SlideShare ist ein Scribd-Unternehmen logo
1 von 25
Downloaden Sie, um offline zu lesen
A LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF
THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
OF CRUISE HOLIDAYS
• Richard Farr and Christine Hall
• Off-Campus Division
• University of Bolton capacify.wordpress.com
• The cruise industry: some numbers
• Issues and concerns
• Focus on greenhouse gases
• Life Cycle Assessment
• The cruise holiday carbon calculator
• Results obtained
• Concluding remarks
CONTENTS
capacify.wordpress.com
Tax paid on profits
AN INDUSTRY, IN NUMBERS
(WTTC, 2013)
(Leonhardt, 2011; Frantz, 1999)
(statistica.com, 2015)
Cruise ships, worldwide
Passenger capacity
Industry value, 2013
Passengers carried, 2012
Growth
capacify.wordpress.com
A GROWING INDUSTRY
(cruisemarketwatch.com,
2014)
capacify.wordpress.com
AN INDUSTRY WITH A
POOR REPUTATION
ISSUES
capacify.wordpress.com
ISSUES
capacify.wordpress.com
SMOKE IS NOT
AN INDICATOR
OF CLIMATE
CHANGE
Our interest was in
greenhouse gases;
carbon dioxide and
other substances that
pose a hazard to our
common future.
capacify.wordpress.com
“Climate change is occurring, is caused
largely by human activities, and poses
significant risks for a broad range of human
and natural systems.”
– National Resource Council (2010: 2)
CLIMATE CHANGE…
capacify.wordpress.com
A “cradle-to-grave” approach for
assessing industrial systems,
beginning with the gathering of
raw materials and ending at the
point when all materials are
returned to the earth.
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT
– Environmental Protection Agency (1993)
capacify.wordpress.com
LIFE CYCLE
ASSESSMENT
Raw materials acquisition
Manufacture (shipbuilding)
Use phase
End-of-life
Atmospheric
emissions
Waterborne
wastes
Co-products
Solid wastes
Other
releases
(Adapted from EPA, 1993)
Materials
Energy
capacify.wordpress.com
RAW MATERIALS
• Building a cruise ship requires up to 100,000 tonnes
of materials; mostly steel.
• Each material obtained has “carbon consequences”.
• Substantial amounts of material can be reclaimed at
the end-of-life, at which point the ship earns a
‘discount’.
capacify.wordpress.com
SHIPBUILDING
• No clear figures for emissions and energy
expenditure during shipbuilding are available in the
public domain.
• Shipbuilders do have detailed information on this,
and an excellent tool for measuring their
performance: the Shipyard Greenhouse Gas
Emissions Inventory Tool (EPA, 2014)
• A workaround: the DEFRA (2012) Conversion
Factors give a blanket figure for “other transport
equipment” including ships at 0.76kg CO2e per
pound spent.
capacify.wordpress.com
USE PHASE
• Fuel usage is the “big
problem” – and heavy fuel
oil (HFO) is exceptionally
dirty.
• Fuel consumption: around
127 tonnes per day.
• DEFRA (2012) quotes
3766.5 kg CO2e per tonne
for HFO.
• Add in connecting flights,
food and drink, excursions,
etc.
capacify.wordpress.com
SHIP BREAKING…
Recycled Gross Tonnage
in 2010 (Taylan, 2013)
capacify.wordpress.com
“CRUISE HOLIDAY
CARBON CALCULATOR”
A simple Microsoft Excel spreadsheet.
capacify.wordpress.com
USE OF THE MODEL
• DEFRA’s (2012) Conversion factors were used to
quantify the greenhouse gases associated with the
construction of a ship, its operations and end-of-life.
• The paper presents a fictional cruise holiday,
featuring a return flight from London to Barcelona,
and a week-long cruise of the Mediterranean,
including excursions and food and drink consumed
while aboard.
• This was compared with a week-long hotel holiday
in Barcelona, staying in an Accor Group hotel for
which environmental performance data were
available.
capacify.wordpress.com
One passenger’s share of…
kg CO2e
Ship materials & construction process
87.56
Fuel usage
1,116.14
Excursion travel
10.92
Food and beverages
84.00
Air travel to and from port of embarkation
39.10
Reclaimed ship materials at end-of-life
-24.03
Total contribution to climate change
1313.69
RESULTS OBTAINED
(About four times the CO2e of a comparable hotel-based holiday.)
capacify.wordpress.com
CONCLUDING
REMARKS
• A massive carbon footprint.
• Cruise passengers aren’t
paying anything close to the
real cost of their holiday –
which means that the rest of us
are.
• Will cruising one day be no
more acceptable than wearing
a fur coat?
(AmericanVogue,October1966)
capacify.wordpress.com
THANK YOU
Richard Farr
Senior Lecturer (Partnerships)
Off Campus Division
University of Bolton
+44 (0)1204 903631
r.farr@bolton.ac.uk
Capacify, the Sustainable Supply Chain blog:
http://capacify.wordpress.com
Twitter: @Capacified
Cruise Market Watch (2015) Growth of the Cruise Line Industry, available
from: http://www.cruisemarketwatch.com/growth/
DEFRA (2012) 2012 Greenhouse Gas Conversion Factors for Company
Reporting, available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/2012-
greenhouse-gas-conversion-factors-for-company-reporting
Environmental Protection Agency (1993) Life Cycle Assessment: Inventory
Guidelines and Principles, EPA/600/R-92/245, Cincinnati, Ohio: Office of
Research and Development.
Environmental Protection Agency (2014) Shipbuilding Greenhouse Gas
(GHG) Emission Inventory Tool Version 2.1, available from:
http://www.epa.gov/sectors/publications/pubsector.html
Frantz, D. (1999) Soverign Islands: A special report; Cruise Lines Reap Profit
From Favors in Law, New York Times, 19th February 1999
REFERENCES
capacify.wordpress.com
Leonhardt, D. (2011) The Paradox of Corporate Taxes, New York Times, 1st
Feb 2011
Leslie, D. (2012) Responsible Tourism: Concepts, Theory and Practice,
Wallingford: CABI
National Research Council (2010) Advancing the Science of Climate Change,
Washington DC: The National Academies Press
Statistica.com (2015) Forecast of passenger capacity of the cruise industry
worldwide in 2015, by cruise line, available from:
http://www.statista.com/statistics/269134/passenger-capacity-of-the-cruise-
industry-worldwide-by-cruise-line/
Taylan, M. (2013) An Insight into Ship Recycling: Facts and Figures, in
Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium of Maritime Safety, Security
& Environmental Protection, Athens, 30th – 31st May 2013
REFERENCES
capacify.wordpress.com
WTTC (2013) President and CEO of WTTC urges the cruise industry to speak
with ‘One Voice’ to Governments around the world, WTTC News and Media,
12th March, available from: http://www.wttc.org/news-media/news-
archive/2013/president-ceo-wttc-urges-cruise-industry-speak-one-voice-
governm/
REFERENCES
capacify.wordpress.com
Slide 1: In our earlier Chios study we had discovered that Greek
people were concerned about pollution of the sea, being affected by
the 2007 sinking of the MS Sea Diamond near Santorini, where
leaking oil wrecked their beaches… but what about climate change?
Ward (2010) in the Berlitz Guide to Cruising quoted 960kg CO2 per
week. (For comparison, UK norm is 152kg.) Was this accurate?
Slide 5: The Shields cartoon protests against fecal contamination
and illegal dumping, and shows a plume of black smoke… but says
nothing about climate change (or a number of other issues of
concern).
Slide 6: Those “financial issues” include the question of who pays for
the services that cruise ships depend upon, such as the Coast
Guard – bearing in mind only around 1% of tax on profits is paid, as
was shown on Slide 3.
Slide 7: The focus of this paper is only on greenhouse gas
emissions; not sulphur dioxide (causing acid rain and breathing
difficulties; fuel oil may be up to 4.5% sulphur) and not particulates
(linked with cancer).
Slide 9: David Leslie describes transport as tourism’s Achilles heel,
because of its carbon footprint. It’s worth considering how much
worse this is when your holiday is “all transport”, and when you move
not just the tourist but a small resort constructed mostly out of metal.
Slide 12: The melting point of steel is around 1370°C, and we put in
a lot of energy to reach that temperature. The specific heat capacity
of steel is 420J/kg/°C at room temperature, and increases to
720J/kg/°C near the melting point. That’s a minimum 375KWh to
melt a tonne of steel, if starting at room temperature… but real-world
machinery isn’t 100% efficient. In reality foundries use between 500
and 800 KWh to melt a tonne of steel… and that’s just to make steel
slabs – you still need to shape it into a boat, later.
Slide 13: Shipbuilding harm is spread between all passengers over
the lifespan of the ship, so we can divide by the number of
passengers berths, by the number of cruises undertaken in a year,
and by the number of years for which the ship will operates. A
passenger’s share of the harm resulting from shipbuilding actually
works out quite small (see Slide 16).
Slide 14: In CO2, cruise ships compare favourably to hotels in some
ways: a hotel in an unfashionable resort is a ruin, whereas a cruise
ship can simply be sailed elsewhere. They produce their own water,
and their sewage doesn’t require treatment of the kind performed on-
shore. Also, the staff don’t commute to work!
The vast majority of the carbon footprint of the cruise comes from
fuel usage. Possibly invite the audience to consider how they might
choose a vehicle based on miles per gallon: Hinrichsen [2010] tells
us a cruise ship delivers about 12 feet per gallon – that’s 0.0023
mpg.
PRESENTER NOTES
capacify.wordpress.com
Slide 15: Reclaiming steel yields a carbon saving: 1,300 kg CO2e
according to DEFRA (2012). Note, however, that the ship breaking
nations are not countries we normally associate with excellence in
worker safety or ‘green’ performance… only carbon saving is a
positive and toxicity remains a concern. The west is still exporting its
pollution.
Slide 16: Simplicity. There’s nothing complicated going on in the
“cruise holiday carbon calculator”; just mathematical operations like
multiplication and addition. Excel was used as a common
denominator: it’s a simplistic approach but this means that anybody
can use (and improve) the model.
Slide 18: Our fictional cruise holiday (detailed briefly on the previous
slide) worked out about four times as much as a more conventional
holiday, staying in an Accor Group hotel in Barcelona… and it
involved about eight times as much of a contribution to climate
change as a typical week for a UK citizen.
Recall how we demonise air travel – and penalise it with departure
taxes and the like – but it forms only a very small part of the overall
carbon footprint of the holiday. Air travel does contribute to climate
change, but being crammed into a “cigar tube with wings” for a few
hours while it flies high is a lot different to having a stateroom on a
ship that has to push its way through the sea. We’re not comparing
like with like, in this regard… but Mintel [2014] describes a cruise
ship as “hotel-at-sea” so it’s worth considering fly-and-stay as
opposed to the cruise product.
Slide 19: In terms of carbon emissions, passengers are “using more
than their fair share” – and cheap fuel plus a large existing base of
installed engines means the industry isn’t likely to change any time
soon. As with the issue of who pays for the Coast Guard, the people
who cruise are basically subsidised by the people who don’t.
Cruise Tourism is a mass product nowadays, but to some extent it
still likes to trade on past glories, recalling ocean liners and
associating the cruise with luxury. But will a conspicuous display of
wealth and excess one day become as unfashionable as wearing
fur? It hasn’t happened yet… but then, few cruise passengers know
their carbon footprint.
PRESENTER NOTES
capacify.wordpress.com

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Was ist angesagt?

Week 3 impacts of tourism 2
Week 3  impacts of tourism 2Week 3  impacts of tourism 2
Week 3 impacts of tourism 2jay
 
Intoduction to Tourism
Intoduction to TourismIntoduction to Tourism
Intoduction to TourismMonte Christo
 
CRUISE OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT
CRUISE OPERATIONS MANAGEMENTCRUISE OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT
CRUISE OPERATIONS MANAGEMENTYanne Evangelista
 
Sustainable tourism
Sustainable tourism Sustainable tourism
Sustainable tourism RASHMI MALL
 
World tourism organization
World tourism organizationWorld tourism organization
World tourism organizationvaibhav makwana
 
5.Sustainable / Alternate and Mass Tourism
5.Sustainable / Alternate and Mass Tourism5.Sustainable / Alternate and Mass Tourism
5.Sustainable / Alternate and Mass TourismSonia Khan
 
Responsible tourism presentation
Responsible tourism presentationResponsible tourism presentation
Responsible tourism presentationGeorgeDiamandis11
 
Destination development 1
Destination development 1Destination development 1
Destination development 1Abhilash k a
 
Tourism Impacts on the Environment
Tourism Impacts on the EnvironmentTourism Impacts on the Environment
Tourism Impacts on the EnvironmentCris dela Peña
 
HONG KONG INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR THE SAFE AND ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND REC...
HONG KONG INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR THE SAFE AND ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND REC...HONG KONG INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR THE SAFE AND ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND REC...
HONG KONG INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR THE SAFE AND ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND REC...iMentor Education
 
sustainble tourism and sustainable development
sustainble tourism and sustainable developmentsustainble tourism and sustainable development
sustainble tourism and sustainable developmentThe Nature Conservancy
 
The Environmental Impacts of Tourism
The Environmental Impacts of TourismThe Environmental Impacts of Tourism
The Environmental Impacts of Tourismtellstptrisakti
 
Hospitality Sustainability Presentation at Cornell University Oct15 2007
Hospitality Sustainability Presentation at Cornell University  Oct15 2007Hospitality Sustainability Presentation at Cornell University  Oct15 2007
Hospitality Sustainability Presentation at Cornell University Oct15 2007Neel Inamdar
 
Philippine Tourism Master Plan
Philippine Tourism Master PlanPhilippine Tourism Master Plan
Philippine Tourism Master PlanHeinzel Villanueva
 

Was ist angesagt? (20)

Week 3 impacts of tourism 2
Week 3  impacts of tourism 2Week 3  impacts of tourism 2
Week 3 impacts of tourism 2
 
Intoduction to Tourism
Intoduction to TourismIntoduction to Tourism
Intoduction to Tourism
 
CRUISE OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT
CRUISE OPERATIONS MANAGEMENTCRUISE OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT
CRUISE OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT
 
Sustainable tourism
Sustainable tourismSustainable tourism
Sustainable tourism
 
Sustainable tourism
Sustainable tourism Sustainable tourism
Sustainable tourism
 
World tourism organization
World tourism organizationWorld tourism organization
World tourism organization
 
5.Sustainable / Alternate and Mass Tourism
5.Sustainable / Alternate and Mass Tourism5.Sustainable / Alternate and Mass Tourism
5.Sustainable / Alternate and Mass Tourism
 
Sustainable Tourism Chapter 1
Sustainable Tourism Chapter 1Sustainable Tourism Chapter 1
Sustainable Tourism Chapter 1
 
Cruise ships
Cruise shipsCruise ships
Cruise ships
 
Responsible tourism presentation
Responsible tourism presentationResponsible tourism presentation
Responsible tourism presentation
 
Tourism and transportation
Tourism and transportationTourism and transportation
Tourism and transportation
 
Sustainable tourism
Sustainable tourismSustainable tourism
Sustainable tourism
 
Ecotourism
EcotourismEcotourism
Ecotourism
 
Destination development 1
Destination development 1Destination development 1
Destination development 1
 
Tourism Impacts on the Environment
Tourism Impacts on the EnvironmentTourism Impacts on the Environment
Tourism Impacts on the Environment
 
HONG KONG INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR THE SAFE AND ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND REC...
HONG KONG INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR THE SAFE AND ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND REC...HONG KONG INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR THE SAFE AND ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND REC...
HONG KONG INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR THE SAFE AND ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND REC...
 
sustainble tourism and sustainable development
sustainble tourism and sustainable developmentsustainble tourism and sustainable development
sustainble tourism and sustainable development
 
The Environmental Impacts of Tourism
The Environmental Impacts of TourismThe Environmental Impacts of Tourism
The Environmental Impacts of Tourism
 
Hospitality Sustainability Presentation at Cornell University Oct15 2007
Hospitality Sustainability Presentation at Cornell University  Oct15 2007Hospitality Sustainability Presentation at Cornell University  Oct15 2007
Hospitality Sustainability Presentation at Cornell University Oct15 2007
 
Philippine Tourism Master Plan
Philippine Tourism Master PlanPhilippine Tourism Master Plan
Philippine Tourism Master Plan
 

Andere mochten auch

Flourishing in an Age of Disruption TEFI 9: The Disruptive Power of Caring.
Flourishing in an Age of Disruption TEFI 9: The Disruptive Power of Caring.Flourishing in an Age of Disruption TEFI 9: The Disruptive Power of Caring.
Flourishing in an Age of Disruption TEFI 9: The Disruptive Power of Caring.Anna Pollock
 
Workshop destination branding
Workshop destination brandingWorkshop destination branding
Workshop destination brandingValia Kaimaki
 
Mod. 8 CS (2): Ski Resorts & Social Media. YouTube Case Study and Workshop
Mod. 8 CS (2): Ski Resorts & Social Media. YouTube Case Study and WorkshopMod. 8 CS (2): Ski Resorts & Social Media. YouTube Case Study and Workshop
Mod. 8 CS (2): Ski Resorts & Social Media. YouTube Case Study and WorkshopRaul Revuelta
 
Sustainable Tourism CS: Saas-Fee. A model in the Swiss Alps
Sustainable Tourism CS: Saas-Fee. A model in the Swiss AlpsSustainable Tourism CS: Saas-Fee. A model in the Swiss Alps
Sustainable Tourism CS: Saas-Fee. A model in the Swiss AlpsRaul Revuelta
 
Η Αθήνα ως διεθνής τουριστικός προορισμός: Mια εμπειρική μελέτη της εικόνας τ...
Η Αθήνα ως διεθνής τουριστικός προορισμός: Mια εμπειρική μελέτη της εικόνας τ...Η Αθήνα ως διεθνής τουριστικός προορισμός: Mια εμπειρική μελέτη της εικόνας τ...
Η Αθήνα ως διεθνής τουριστικός προορισμός: Mια εμπειρική μελέτη της εικόνας τ...Spyros Langkos
 
Mod. 2: The Birth of Skiing
Mod. 2: The Birth of SkiingMod. 2: The Birth of Skiing
Mod. 2: The Birth of SkiingRaul Revuelta
 
Tourism revision
Tourism revisionTourism revision
Tourism revisioncpugh5345
 
Mod. 5: Emotions, Experiences, Memories. A story to be told.
Mod. 5: Emotions, Experiences, Memories. A story to be told.Mod. 5: Emotions, Experiences, Memories. A story to be told.
Mod. 5: Emotions, Experiences, Memories. A story to be told.Raul Revuelta
 
Destination life cycle vika
Destination life cycle vikaDestination life cycle vika
Destination life cycle vikaVica Magdhalena
 
PGDM TT II_TT 211 DM_Chapter 1
PGDM TT II_TT 211 DM_Chapter 1PGDM TT II_TT 211 DM_Chapter 1
PGDM TT II_TT 211 DM_Chapter 1Dr. Jeet Dogra
 
Mod. 8 CS: Ski Resorts & Social Media
Mod. 8 CS: Ski Resorts & Social MediaMod. 8 CS: Ski Resorts & Social Media
Mod. 8 CS: Ski Resorts & Social MediaRaul Revuelta
 
Social carrying capicity
Social carrying capicitySocial carrying capicity
Social carrying capicitysaurav rawat
 
Mod. 3: The Evolution of Ski Resorts
Mod. 3: The Evolution of Ski ResortsMod. 3: The Evolution of Ski Resorts
Mod. 3: The Evolution of Ski ResortsRaul Revuelta
 
Sustainable Tourism - Lessons from around the world
Sustainable Tourism - Lessons from around the worldSustainable Tourism - Lessons from around the world
Sustainable Tourism - Lessons from around the worldAlan Lew
 
Yr11 tourism-lesson 3-butler model-rev-2011
Yr11 tourism-lesson 3-butler model-rev-2011Yr11 tourism-lesson 3-butler model-rev-2011
Yr11 tourism-lesson 3-butler model-rev-2011hfonfe
 
Mod. 6: Segmentation
Mod. 6: SegmentationMod. 6: Segmentation
Mod. 6: SegmentationRaul Revuelta
 
L7 what is mass tourism ap
L7 what is mass tourism apL7 what is mass tourism ap
L7 what is mass tourism apSHS Geog
 

Andere mochten auch (20)

Cruise final presentation
Cruise final presentationCruise final presentation
Cruise final presentation
 
Flourishing in an Age of Disruption TEFI 9: The Disruptive Power of Caring.
Flourishing in an Age of Disruption TEFI 9: The Disruptive Power of Caring.Flourishing in an Age of Disruption TEFI 9: The Disruptive Power of Caring.
Flourishing in an Age of Disruption TEFI 9: The Disruptive Power of Caring.
 
Workshop destination branding
Workshop destination brandingWorkshop destination branding
Workshop destination branding
 
Mod. 8 CS (2): Ski Resorts & Social Media. YouTube Case Study and Workshop
Mod. 8 CS (2): Ski Resorts & Social Media. YouTube Case Study and WorkshopMod. 8 CS (2): Ski Resorts & Social Media. YouTube Case Study and Workshop
Mod. 8 CS (2): Ski Resorts & Social Media. YouTube Case Study and Workshop
 
Sustainable Tourism CS: Saas-Fee. A model in the Swiss Alps
Sustainable Tourism CS: Saas-Fee. A model in the Swiss AlpsSustainable Tourism CS: Saas-Fee. A model in the Swiss Alps
Sustainable Tourism CS: Saas-Fee. A model in the Swiss Alps
 
Definition of Tourism
Definition of TourismDefinition of Tourism
Definition of Tourism
 
Η Αθήνα ως διεθνής τουριστικός προορισμός: Mια εμπειρική μελέτη της εικόνας τ...
Η Αθήνα ως διεθνής τουριστικός προορισμός: Mια εμπειρική μελέτη της εικόνας τ...Η Αθήνα ως διεθνής τουριστικός προορισμός: Mια εμπειρική μελέτη της εικόνας τ...
Η Αθήνα ως διεθνής τουριστικός προορισμός: Mια εμπειρική μελέτη της εικόνας τ...
 
Mod. 2: The Birth of Skiing
Mod. 2: The Birth of SkiingMod. 2: The Birth of Skiing
Mod. 2: The Birth of Skiing
 
Tourism revision
Tourism revisionTourism revision
Tourism revision
 
Mod. 5: Emotions, Experiences, Memories. A story to be told.
Mod. 5: Emotions, Experiences, Memories. A story to be told.Mod. 5: Emotions, Experiences, Memories. A story to be told.
Mod. 5: Emotions, Experiences, Memories. A story to be told.
 
Destination life cycle vika
Destination life cycle vikaDestination life cycle vika
Destination life cycle vika
 
PGDM TT II_TT 211 DM_Chapter 1
PGDM TT II_TT 211 DM_Chapter 1PGDM TT II_TT 211 DM_Chapter 1
PGDM TT II_TT 211 DM_Chapter 1
 
Mod. 8 CS: Ski Resorts & Social Media
Mod. 8 CS: Ski Resorts & Social MediaMod. 8 CS: Ski Resorts & Social Media
Mod. 8 CS: Ski Resorts & Social Media
 
Social carrying capicity
Social carrying capicitySocial carrying capicity
Social carrying capicity
 
Xid 12173175 1
Xid 12173175 1Xid 12173175 1
Xid 12173175 1
 
Mod. 3: The Evolution of Ski Resorts
Mod. 3: The Evolution of Ski ResortsMod. 3: The Evolution of Ski Resorts
Mod. 3: The Evolution of Ski Resorts
 
Sustainable Tourism - Lessons from around the world
Sustainable Tourism - Lessons from around the worldSustainable Tourism - Lessons from around the world
Sustainable Tourism - Lessons from around the world
 
Yr11 tourism-lesson 3-butler model-rev-2011
Yr11 tourism-lesson 3-butler model-rev-2011Yr11 tourism-lesson 3-butler model-rev-2011
Yr11 tourism-lesson 3-butler model-rev-2011
 
Mod. 6: Segmentation
Mod. 6: SegmentationMod. 6: Segmentation
Mod. 6: Segmentation
 
L7 what is mass tourism ap
L7 what is mass tourism apL7 what is mass tourism ap
L7 what is mass tourism ap
 

Ähnlich wie Environmental Impact of Cruise Holidays

double speed, 1/3 fuel for same ton-hp
double speed, 1/3 fuel for same ton-hpdouble speed, 1/3 fuel for same ton-hp
double speed, 1/3 fuel for same ton-hpandy appan
 
Ship Emission Rating Index (SERI)
Ship Emission Rating Index (SERI)Ship Emission Rating Index (SERI)
Ship Emission Rating Index (SERI)Carol Hargreaves
 
Energy efficient ship_operation
Energy efficient ship_operationEnergy efficient ship_operation
Energy efficient ship_operationYasser B. A. Farag
 
The Port Environment – Emissions, Issues and Action
The Port Environment – Emissions, Issues and ActionThe Port Environment – Emissions, Issues and Action
The Port Environment – Emissions, Issues and Actiondrctaylor
 
1 s2.0-s2092678216301753-main
1 s2.0-s2092678216301753-main1 s2.0-s2092678216301753-main
1 s2.0-s2092678216301753-mainCinthia Leite
 
Green Shipping and Sustainable Development: Stena Shipping Lines Perspective
Green Shipping and Sustainable Development: Stena Shipping Lines PerspectiveGreen Shipping and Sustainable Development: Stena Shipping Lines Perspective
Green Shipping and Sustainable Development: Stena Shipping Lines PerspectiveMohammed Mojahid Hossain Chowdhury
 
green ship technology by tharun kumar malapati.pptx
green ship technology by tharun kumar malapati.pptxgreen ship technology by tharun kumar malapati.pptx
green ship technology by tharun kumar malapati.pptxtharunmalapati4707
 
Infrequent Flyer Slideshow Presentation
Infrequent Flyer Slideshow PresentationInfrequent Flyer Slideshow Presentation
Infrequent Flyer Slideshow PresentationInfrequentFlyer
 
Presentation in APPAM
Presentation in APPAMPresentation in APPAM
Presentation in APPAMSea Wang
 
Aviation carbon footprint of global scheduled international passenger flights...
Aviation carbon footprint of global scheduled international passenger flights...Aviation carbon footprint of global scheduled international passenger flights...
Aviation carbon footprint of global scheduled international passenger flights...Dave Southgate
 
Energy Efficiency Measures for Ships and Potential Barriers for Adoption
Energy Efficiency Measures for Ships and Potential Barriers for AdoptionEnergy Efficiency Measures for Ships and Potential Barriers for Adoption
Energy Efficiency Measures for Ships and Potential Barriers for AdoptionMohammud Hanif Dewan M.Phil.
 
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF HYDROGEN FUELED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF HYDROGEN FUELED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINEPERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF HYDROGEN FUELED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF HYDROGEN FUELED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINEijsrd.com
 
The future mix of alternative marine fuels
The future mix of alternative marine fuelsThe future mix of alternative marine fuels
The future mix of alternative marine fuelsGeorge Teriakidis
 
Imt Presentation On Ships Life Clycle
Imt Presentation On Ships Life ClycleImt Presentation On Ships Life Clycle
Imt Presentation On Ships Life ClycleDeepak
 
Low Carbon Learning (User V1)
Low Carbon Learning (User V1)Low Carbon Learning (User V1)
Low Carbon Learning (User V1)martinip
 

Ähnlich wie Environmental Impact of Cruise Holidays (20)

Green (cell) shipping
Green (cell) shippingGreen (cell) shipping
Green (cell) shipping
 
double speed, 1/3 fuel for same ton-hp
double speed, 1/3 fuel for same ton-hpdouble speed, 1/3 fuel for same ton-hp
double speed, 1/3 fuel for same ton-hp
 
Ship Emission Rating Index (SERI)
Ship Emission Rating Index (SERI)Ship Emission Rating Index (SERI)
Ship Emission Rating Index (SERI)
 
Energy efficient ship_operation
Energy efficient ship_operationEnergy efficient ship_operation
Energy efficient ship_operation
 
The Port Environment – Emissions, Issues and Action
The Port Environment – Emissions, Issues and ActionThe Port Environment – Emissions, Issues and Action
The Port Environment – Emissions, Issues and Action
 
Shipping One Sheet
Shipping One SheetShipping One Sheet
Shipping One Sheet
 
1 s2.0-s2092678216301753-main
1 s2.0-s2092678216301753-main1 s2.0-s2092678216301753-main
1 s2.0-s2092678216301753-main
 
Green Shipping and Sustainable Development: Stena Shipping Lines Perspective
Green Shipping and Sustainable Development: Stena Shipping Lines PerspectiveGreen Shipping and Sustainable Development: Stena Shipping Lines Perspective
Green Shipping and Sustainable Development: Stena Shipping Lines Perspective
 
green ship technology by tharun kumar malapati.pptx
green ship technology by tharun kumar malapati.pptxgreen ship technology by tharun kumar malapati.pptx
green ship technology by tharun kumar malapati.pptx
 
Infrequent Flyer Slideshow Presentation
Infrequent Flyer Slideshow PresentationInfrequent Flyer Slideshow Presentation
Infrequent Flyer Slideshow Presentation
 
document.pdf
document.pdfdocument.pdf
document.pdf
 
Presentation in APPAM
Presentation in APPAMPresentation in APPAM
Presentation in APPAM
 
GHG Emision from Vessel
GHG Emision from VesselGHG Emision from Vessel
GHG Emision from Vessel
 
Aviation carbon footprint of global scheduled international passenger flights...
Aviation carbon footprint of global scheduled international passenger flights...Aviation carbon footprint of global scheduled international passenger flights...
Aviation carbon footprint of global scheduled international passenger flights...
 
Energy Efficiency Measures for Ships and Potential Barriers for Adoption
Energy Efficiency Measures for Ships and Potential Barriers for AdoptionEnergy Efficiency Measures for Ships and Potential Barriers for Adoption
Energy Efficiency Measures for Ships and Potential Barriers for Adoption
 
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF HYDROGEN FUELED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF HYDROGEN FUELED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINEPERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF HYDROGEN FUELED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF HYDROGEN FUELED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
 
Singapore 2008 winkler
Singapore 2008 winklerSingapore 2008 winkler
Singapore 2008 winkler
 
The future mix of alternative marine fuels
The future mix of alternative marine fuelsThe future mix of alternative marine fuels
The future mix of alternative marine fuels
 
Imt Presentation On Ships Life Clycle
Imt Presentation On Ships Life ClycleImt Presentation On Ships Life Clycle
Imt Presentation On Ships Life Clycle
 
Low Carbon Learning (User V1)
Low Carbon Learning (User V1)Low Carbon Learning (User V1)
Low Carbon Learning (User V1)
 

Mehr von Richard Farr

Pkyrete research project: interim presentation
Pkyrete research project: interim presentationPkyrete research project: interim presentation
Pkyrete research project: interim presentationRichard Farr
 
The Sustainable Supply Chain
The Sustainable Supply ChainThe Sustainable Supply Chain
The Sustainable Supply ChainRichard Farr
 
The Facility Location Game
The Facility Location GameThe Facility Location Game
The Facility Location GameRichard Farr
 
The Social Media Minefield
The Social Media MinefieldThe Social Media Minefield
The Social Media MinefieldRichard Farr
 
Simulating the Impacts of Remanufacturing
Simulating the Impacts of RemanufacturingSimulating the Impacts of Remanufacturing
Simulating the Impacts of RemanufacturingRichard Farr
 
Supply Chain Management: Context, Collaboration and Competition
Supply Chain Management: Context, Collaboration and CompetitionSupply Chain Management: Context, Collaboration and Competition
Supply Chain Management: Context, Collaboration and CompetitionRichard Farr
 
Computer-Aided Assembly Planning
Computer-Aided Assembly PlanningComputer-Aided Assembly Planning
Computer-Aided Assembly PlanningRichard Farr
 
Feedback and feed forward
Feedback and feed forwardFeedback and feed forward
Feedback and feed forwardRichard Farr
 
Design for in-circuit test (vintage 1994)
Design for in-circuit test (vintage 1994)Design for in-circuit test (vintage 1994)
Design for in-circuit test (vintage 1994)Richard Farr
 
Design for Assembly (DFA)
Design for Assembly (DFA)Design for Assembly (DFA)
Design for Assembly (DFA)Richard Farr
 
An Introduction to coopetition
An Introduction to coopetitionAn Introduction to coopetition
An Introduction to coopetitionRichard Farr
 
Risk and Contingency Planning
Risk and Contingency PlanningRisk and Contingency Planning
Risk and Contingency PlanningRichard Farr
 
Sustainable Tourism: Managing Paradise
Sustainable Tourism: Managing ParadiseSustainable Tourism: Managing Paradise
Sustainable Tourism: Managing ParadiseRichard Farr
 
Design for logistics
Design for logisticsDesign for logistics
Design for logisticsRichard Farr
 
Aerospace Virtual Enterprise Formation
Aerospace Virtual Enterprise FormationAerospace Virtual Enterprise Formation
Aerospace Virtual Enterprise FormationRichard Farr
 
Sustainable Tourism
Sustainable TourismSustainable Tourism
Sustainable TourismRichard Farr
 
Impacts of Cruise Tourism upon Small Island Communities
Impacts of Cruise Tourism upon Small Island CommunitiesImpacts of Cruise Tourism upon Small Island Communities
Impacts of Cruise Tourism upon Small Island CommunitiesRichard Farr
 

Mehr von Richard Farr (17)

Pkyrete research project: interim presentation
Pkyrete research project: interim presentationPkyrete research project: interim presentation
Pkyrete research project: interim presentation
 
The Sustainable Supply Chain
The Sustainable Supply ChainThe Sustainable Supply Chain
The Sustainable Supply Chain
 
The Facility Location Game
The Facility Location GameThe Facility Location Game
The Facility Location Game
 
The Social Media Minefield
The Social Media MinefieldThe Social Media Minefield
The Social Media Minefield
 
Simulating the Impacts of Remanufacturing
Simulating the Impacts of RemanufacturingSimulating the Impacts of Remanufacturing
Simulating the Impacts of Remanufacturing
 
Supply Chain Management: Context, Collaboration and Competition
Supply Chain Management: Context, Collaboration and CompetitionSupply Chain Management: Context, Collaboration and Competition
Supply Chain Management: Context, Collaboration and Competition
 
Computer-Aided Assembly Planning
Computer-Aided Assembly PlanningComputer-Aided Assembly Planning
Computer-Aided Assembly Planning
 
Feedback and feed forward
Feedback and feed forwardFeedback and feed forward
Feedback and feed forward
 
Design for in-circuit test (vintage 1994)
Design for in-circuit test (vintage 1994)Design for in-circuit test (vintage 1994)
Design for in-circuit test (vintage 1994)
 
Design for Assembly (DFA)
Design for Assembly (DFA)Design for Assembly (DFA)
Design for Assembly (DFA)
 
An Introduction to coopetition
An Introduction to coopetitionAn Introduction to coopetition
An Introduction to coopetition
 
Risk and Contingency Planning
Risk and Contingency PlanningRisk and Contingency Planning
Risk and Contingency Planning
 
Sustainable Tourism: Managing Paradise
Sustainable Tourism: Managing ParadiseSustainable Tourism: Managing Paradise
Sustainable Tourism: Managing Paradise
 
Design for logistics
Design for logisticsDesign for logistics
Design for logistics
 
Aerospace Virtual Enterprise Formation
Aerospace Virtual Enterprise FormationAerospace Virtual Enterprise Formation
Aerospace Virtual Enterprise Formation
 
Sustainable Tourism
Sustainable TourismSustainable Tourism
Sustainable Tourism
 
Impacts of Cruise Tourism upon Small Island Communities
Impacts of Cruise Tourism upon Small Island CommunitiesImpacts of Cruise Tourism upon Small Island Communities
Impacts of Cruise Tourism upon Small Island Communities
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen

The West Coast Trail Presentation for SAIT international students
The West Coast Trail Presentation for SAIT international studentsThe West Coast Trail Presentation for SAIT international students
The West Coast Trail Presentation for SAIT international studentsseijibrown2
 
A Presentation of Braga. It was made by students of school
A Presentation of Braga. It was made by students of schoolA Presentation of Braga. It was made by students of school
A Presentation of Braga. It was made by students of schoolApostolos Syropoulos
 
What Are The Best Locations In Aruba For A Thrilling Kayak Adventure
What Are The Best Locations In Aruba For A Thrilling Kayak AdventureWhat Are The Best Locations In Aruba For A Thrilling Kayak Adventure
What Are The Best Locations In Aruba For A Thrilling Kayak AdventureDelphi Watersports
 
Reflective Essay.pdf for Global Compentency
Reflective Essay.pdf for Global CompentencyReflective Essay.pdf for Global Compentency
Reflective Essay.pdf for Global Compentencyseijibrown2
 
Culture and Identity through English as a Lingua Franca.pdf
Culture and Identity through English as a Lingua Franca.pdfCulture and Identity through English as a Lingua Franca.pdf
Culture and Identity through English as a Lingua Franca.pdfseijibrown2
 
pics from luxembourg exchange program 2016
pics from luxembourg exchange program 2016pics from luxembourg exchange program 2016
pics from luxembourg exchange program 2016seijibrown2
 
Exploring Uncharted Waters Your Guide To Private Sunset Cruise On Maui
Exploring Uncharted Waters Your Guide To Private Sunset Cruise On MauiExploring Uncharted Waters Your Guide To Private Sunset Cruise On Maui
Exploring Uncharted Waters Your Guide To Private Sunset Cruise On MauiMakena Coast Charters
 
My presentation on vietnam for Intercultural Communications
My presentation on vietnam for Intercultural CommunicationsMy presentation on vietnam for Intercultural Communications
My presentation on vietnam for Intercultural Communicationsseijibrown2
 
Reflective Essay for global competency certificate
Reflective Essay for global competency certificateReflective Essay for global competency certificate
Reflective Essay for global competency certificateseijibrown2
 
How To Prepare For An Unforgettable Blackwater Dive In Kona
How To Prepare For An Unforgettable Blackwater Dive In KonaHow To Prepare For An Unforgettable Blackwater Dive In Kona
How To Prepare For An Unforgettable Blackwater Dive In KonaKona Ocean Adventures
 
Vietnam presentation for intercultural communications class
Vietnam presentation for intercultural communications classVietnam presentation for intercultural communications class
Vietnam presentation for intercultural communications classseijibrown2
 
Traveling by Train in Sicily: A New Era of Comfort and Convenience
Traveling by Train in Sicily: A New Era of Comfort and ConvenienceTraveling by Train in Sicily: A New Era of Comfort and Convenience
Traveling by Train in Sicily: A New Era of Comfort and ConvenienceTime for Sicily
 
Nanbokucho-period, Historical Origins of Modern Japan
Nanbokucho-period, Historical Origins of Modern JapanNanbokucho-period, Historical Origins of Modern Japan
Nanbokucho-period, Historical Origins of Modern Japanseijibrown2
 
2024 Annual Meeting: Visit Portland, Maine
2024 Annual Meeting: Visit Portland, Maine2024 Annual Meeting: Visit Portland, Maine
2024 Annual Meeting: Visit Portland, MaineVisit Portland
 
Culture and Identity through English as a Lingua Franca (1).pdf
Culture and Identity through English as a Lingua Franca (1).pdfCulture and Identity through English as a Lingua Franca (1).pdf
Culture and Identity through English as a Lingua Franca (1).pdfseijibrown2
 
TOURIST & ITS TYPE &MOTIVETIONAL FACTORS & BEHAVIOR .pptx
TOURIST & ITS TYPE &MOTIVETIONAL  FACTORS & BEHAVIOR .pptxTOURIST & ITS TYPE &MOTIVETIONAL  FACTORS & BEHAVIOR .pptx
TOURIST & ITS TYPE &MOTIVETIONAL FACTORS & BEHAVIOR .pptxkittustudy7
 
Da Nang Tourist Attractions, VN (越南 峴港旅遊景點).ppsx
Da Nang Tourist Attractions, VN (越南 峴港旅遊景點).ppsxDa Nang Tourist Attractions, VN (越南 峴港旅遊景點).ppsx
Da Nang Tourist Attractions, VN (越南 峴港旅遊景點).ppsxChung Yen Chang
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen (17)

The West Coast Trail Presentation for SAIT international students
The West Coast Trail Presentation for SAIT international studentsThe West Coast Trail Presentation for SAIT international students
The West Coast Trail Presentation for SAIT international students
 
A Presentation of Braga. It was made by students of school
A Presentation of Braga. It was made by students of schoolA Presentation of Braga. It was made by students of school
A Presentation of Braga. It was made by students of school
 
What Are The Best Locations In Aruba For A Thrilling Kayak Adventure
What Are The Best Locations In Aruba For A Thrilling Kayak AdventureWhat Are The Best Locations In Aruba For A Thrilling Kayak Adventure
What Are The Best Locations In Aruba For A Thrilling Kayak Adventure
 
Reflective Essay.pdf for Global Compentency
Reflective Essay.pdf for Global CompentencyReflective Essay.pdf for Global Compentency
Reflective Essay.pdf for Global Compentency
 
Culture and Identity through English as a Lingua Franca.pdf
Culture and Identity through English as a Lingua Franca.pdfCulture and Identity through English as a Lingua Franca.pdf
Culture and Identity through English as a Lingua Franca.pdf
 
pics from luxembourg exchange program 2016
pics from luxembourg exchange program 2016pics from luxembourg exchange program 2016
pics from luxembourg exchange program 2016
 
Exploring Uncharted Waters Your Guide To Private Sunset Cruise On Maui
Exploring Uncharted Waters Your Guide To Private Sunset Cruise On MauiExploring Uncharted Waters Your Guide To Private Sunset Cruise On Maui
Exploring Uncharted Waters Your Guide To Private Sunset Cruise On Maui
 
My presentation on vietnam for Intercultural Communications
My presentation on vietnam for Intercultural CommunicationsMy presentation on vietnam for Intercultural Communications
My presentation on vietnam for Intercultural Communications
 
Reflective Essay for global competency certificate
Reflective Essay for global competency certificateReflective Essay for global competency certificate
Reflective Essay for global competency certificate
 
How To Prepare For An Unforgettable Blackwater Dive In Kona
How To Prepare For An Unforgettable Blackwater Dive In KonaHow To Prepare For An Unforgettable Blackwater Dive In Kona
How To Prepare For An Unforgettable Blackwater Dive In Kona
 
Vietnam presentation for intercultural communications class
Vietnam presentation for intercultural communications classVietnam presentation for intercultural communications class
Vietnam presentation for intercultural communications class
 
Traveling by Train in Sicily: A New Era of Comfort and Convenience
Traveling by Train in Sicily: A New Era of Comfort and ConvenienceTraveling by Train in Sicily: A New Era of Comfort and Convenience
Traveling by Train in Sicily: A New Era of Comfort and Convenience
 
Nanbokucho-period, Historical Origins of Modern Japan
Nanbokucho-period, Historical Origins of Modern JapanNanbokucho-period, Historical Origins of Modern Japan
Nanbokucho-period, Historical Origins of Modern Japan
 
2024 Annual Meeting: Visit Portland, Maine
2024 Annual Meeting: Visit Portland, Maine2024 Annual Meeting: Visit Portland, Maine
2024 Annual Meeting: Visit Portland, Maine
 
Culture and Identity through English as a Lingua Franca (1).pdf
Culture and Identity through English as a Lingua Franca (1).pdfCulture and Identity through English as a Lingua Franca (1).pdf
Culture and Identity through English as a Lingua Franca (1).pdf
 
TOURIST & ITS TYPE &MOTIVETIONAL FACTORS & BEHAVIOR .pptx
TOURIST & ITS TYPE &MOTIVETIONAL  FACTORS & BEHAVIOR .pptxTOURIST & ITS TYPE &MOTIVETIONAL  FACTORS & BEHAVIOR .pptx
TOURIST & ITS TYPE &MOTIVETIONAL FACTORS & BEHAVIOR .pptx
 
Da Nang Tourist Attractions, VN (越南 峴港旅遊景點).ppsx
Da Nang Tourist Attractions, VN (越南 峴港旅遊景點).ppsxDa Nang Tourist Attractions, VN (越南 峴港旅遊景點).ppsx
Da Nang Tourist Attractions, VN (越南 峴港旅遊景點).ppsx
 

Environmental Impact of Cruise Holidays

  • 1. A LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF CRUISE HOLIDAYS • Richard Farr and Christine Hall • Off-Campus Division • University of Bolton capacify.wordpress.com
  • 2. • The cruise industry: some numbers • Issues and concerns • Focus on greenhouse gases • Life Cycle Assessment • The cruise holiday carbon calculator • Results obtained • Concluding remarks CONTENTS capacify.wordpress.com
  • 3. Tax paid on profits AN INDUSTRY, IN NUMBERS (WTTC, 2013) (Leonhardt, 2011; Frantz, 1999) (statistica.com, 2015) Cruise ships, worldwide Passenger capacity Industry value, 2013 Passengers carried, 2012 Growth capacify.wordpress.com
  • 5. AN INDUSTRY WITH A POOR REPUTATION
  • 8. SMOKE IS NOT AN INDICATOR OF CLIMATE CHANGE Our interest was in greenhouse gases; carbon dioxide and other substances that pose a hazard to our common future. capacify.wordpress.com
  • 9. “Climate change is occurring, is caused largely by human activities, and poses significant risks for a broad range of human and natural systems.” – National Resource Council (2010: 2) CLIMATE CHANGE… capacify.wordpress.com
  • 10. A “cradle-to-grave” approach for assessing industrial systems, beginning with the gathering of raw materials and ending at the point when all materials are returned to the earth. LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT – Environmental Protection Agency (1993) capacify.wordpress.com
  • 11. LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT Raw materials acquisition Manufacture (shipbuilding) Use phase End-of-life Atmospheric emissions Waterborne wastes Co-products Solid wastes Other releases (Adapted from EPA, 1993) Materials Energy capacify.wordpress.com
  • 12. RAW MATERIALS • Building a cruise ship requires up to 100,000 tonnes of materials; mostly steel. • Each material obtained has “carbon consequences”. • Substantial amounts of material can be reclaimed at the end-of-life, at which point the ship earns a ‘discount’. capacify.wordpress.com
  • 13. SHIPBUILDING • No clear figures for emissions and energy expenditure during shipbuilding are available in the public domain. • Shipbuilders do have detailed information on this, and an excellent tool for measuring their performance: the Shipyard Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory Tool (EPA, 2014) • A workaround: the DEFRA (2012) Conversion Factors give a blanket figure for “other transport equipment” including ships at 0.76kg CO2e per pound spent. capacify.wordpress.com
  • 14. USE PHASE • Fuel usage is the “big problem” – and heavy fuel oil (HFO) is exceptionally dirty. • Fuel consumption: around 127 tonnes per day. • DEFRA (2012) quotes 3766.5 kg CO2e per tonne for HFO. • Add in connecting flights, food and drink, excursions, etc. capacify.wordpress.com
  • 15. SHIP BREAKING… Recycled Gross Tonnage in 2010 (Taylan, 2013) capacify.wordpress.com
  • 16. “CRUISE HOLIDAY CARBON CALCULATOR” A simple Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. capacify.wordpress.com
  • 17. USE OF THE MODEL • DEFRA’s (2012) Conversion factors were used to quantify the greenhouse gases associated with the construction of a ship, its operations and end-of-life. • The paper presents a fictional cruise holiday, featuring a return flight from London to Barcelona, and a week-long cruise of the Mediterranean, including excursions and food and drink consumed while aboard. • This was compared with a week-long hotel holiday in Barcelona, staying in an Accor Group hotel for which environmental performance data were available. capacify.wordpress.com
  • 18. One passenger’s share of… kg CO2e Ship materials & construction process 87.56 Fuel usage 1,116.14 Excursion travel 10.92 Food and beverages 84.00 Air travel to and from port of embarkation 39.10 Reclaimed ship materials at end-of-life -24.03 Total contribution to climate change 1313.69 RESULTS OBTAINED (About four times the CO2e of a comparable hotel-based holiday.) capacify.wordpress.com
  • 19. CONCLUDING REMARKS • A massive carbon footprint. • Cruise passengers aren’t paying anything close to the real cost of their holiday – which means that the rest of us are. • Will cruising one day be no more acceptable than wearing a fur coat? (AmericanVogue,October1966) capacify.wordpress.com
  • 20. THANK YOU Richard Farr Senior Lecturer (Partnerships) Off Campus Division University of Bolton +44 (0)1204 903631 r.farr@bolton.ac.uk Capacify, the Sustainable Supply Chain blog: http://capacify.wordpress.com Twitter: @Capacified
  • 21. Cruise Market Watch (2015) Growth of the Cruise Line Industry, available from: http://www.cruisemarketwatch.com/growth/ DEFRA (2012) 2012 Greenhouse Gas Conversion Factors for Company Reporting, available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/2012- greenhouse-gas-conversion-factors-for-company-reporting Environmental Protection Agency (1993) Life Cycle Assessment: Inventory Guidelines and Principles, EPA/600/R-92/245, Cincinnati, Ohio: Office of Research and Development. Environmental Protection Agency (2014) Shipbuilding Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emission Inventory Tool Version 2.1, available from: http://www.epa.gov/sectors/publications/pubsector.html Frantz, D. (1999) Soverign Islands: A special report; Cruise Lines Reap Profit From Favors in Law, New York Times, 19th February 1999 REFERENCES capacify.wordpress.com
  • 22. Leonhardt, D. (2011) The Paradox of Corporate Taxes, New York Times, 1st Feb 2011 Leslie, D. (2012) Responsible Tourism: Concepts, Theory and Practice, Wallingford: CABI National Research Council (2010) Advancing the Science of Climate Change, Washington DC: The National Academies Press Statistica.com (2015) Forecast of passenger capacity of the cruise industry worldwide in 2015, by cruise line, available from: http://www.statista.com/statistics/269134/passenger-capacity-of-the-cruise- industry-worldwide-by-cruise-line/ Taylan, M. (2013) An Insight into Ship Recycling: Facts and Figures, in Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium of Maritime Safety, Security & Environmental Protection, Athens, 30th – 31st May 2013 REFERENCES capacify.wordpress.com
  • 23. WTTC (2013) President and CEO of WTTC urges the cruise industry to speak with ‘One Voice’ to Governments around the world, WTTC News and Media, 12th March, available from: http://www.wttc.org/news-media/news- archive/2013/president-ceo-wttc-urges-cruise-industry-speak-one-voice- governm/ REFERENCES capacify.wordpress.com
  • 24. Slide 1: In our earlier Chios study we had discovered that Greek people were concerned about pollution of the sea, being affected by the 2007 sinking of the MS Sea Diamond near Santorini, where leaking oil wrecked their beaches… but what about climate change? Ward (2010) in the Berlitz Guide to Cruising quoted 960kg CO2 per week. (For comparison, UK norm is 152kg.) Was this accurate? Slide 5: The Shields cartoon protests against fecal contamination and illegal dumping, and shows a plume of black smoke… but says nothing about climate change (or a number of other issues of concern). Slide 6: Those “financial issues” include the question of who pays for the services that cruise ships depend upon, such as the Coast Guard – bearing in mind only around 1% of tax on profits is paid, as was shown on Slide 3. Slide 7: The focus of this paper is only on greenhouse gas emissions; not sulphur dioxide (causing acid rain and breathing difficulties; fuel oil may be up to 4.5% sulphur) and not particulates (linked with cancer). Slide 9: David Leslie describes transport as tourism’s Achilles heel, because of its carbon footprint. It’s worth considering how much worse this is when your holiday is “all transport”, and when you move not just the tourist but a small resort constructed mostly out of metal. Slide 12: The melting point of steel is around 1370°C, and we put in a lot of energy to reach that temperature. The specific heat capacity of steel is 420J/kg/°C at room temperature, and increases to 720J/kg/°C near the melting point. That’s a minimum 375KWh to melt a tonne of steel, if starting at room temperature… but real-world machinery isn’t 100% efficient. In reality foundries use between 500 and 800 KWh to melt a tonne of steel… and that’s just to make steel slabs – you still need to shape it into a boat, later. Slide 13: Shipbuilding harm is spread between all passengers over the lifespan of the ship, so we can divide by the number of passengers berths, by the number of cruises undertaken in a year, and by the number of years for which the ship will operates. A passenger’s share of the harm resulting from shipbuilding actually works out quite small (see Slide 16). Slide 14: In CO2, cruise ships compare favourably to hotels in some ways: a hotel in an unfashionable resort is a ruin, whereas a cruise ship can simply be sailed elsewhere. They produce their own water, and their sewage doesn’t require treatment of the kind performed on- shore. Also, the staff don’t commute to work! The vast majority of the carbon footprint of the cruise comes from fuel usage. Possibly invite the audience to consider how they might choose a vehicle based on miles per gallon: Hinrichsen [2010] tells us a cruise ship delivers about 12 feet per gallon – that’s 0.0023 mpg. PRESENTER NOTES capacify.wordpress.com
  • 25. Slide 15: Reclaiming steel yields a carbon saving: 1,300 kg CO2e according to DEFRA (2012). Note, however, that the ship breaking nations are not countries we normally associate with excellence in worker safety or ‘green’ performance… only carbon saving is a positive and toxicity remains a concern. The west is still exporting its pollution. Slide 16: Simplicity. There’s nothing complicated going on in the “cruise holiday carbon calculator”; just mathematical operations like multiplication and addition. Excel was used as a common denominator: it’s a simplistic approach but this means that anybody can use (and improve) the model. Slide 18: Our fictional cruise holiday (detailed briefly on the previous slide) worked out about four times as much as a more conventional holiday, staying in an Accor Group hotel in Barcelona… and it involved about eight times as much of a contribution to climate change as a typical week for a UK citizen. Recall how we demonise air travel – and penalise it with departure taxes and the like – but it forms only a very small part of the overall carbon footprint of the holiday. Air travel does contribute to climate change, but being crammed into a “cigar tube with wings” for a few hours while it flies high is a lot different to having a stateroom on a ship that has to push its way through the sea. We’re not comparing like with like, in this regard… but Mintel [2014] describes a cruise ship as “hotel-at-sea” so it’s worth considering fly-and-stay as opposed to the cruise product. Slide 19: In terms of carbon emissions, passengers are “using more than their fair share” – and cheap fuel plus a large existing base of installed engines means the industry isn’t likely to change any time soon. As with the issue of who pays for the Coast Guard, the people who cruise are basically subsidised by the people who don’t. Cruise Tourism is a mass product nowadays, but to some extent it still likes to trade on past glories, recalling ocean liners and associating the cruise with luxury. But will a conspicuous display of wealth and excess one day become as unfashionable as wearing fur? It hasn’t happened yet… but then, few cruise passengers know their carbon footprint. PRESENTER NOTES capacify.wordpress.com

Hinweis der Redaktion

  1. David Leslie described transport as tourism’s Achilles heel: how much worse when your holiday is “all transport” – and when you move not just the tourist, but a small resort constructed mostly out of metal.