e§ ( B§ = voiced bilabial approximant)                 e—          û    Extra
                                                                                                                                                            low           e&         ñ$
                                                                                                                                                                                           rising
                                                                                                                                                                                           Rising-
                                                                                                                                                                                           falling
                  8    Non-syllabic    e8                    5     Advanced Tongue Root        e5                                          Õ           Downstep           ã         Global rise

 ±                     Rhoticity       ´± a±                   ∞   Retracted Tongue Root       e∞                                          õ           Upstep             Ã         Global fall

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Ipa internacional phonetic_alphabet

  • 1. THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 2005) CONSONANTS (PULMONIC) © 2005 IPA Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Post alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal Plosive p b t d Ê ∂ c Ô k g q G / Nasal m µ n = ≠ N – Trill ı r R Tap or Flap v | « Fricative F B f v T D s  z S Z ß Ω ç J x V X  © ? h H Lateral fricative Ò L Approximant √ ® ’ j ˜ Lateral approximant l  ¥ K Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible. CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC) VOWELS Front Central Back Clicks Voiced implosives Ejectives > Bilabial ∫ Bilabial ’ Examples: Close i y È Ë ¨ u ˘ Dental Î Dental/alveolar p’ Bilabial IY U ! (Post)alveolar ˙ Palatal t’ Dental/alveolar Close-mid e P e ∏ Ø o ¯ Palatoalveolar ƒ Velar k’ Velar ´ ≤ Ï s’ E { ‰ ø O ò Alveolar lateral Uvular Alveolar fricative Open-mid OTHER SYMBOLS œ å ∑ Voiceless labial-velar fricative Ç Û Alveolo-palatal fricatives Open a ” A Å Where symbols appear in pairs, the one w   Voiced labial-velar approximant » Voiced alveolar lateral flap to the right represents a rounded vowel. Á Voiced labial-palatal approximant Í Simultaneous S and x SUPRASEGMENTALS Ì Voiceless epiglottal fricative " Primary stress  ¿  Voiced epiglottal fricative Affricates and double articulations Æ ( can be represented by two symbols kp ts Secondary stress ÆfoUn´"tIS´n  ÷   Epiglottal plosive ( joined by a tie bar if necessary. … Long e… DIACRITICS Diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g. N( Ú Half-long eÚ 9 Voiceless n9 d9 ª Breathy voiced bª aª 1 Dental t 1 d1 * Extra-short e* 3 s3 t 3 0 b0 a0 ¡ Apical t ¡ d¡ ˘ Minor (foot) group ≤ Voiced Creaky voiced Major (intonation) group Ó Aspirated tÓ dÓ £ Linguolabial t £  d£ 4 Laminal t 4 d4 . Syllable break ®i.œkt 7 More rounded O7 W Labialized tW dW ) Nasalized e) ≈ Linking (absence of a break) ¶ Less rounded O¶ ∆ Palatalized t∆ d∆ ˆ Nasal release dˆ ™ Advanced u™ ◊ Velarized t◊  d◊ ¬ Lateral release d¬ TONES AND WORD ACCENTS LEVEL ˆ CONTOUR 2 Retracted e2 ≥ Pharyngealized t≥   d≥ } No audible release d} e _ or âExtra high  or e Rising ä   ·   Centralized e· ù Velarized or pharyngealized : e! ê High e$ ë Falling + Mid-centralized e+ 6 e6  ( ®6 = voiced alveolar fricative) e@ î Mid e% ü High rising e~ ô efi ï Raised Low Low ` Syllabic n` § Lowered e§ ( B§ = voiced bilabial approximant) e— û Extra low e& ñ$ rising Rising- falling 8 Non-syllabic e8 5 Advanced Tongue Root e5 Õ Downstep ã Global rise ± Rhoticity ´± a± ∞ Retracted Tongue Root e∞ õ Upstep à Global fall