honors world history- reaction and nationalism

1. Democracy and
Reform
Ch. 8 sec. 2&3/Ch. 10 Sec.
1

2. Nationalism
From 1100’s to 1800’s central
Europe was a collection of
kingdoms and free cities
Nationalism began to slowly build
after Napoleonic wars (p.254)
Conservatives
Liberals
Radicals

3. French Political
Instability
Congress of Vienna reinstated
Louis XVIII (1815)
Charles X overthrown in 1830
after trying to restore absolutism
Revolution of 1848 saw the
abdication of Louis Philippe and
rise of Louis Napoleon

5. 2nd
Republic
 Louis-Napoleon became Napoleon III
 Vastly improved French economic
infrastructure

6. Periods of War
 Crimean War pitted Russia against Great
Britain, France, and Sardinia over territory
in Ottoman Empire (1854)
 In 1870 France declared war on Prussia,
but was defeated in 6 weeks (Franco-
Prussian War)
 Prussia severely punished the French and
embarrassed them

7. Confusion again in
France
Workers revolted and formed
Commune of Paris (1871)
20,000 workers were killed by
National Assembly armed forces
Third Republic was established
Survived failed coup d’etat and
Panama Canal disaster

8. Dreyfus Affair
 Alfred Dreyfus, a Jew, was set up
as a traitor
 This trial deeply divided France
between anti-Semitic groups and
those who supported Dreyfus
Proved the 3rd
Republic could

9. Unification of
Italy
Chapter 8 Sec. 3

10. Count Cavour’s Diplomacy
 In 1849, Victor Emmanuel II became king
of Sardinia
Aided by Count Cavour
 Supported France in the Crimean War
 Promised France Savoy and Nice if
French aided vs. Austria
 With French aide, Sardinia defeated the
Austrians at two major battles in 1859
Napoleon III went back on his word and

11. A New Italy
 Giribaldi gained control of Sicily and
Naples and seceded them to Victor
Emmanuel II, creating a constitutional
monarchy in 1861
 There were large cultural divisions
between North and South Italy
 Support during 7 Weeks War led Prussia
to giving Venetia to Italy in 1866
 Franco-Prussian war in 1870 gained
Rome, completing Italian unification

12. Unification of
Germany
Chapter 8 Sec. 3

13. Steps toward Unity
Congress of Vienna in 1815 created
39 independent states, Prussia and
Austria were largest
Prussia had a strong gov’t & military
as well as a growing economy even
though Austria controlled the German
Confederation

14. Rise of Bismarck
Prime Minister of Prussia was Otto von
Bismarck
Believed war could accomplish most
goals and used realpolitik to build a
large and strong army
His main objective was German
Unification

15. Three Wars
Bismarck attacked Denmark to gain
northern kingdoms
Ensured Prussia would control
unification by defeating Austria in the 7
Weeks War in 1866 after gaining
foreign allies in Russia, Italy, & France
Easily defeated France in the Franco-
Prussian War in 1870to gain support
from all German states for unification

16. Formation of an Empire
In 1871, William I became kaiser
and Bismarck became chancellor
The 25 German states still had
own gov’ts, but they were under
control of national gov’t

17. Bismarck’s Realm

18. The Rule of Bismarck
Became chancellor in 1871
Viewed Catholic Church as anti-
nationalist, expelled Jesuits from
Germany, and passed May Laws
Bismarck compromised w/ Pope Leo
XIII because he needed Catholic
support to defeat Socialists

19. Effects of Industrialization
After unification, Germany moved
ahead industrially
Created a rift between the poor
laborers and the middle class
Despite anti-Socialist laws, the Social
Democratic party continued to gain
popularity

20. Fall of Bismarck
Kaiser William I died in 1888 and was
eventually succeeded by his grandson
William II
Unlike his grandfather, William II
wanted complete authority
Bismarck had often offered William I
his resignation as a means to get his
way, but William II accepted it in 1890

21. Austria-Hungary
Decline

23. The Dual Monarchy
After the Revolutions of 1848, Francis
Joseph began his 68 year reign
In 1848, Hungary tried to secede
After defeat in 7 Weeks war in 1866,
Joseph realized that he needed
Hungary
In 1867, established the dual
monarchy which kept them united

24. Austria and Hungary
Austria and Hungary were dependent
on each other economically
Austria-manufactured goods
Hungary-Agriculture
Industrialization led to urbanization in
Vienna and Prague

25. Powder Keg in Balkans
Dual monarchy excluded the slavs
(60% of population)
Decline of Ottoman Empire in 1850’s
inspired revolutionaries in the Balkans
Serbia, Montenegro, & Romania won
independence while others were
under British and Austrian control
Led to continued conflict until 1913

26. Empire of the Czars

27. Autocracy in Trouble
After Napoleonic Wars, many
believed change was needed in
Russia
A military revolt after Alexander I’s
death in 1825 led his successor,
Nicholas I, to crush opposition harshly
Embarrassing loss in Crimean War
led to more unrest and tension

28. Reforms
Alexander II tried to reform the
autocracy by emancipating the serfs
New democratic system of local gov’t
called zemstvos in 1864
Lessened military service from 25 to 6
years
Reforms did not slow revolutionary
sentiments, Alex II was killed in 1881

29. Alexander III
To protect the autocracy from
anarchists & Nihilists, Alexander III
implemented Russification
Encouraged pogroms against the
Jews