2. Science in the Middle AgesScience in the Middle Ages
Most believed the world was flatMost believed the world was flat
Most believed theories developedMost believed theories developed
by Greek philosophers andby Greek philosophers and
scientistsscientists
Catholic doctrine had mostCatholic doctrine had most
believingbelieving geocentric theorygeocentric theory..
3. REASONS FOR SCIENTIFICREASONS FOR SCIENTIFIC
REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION
Exploration created need for newExploration created need for new
instruments and a desire to discoverinstruments and a desire to discover
Printing PressPrinting Press
Monarch SupportMonarch Support
Royal Society (England)Royal Society (England)
Academy of Sciences (France)Academy of Sciences (France)
4. Theories aboutTheories about
the Universethe Universe
Nicolaus CopernicusNicolaus Copernicus publishedpublished
heliocentric theoryheliocentric theory in 1543 (year he died)in 1543 (year he died)
Johannes Kepler used math formulas to
prove planets moved in ellipses in 1601
Galileo Galilei
Catholic who supported Copernican theory
Inquisition forced him to recant in 1633
5. Isaac NewtonIsaac Newton
UsedUsed scientific methodscientific method & mathematics& mathematics
to write “Principia”to write “Principia”
Expanded the ideas of Copernicus,Expanded the ideas of Copernicus,
Kepler, and Galileo usingKepler, and Galileo using calculuscalculus toto
explain his ideas about gravity (1687)explain his ideas about gravity (1687)
7. Effects of ScienceEffects of Science
Scientific thought and methodScientific thought and method
influenced political theories withinfluenced political theories with
the development ofthe development of natural lawsnatural laws
Universe was a machineUniverse was a machine
Use of reason to solve problemsUse of reason to solve problems
Challenge authority and traditionChallenge authority and tradition
9. Age of EnlightenmentAge of Enlightenment
God created the universe which was aGod created the universe which was a
giant machine that functionedgiant machine that functioned
according to fixed laws (Newton’saccording to fixed laws (Newton’s
Laws)Laws)
DeismDeism denounced organized religiondenounced organized religion
as corrupt and exploitiveas corrupt and exploitive
Focus on individualism and use ofFocus on individualism and use of
reason, not superstitionreason, not superstition
12. Salon LifeSalon Life
The minds and middle class ofThe minds and middle class of
Europe mingled with the nobilityEurope mingled with the nobility
Discussed the new ideas of the eraDiscussed the new ideas of the era
Denis DiderotDenis Diderot combined thesecombined these
writings and ideas into 28 volumes hewritings and ideas into 28 volumes he
called thecalled the EncyclopediaEncyclopedia in 1751in 1751
Neoclassical art and classical MusicNeoclassical art and classical Music
13. Approaches to NaturalApproaches to Natural
LawLaw
Thomas HobbesThomas Hobbes
Monarchy was the most stable form of gov’tMonarchy was the most stable form of gov’t
People should give up their freedom-SocialPeople should give up their freedom-Social
ContractContract
John LockeJohn Locke
people hadpeople had natural rightsnatural rights from birth, includingfrom birth, including
life, liberty, and propertylife, liberty, and property
gov’t was developed by humans to protectgov’t was developed by humans to protect
those rightsthose rights
14. Political ReformsPolitical Reforms
In 1748,In 1748, MontesquieuMontesquieu wrote “Spirit ofwrote “Spirit of
Laws”Laws”
Gov’t should be equally divided amongGov’t should be equally divided among
3 branches of gov’t3 branches of gov’t
15. VoltaireVoltaire
French Deist and PhilosopheFrench Deist and Philosophe
Satire criticized the Church andSatire criticized the Church and
the Royal Courtthe Royal Court
WroteWrote CandideCandide
Exiled to EnglandExiled to England
16. RousseauRousseau
Rousseau criticized civilizations andRousseau criticized civilizations and
institutionsinstitutions
Social ContractSocial Contract inspired democraticinspired democratic
gov’ts (Differed from Hobbes)gov’ts (Differed from Hobbes)
Origin of injustice is possessionsOrigin of injustice is possessions
Private interests must come second toPrivate interests must come second to
the collective wholethe collective whole
17. Enlightened DespotsEnlightened Despots
Rulers respected peoples rightsRulers respected peoples rights
Frederick II of PrussiaFrederick II of Prussia
Catherine II of RussiaCatherine II of Russia
Joseph II of AustriaJoseph II of Austria